HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 001-004

Architecture Qualifying Exam Reviewer

BS Architecture | A.Y. 2022-2023
1.) Post and lintel (trabeated) - the earliest,
INTRODUCTION simplest method for spanning a space. With
upright support for a horizontal beam.
• Post (upright support)
AIMS OF ARCHITECTURE
• Lintel (horizontal beams)
From the beginning of its history architecture has
Ex. Stonehenge, Salisbury Plains, England
had a threefold problem or aim – to build structure
Dolmen, Europe
at once which is:
Trilithons (5 Vertical Megaliths)
● Commodious
● Strong
● Beautiful

WE DEFINED ARCHITECTURE AS
• Generally shelter, but also expresses man’s
desire for worship, amusement, business,
and other endeavor
• engages services of the larger portion of
the community and involves greater
2. Arch or Vault (arcuated) - makes use of several
outlay of money from any other occupation
pieces to span an opening between two
• an index of civilization, age, race, or
supports.
people
• Pieces are in compression and exert
lateral pressure or thrust support or
STYLES IN ARCHITECTURE
abutment
• it was invented 2500 BC in the Indus Valley
Character Style – a quality or expression in
of India
architecture of definite conception as of grandeur,
• Most famous keystone – Mycendean Lion
solemnity, monumentality or property.
Gate (1250 BC)
Historical Style – the particular phases; the
Fully developed ancient Rome
characteristics manner of design which prevails at
a given time and place • Barrel - repetition of arch
• Cross vault - intersection of two barrel
STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES bolts at 90 degree angle
• Dome - spinning of arch on its axis
● Post and lintel (trabeated) • Special arch bricks – voussoir
● Arch or vault (arcuated) • Ancient Roman Aqueduct – Pont Du
● Truss (closed frame) Gard, Nimes, France
• Arched bridge - stronger and economical
than masonry wall
 PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE (IM)

MENHIR, DOLMEN, CHROMLECH

MEGALITHS
● Ancient stone monuments
● After people started sharing community life,
3. Truss (framework) - is a framework composed of they began turning their attention to
several pieces of wood or metal that each shall architecture that celebrated the spiritual and
be resisting a particular strain, whether of tension the sacred.
or compression, the whole forming a compound
beam or arch. MENHIR
● A prehistoric monument consisting of an
upright megalith, usually standing alone but
sometimes aligned with others.

● Cairn, Carnac - A heap of stones piled up as

a monument, tombstone, or landmark.

● Tumulus, Barrow - An artificial mound or

earth or stone, esp. over an ancient grave.

DOLMEN
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT ● A prehistoric monument consisting of two or
OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE more large upright stones supporting a
horizontal stone slab, found in Britain and
1. Geographical – considers the location of the France and usually regarded as a tomb.
country which affects the development of ● Variations of Dolmen:
commerce, industry, immigration and ○ Cove - three standing stones, two on
civilization. the sides and one at the back
2. Geological – deals with rock and soil formation ○ Trilithon - a structure consisting of
of a locality which dictates available building two upright stones supporting a
materials horizontal lintel.
3. Climatic –shows how climate determines
character and thickness of wall, type of roof, CROMLECH
size of windows ● A circular arrangement of megaliths
4. Religious – reflects on building the result of enclosing a dolmen or burial mound.
emotional and spiritual concepts and devotion
of the people THE STONEHENGE
5. Socio-political – deals with the form of ● A megalithic monument consisting of four
government, also the standard of living of the concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs
people centered around an altar stone.
6. Historical – shows how styles are affected by ● Composed of 30 upright stones in uniform
wars, historical upheavals, invasions and height capped by a horizontal ring of stone
conquests. lintels.
 which they served were the same as those of later
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE (EUROPE, NEAR times in civilized communities
EAST, NORTH AFRICA) (15,000 BC–AD 400s)
PREHISTORIC MONUMENTS - They are
PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE divided into two principal classes, the megalithic
(Paleolithic and Neolithic) structures and lake dwellings.
● c. 15,000 BC Mammoth-bone house,
Mezhirich, Ukraine (Paleolithic)
● c. 6500 BC Çatal Hüyük, village, Turkey PRE-HISTORIC ARCHTECTURE
(Neolithic) (RECORDINGS)
● c. 3100 BC Skara Brae, village, Orkney
Islands, Scotland (Neolithic)
EARLY DWELLINGS
● c. 3100–1500 BC Stonehenge, Salisbury
● Shift from nomadic, hunter-gatherer system
Plain, Wiltshire, England (Neolithic)
to a combination of farming and hunting.
● c. 3000–2500 BC Newgrange, tombs,
● Domestication of animals and plants.
Ireland (Neolithic)
● Created societies of villages near caves or
along shores and streams.

PALEOLITHIC
ROCK CAVES
● earliest form of human settlement.
The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic), "stone" lit. "old
age of the stone") was coined by archaeologist
Lascaux Cave (Lascaux, France) - A cave in
John Lubbock in 1865, and refers to a prehistoric era
France containing wall paintings and engraving
distinguished by the development of the first stone
of Paleolithic humans thought to date from c.
tools.
13,000-8,500 BCE.

3 PERIODS OF PALEOLITHIC
BUILT SHELTER
● Lower Paleolithic
● Primitive lifestyle was nomadic
● Middle Paleolithic
● Temporary shelters were designed in direct
● Upper Paleolithic
response to climate, local materials, and
hunting patterns.
NEOLITHIC OR "NEW" STONE AGE
Tipi - a portable Indian shelter
Neolithic was a period in the development of human
technology beginning about 10,000 B.C. in the
Beehive hut (Kerry, Ireland) - A clochan is a stone
Middle East that is traditionally the last part of the
beehive-shaped but with a corbelled roof,
Stone Age.
commonly associated with the Irish coastline.

Neolithic architecture - is the architecture of the

Trullo (Alberobello, Bari Province) - A traditional
Neolithic period.
rendered stone dwelling in Apulia, southern Italy, in
which square chambers are roofed with conical
The three-age system divides human
vaulted roofs
technological prehistory into three periods:
● Stone Age
Wigwam - an American Indian dwelling, usually of
● Bronze Age
round or oval shape. Formed of poles overlaid
● Iron Age
with bark, rush mats, or animal skins.

PRIMITIVE ARCHITECTURE - they required only

the simplest kinds of buildings, though the purposes
Hogan - A Navaho Indian dwelling constructed villages. It was built according to a preconceived
usually of earth and logs and covered with mud plan, suggesting a structured social
and sod. organization.

Igloo - An Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of Catal Huyuk - largest and most well-preserved
hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when neolithic village; consisted of rectangular flat
permanent, of sod, wood, or stone. roofed houses. No streets or passageways.

RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES
WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE
● Villages were connected by shared
mortuary and goddess ritual centers.

ANCIENT NEAR EAST (MESOPOTAMIAN

Megaliths – ancient stone monument
Menhir: Monolith ARCHITECTURE)
Ex. Kerloas Menhir, Britany France
MESOPOTAMIA
Dolmen: daul, a table & maen, a stone • Cradle of civilization
Ex. Kilclooney, Country Donegal, Ireland ● region on Southeast Asia
Goindol, South Korea ● Tigris and Euphrates River
● Time, mark, wooden wheels, sailboats, maps
Variations of Dolmen writing
Cove – 3 standing stones, 2 on ● Middle East
sides, one on back ● part of Fertile Crescent
Trilithon – 2 upright stones
supporting a horizontal lintel SUMERIAN (5000-2000 B.C.)
Cromlech – circular arrangement ● Characterized by monumental temples of
enclosing dolmen sun-dried, brick faced with burnt or
Ex. Stone Circle, Avery England glazed brick, often built upon the ruins of
Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain their predecessors.

Tumulus/Barrow - artificial mound of earth or Ziggurat – “inspiration of Egyptian pyramids”,

stone, especially over an ancient grave stepped structures constructed with outside
staircases and a temple or shrine at the top for
EARLY CITIES worshiping the gods of nature.
● Ice Age to the Neolithic Age; the Earth’s - Built of mud brick; made of dirt mix with
climate warmed up. water and straw
● Hunters started farming communities.
● New architecture was developed Ziggurat of Ur (Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq) - a temple
dedicated to the moon god built by the Sumerian
Jericho - one of the world’s oldest continually- ruler, Ur Nammu, and his successors around 2125
inhabited city. BC.
• Hilltop city; citizens live in stone houses with
plaster floors, surrounded by high walls and
towers

Khirokitia - This site is located in Cyprus and is

considered as one of the earliest Neolithic
West Asiatic Architecture has been divided into The City of Babylon - (Babel = the gate of god)
three tolerably distinct periods: became the capital of the Empire about B.C. 2000

1. The Babylonian (Chaldaean) period (c. B.C. Hanging Gardens of Babylon - was believed to be
4000-1275). Built by Nebuchadnezzar II for median wife, Amytis
2. The Assyrian period (B.C. 1275-538). A series of irrigated ornamental gardens planted on
3. The Persian period (B.C. 538-333). the terraces of the citadel, the palace complex in
ancient Babylon also regarded as one of the 7
THE BABYLONIAN PERIOD wonders of the world listed in ancient Hellenic
culture.
BABYLONIAN (2000-1600 B.C)
THE ASSYRIAN PERIOD
● The last great Mesopotamian city-empire
of the ancient age. ASSYRIAN (900-700 B.C.)
● Characterized by mud brick construction, ● Palaces took precedence over religious
walls was articulated by pilasters and buildings
recesses, sometimes faced with burnt ● Architecture was characterized by mud-
and glazed brick brick buildings. Stone was used for
● Bulls and lions were used as decorations carved monumental decorative
for palaces and temples. sculptures.
● External walls were plainly treated, but
Tower of Babel - as described in the bible, the ornamented with carved relief structure or
structure may have been built in Babylon around with polychrome bricks
600 BC by King Nebuchadnezzar II to “rival ● interior courts were all large and filled
heaven” with columns
7 tiers covered in glazed tiles
Dur-Sharrukin (Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad,
Hanging Gardens of Babylon - One of the Seven Iraq) - squarish parallelogram city with the
Wonders of the Ancient World; a royal palace palace, temples, and government buildings
constructed of mud brick walls were covered with compressed within the walls.
glazed, colored tiles decorated with animal
reliefs; terrace with lush gardens that were
irrigated by water pump from the Euphrates Three distinct groups of apartments in The
Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad:
Ishtar Gate (Pergamon Museum, Berlin) - large,
four storey portal dominating the processional 1. Seraglio - palace proper
avenue through the city. 2. Harem - private chamber
- Covered in glazed bricks, colorful ties, and 3. Khan - service chambers
decorative figures of bulls and Dragons
Palaces of warrior-kings were the chief
Temples of the Babylonian period, of which buildings of Assyria, while temples sink in
such surprising discoveries have recently been importance compared with these great palaces.
made—as of the plans of the Temples of Marduk,
and Ashur on the sites of ancient Babylon and The Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad (B.C. 722–705)
Ashur—seem to have formed the centre, not only of - ten miles north-east of Nineveh, excavated in A.D.
religious, but of commercial and social life, and to 1864 by Place, provides the best idea of Assyrian
have served as granaries, storehouses, and even as palaces.
money banks.
THE PERSIAN PERIOD
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
PERSIAN (500-331 B.C.)
● Characterized by synthesis of EGYPT, CA. 3RD CENTURY B.C
architectural elements of surrounding ● Egypt’s possession of the Nile was of
countries such as Assyria, Egypt, and immense advantage.
Ionian Greece.
EGYPTIAN (3000 B.C. - 200 A.D.)
Persepolis (Fars Province, Iran, Darius) - Darius Characterized by the axial planning of
designed his own capital city, Persepolis - “the city massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of
of the Persians”. trabeated construction with precise stonework, and
the decoration of battered walls with pictographic
Plan Palace Complex at Persepolis consists of: carvings in relief.
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES
● Apanada - great audience hall
● Throne room - “Hall of a Hundred Columns” Mastaba - a tomb for the nobility or members of the
● Palaces of Darius and Xerxes I royal family; made of mud brick, rectangular in plan
● Harem with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft
● Council Hall leads to underground burial and offering chambers.
● Store rooms
● Hillside tombs Temples
● No shrine or temple has been identified ● an edifice or place dedicated to the worship
or presence of a deity.
JEWISH ARCHITECTURE ● Kinds of Temple:
○ Cult temple - an ancient Egyptian
The chief characteristics of Hebrew temple for the worship of a deity
architecture would seem to have been derived from ○ Mortuary temple - an ancient
Babylon on the east and Egypt on the west, through Egyptian temple for offerings and
the seafaring and trading Phoenicians worship of a deceased person,
usually a deified king.
The Temple at Jerusalem (B.C. 1012) - was the
great monumental structure commenced by Karnak Temple Complex (Luxor Egypt) - one of
Solomon the main components of the political/religious
landscape during the period of the New Kingdom.

Sphinx - a figure of an imaginary creature having

the body lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk.

Obelisk - An Egyptian monolithic four-sided

standing stone, tapering to a pyramidical cap (a
pyramidion), often inscribed with hieroglyphs and
erected as a monument.

Hypostyle Hall - a large hall having many columns

in rows supporting a flat roof, and sometimes a
clerestory.

Pylon - a gateway guarding a sacred precinct

consisting of either a pair of tall truncated pyramids
and a doorway between them often decorated with ● Valley temple - used for preparing the
painted reliefs. Pharaoh for his final journey
● Pyramid temple - a mortuary temple
Kiosk - a freestanding stone canopy structure connected to a pyramid
supported by columns in Egyptian architecture. ● Pyramid causeway - a covered ceremonial
route or corridor leading from a valley temple
Mammisi - birth-house; a small egyptian side to a mortuary temple.
temple.

Barque Temple - a room or building in which the

image of the Pharaoh or deity was revered.

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el Bahari,

Egypt, Senmut) - Queen Hatshepsut’s mortuary
temple played a key role in the processional events
as the temporary resting place for the barque during
the Beautiful Feast of the Valley.

Rock-cut Tomb - a tomb hewn out of native rock

Pyramid - a massive masonry structure having a

rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping
sides facing the cardinal points and meeting at an
apex; Used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the
burial chamber and the mummy of the pharaoh.

Imhotep - first architect recorded in history;

designed the Saqqara complex and the stepped
pyramid of Djoser.

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA NECROPOLIS

● Ancient Egyptians built more than 80
pyramids along the banks of the Nile near
modern-day Cairo from 2700 to 1640 BC.
● The pyramids were designed according
to three forms:
○ Step pyramid - stepped with tiers
rather than smooth
○ Bent pyramid - each triangular
blanar surface changes direction as it
approaches the top.
○ Straight-sided/Sloped pyramid -
four sloping triangular sides, with a
fixed angle, culminate at an apex.

PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX

● Mortuary temple - a funerary temple
 CLASSICAL PERIOD OF
ARCHITECTURE HELLENIC PERIOD
(hellas = greece in greek)
• Pertaining to ancient greek history; culture
GREEK (800-300 B.C.)
and art especially before the time of
● Delicacy of outline, perfected proportions,
Alexander the Great
and refined treatment
● Columnar and trabeated; carpentry in
● Based the different proportions of their
marble
construction systems on mathematical ratios
● Materials used: timber, stone, and terra
● The first manifestation was a wooden
cotta.
structure of upright posts
● Temple became the chief building type
● Completed with sophisticated optical
● Refinements to correct optical illusions
corrections for perspective.
(entasis, swelling of columns)
● Major public buildings were built with
● Structures were ornamented with
limestone and marble.
sculptures, colors, and mural paintings.

Most important monuments and sites:

HELLENISTIC PERIOD
1. Parthenon - built by Ictinus
● From the time of Alexander the Great’s
2. Erectheon
death; Greek culture was modified by
3. Propylaea - Monumental Entrance To The
foreign elements.
Acropolis (designed by Mnesicles)
● Diversion from religious building types; civic
4. Small Temple Athena Nike
structures were built that became
inspiration for Roman Architecture.
PHASES
● Symmetrical and orderly.
1. Aegean – rough and massive
● Moldings for decorations and utilities
2. Hellenic – proportion mathematical
● Entrances faced east.
3. Hellenistic – influence from neighboring
countries

AEGEAN PERIOD
GREEK TEMPLES
● Doric order, persian megaron, corbelled arch
The chief building type of the Hellenic period.
● Structures were generally rough and
First Temple of Apollo at Thermos
massive.
- Timber and framing and was later
● The capital is ornamented with a square
developed into stone monument
abacus, and a circular bulbous echinus.
● Cyclopean walls: large stones without
Acropolis - “city on the height.” A city
mortar, on clay bedding
stronghold or fortress constructed on higher
● Megaron: single-storey dwelling with a
ground than surrounding urban fabric.
central room & porticoed entrance; column
support roof; thalamus (bedroom)
Temenos - the sacred area or enclosure
Treasury of Atreus - beginning in the late Bronze
surrounding a classical Greek temple.
Age, the kings were buried outside the city in great
beehive-or tholos-tombs, monumental symbols of
Propylaea - a monumental gateway to a
wealth and power.
sacred enclosure, fortification, town or
square.
The Lion Gate (Mycenae, Greece) – main
entrance; part of the citadel palace of Agamemnon.
Cyclopean walls of boulders weighing 5-6 tons
were eased into alignment with pebbles.
PARTHENON Distyle in Antis – having 2 columns in front
(Athens, Greece, Ictinus and Callicrates) between Antae
Anta – rectangular piece or pilaster formed by
● built from 447-438 BC in honor of Athena, thickening the projecting wall
the city’s patron goddess Peripteral – having a single columns on all sides
● used the proportion 2n+1 in determining the Pteron – colonnade parallel to, but apart the cella
number of columns on the sides of a temple. Pteroma – passage between pteron and cella
N = no. of columns at front.
NUMBER OF COLUMNS
PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE (INTERIOR)
● Naos or cella - principal chamber 1. Homestyle
● Pronaos or anticum - an open vestibule 2. Distyle
before the cella 3. Tristyle
● Epinaos or posticum - rear vestibule 4. Tetrastyle
● Opisthodomos - a small room in the cella 5. Pentastyle
for treasury. 6. Hexastyle
7. Heptastyle
PARTS OF A GREEK TEMPLE (EXTERIOR) 8. Octastyle
● Acroterium - a pedestal for a sculpture or 9. Enneastyle
ornament at the apex or at each of the lower 10. Decastyle
corners of a pediment. Also called 11. —----
acroterion. 12. Dodecastyle
● Pediment - a wide, low-pitched gable
surrounding a colonnade or a major division COLUMN ARRANGEMENT
of a facade. Determines the type of colonnade a classical
● Tympanum - the triangular space temple has
enclosed by the horizontal and raking
cornices of a pediment, often recessed and Anta – 2 columns front
decorated with sculpture. Double anta – 2 columns front and rear.
● Stylobate - a course of masonry forming Tholos – circular
the foundation for a row of columns, esp. Prostyle – front porticoes
The outermost colonnade of a classical Amphiprostyle – front and rear porticoes
temple. Dipteral – double line column
Stereobate - a solid mass of masonry Peripteral – all sides
visible above ground level and serving as the Pseudo-peripteral – columns attached to naos
foundation of a building, esp. The platform Pseudo-dipteral – dipteral but inner columns
forming the floor and substructure of a attached to the naos
classical temple. Also called
crepidoma/podium. INTERCOLUMNATION
The systematic spacing of columns
PLANNING OF TEMPLES expressed as multiples of column diameters.
Greek and Roman temples are describes
according to the number of columns on the ● 1.50D Pycnostyle
entrance front, the type of colonnade, and the ● 2.00D Systyle
type of portico. ● 2.25D Eustyle
● 3.00D Diastyle
Prostyle - having portico in the front only ● 4.00 Araeostyle
Amphiprostyle – prostyle on both front
THE GREEK ORDERS
An order is one of the predominating styles
in classical architecture. The orders of ancient Greek
classical architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

DORIC ORDER
● Oldest, simplest, and most massive of the
three Greek orders.
● Developed in Greece in the 7th century B.C.
● Example: Temple of Apollo, Temple of
Zeus, Parthenon

Characteristics of Doric Order

1. Fluted (concave curves) columns having no
base.
2. Capital: square abacus at top, rounded
echinus at the bottom
3. Entablature: plain architrave, a frieze of
triglyphs and metopes, and a cornice, the
corona on which has mutules on its soffit.
IONIC ORDER
4. Column: H = 4-6* column base
● Developed in the Ionian Islands (now
Entablature: H = 1 ¾ * lower
western Turkey) in the 6th century B.C.
● Example: Parthenon
● Used for smaller buildings and interiors.
● Example: Temple of Athena Nike

Characteristics of Ionic Order

1. Fluted columns typically had molded bases.
2. Capital: spiral volutes
3. Entablature: architrave of three fascias,
richly ornamented frieze, cornice corbeled
out on egg and dart and dentil moldings.
4. Column: H = 9* column base; 24 flutes
Entablature: H = 2 ¾ * column
● Example: Tempe of Athena Nike
CORINTHIAN ORDER CIVIC BUILDINGS
● Named after the city of Corinth, where
sculptor Callimachus supposedly invented it AGORA - a market or meeting place in a Greek
after he spotted a boblet surrounded by city, a rub of public life where most important public
leaves. building were situated
● Similar to Ionic order in its base, column,
and entablature, but its capital is more THEATRON - designed for the presentation of
ornate, carved with two tiers of curly plays which choral songs and dances were
acanthus leaves. prominent features; open-air and usually hollowed
● Example: Temple of Apollo Epicurius out of the slope of a hillside with a tiered seating area
around and facing a circular building for the actor’s
Characteristics of Corinthian Order use.
1. Similar in most respects to Ionic but usually
of slender proportions.
2. Capital: deep-bell shaped decorated with
acanthus leaves and an abacus with
concave sides.
3. Column: H = 9* column base; 24 flutes
Entablature: H = 10 * column base
● Example: Temple of Apollo Epicurius

STOA - an ancient Greek portico, usually

detached and of considerable length used as a
promenade or meeting place around public places.

PRYTANEION - senate house; a public town hall

for the citizens of ancient Greece, containing statue
banquet halls and hospitality suites.

BOULEUTERION - council chamber with rows of

stepped benches
FIGURED COLUMNS
● Caryatid – also known as Kore, a carved ODEION - a roofed theatre building
statue of draped female figure which
functions a column STADION - an ancient Greek elongated sports
● Canephora, canephore, canephorum, venue.
kanephoros – “basket carrying”; a carved
statuesque column of a draped female figure HIPPODROME - an open or roofed track or arena
carrying a basket or a basket on her head. for chariot and horse racing in ancient Greece.
● Atlas, telamon – plura: atlantes; a massive
carved statuesque stooping male figure, PALAESTRA - wrestling house in ancient Greece.
often serving as a columnar support for a
pediment. GYMNASION - an ancient Greek centre for sports,
● Herm, herma - a square tapered column with buildings, playing areas and baths.
capped with the carved head, bust, or torso
of a figure, usually Hermes; originally used
by the Greeks as a boundary marker, later as
decoration.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS PARTS:
● Acropolis: citadel
Megaron ● Gate
● An early Greek dwelling type ● Via sacra. Sacra via; Sacred road
● Long rectangular central hall in a ● City walls
Mycenaean palace complex which may ● Agora: main square
serve as temple ● Nymphaeum; fountain house, nymph temple
● Consists of an open porch, a vestibule, and ● Temple
a large hall with a central hearth and a throne ● Plateia (pl. plateiai); main street
PARTS: ● Steponos (pl. steponoi); side street
● Prodomos – porch ● Gymnasion; sports hall
● Doma – main room ● Stoa; colonnaded court
● Thalamos – rear chamber ● Thermae; baths
● hearth ● Heroon (monopteros); heroic shrine
● Synagogue (basilica)
Prostas ● Warehouse
● A Greek dwelling-type entered from the
street via a passage to an open courtyard,
around which all spaces are arranged; the
principal rooms are accessed via a niche-like
anteroom or prostas
PARTS:
● Court, courtyard
● Prostas – anteroom
● Prothyron – entrance
● Thyroreion – entrance passage
● Pastas – veranda
● Andron – mens’ dining room

Pastas
● Northern Greece dwelling type with a
courtyard in the centre of the south side
and deep columned veranda or pastas
affording access to rooms.

Peristyle
● Open courtyard is surrounded by
colonnades on all sides, often more
luxurious than a prostas or pastas house.

URBAN PLANNING

Hippodamian Grid System

● Rectilinear town layout
● Dwellings are divided by narrow side streets
● Linked together by wider main roads
● Developed by Ionian Hippodamus of Miletus
in 5th century BC
 ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN • Pottery modes, tomb paintings, and
ARCHITECTURE excavations at such sites as Tarquinia and
Cerveteri have revealed tangible evidence
that Etruscan architects were both innovative
ETRUSCANS
and ambitious
• Member of an ancient people that lived in
• Tuscan column, private villa with atrium,
Etruria, Italy.
large scale temples on impressive, based
• They thrived between 8th and 3rd century
platform, extravagant terra cotta decorations.
BCE
• It is believed that the Etruscan took
• Herodotus: Etruscans descended from a
inspiration from Greek architecture.
people who invaded Etruria from Anatolia
• While the Greeks usually used marble, the
before 800 BCE and established themselves
Etruscans preferable built their homes with
over the native Iron age inhabitants of the
mud bricks and terracotta
region
• Mud bricks are made by mixing earth with
• Dionysius of Halicarnassus: Etruscans
water and placing the mixture in the molds
were of local Italian origin
and letting them dry in the air
• They gained their prosperity through their
• Terracotta, from the Italian terra cotta
local minerals such as iron and trades
“baked earth”, from Latin terra cocta. Made
• Avid traders known for their trade,
with fairly coarse, porous clay shaped, and
exchanging iron for ivory amongst other
then fired until hard.
things
• The walls of their temples were mud brick,
• The romans reffred etruscan people as
and the terracotta were places as top of the
Etrusci or Tusci
roof

ETRURIA
• Etruria (usually reffered to in Greek source
TUSCAN ORDER
texts as Tyrrhenia) was a region of Central
• The tuscan order is one of the two classical
Italy, located in an area that covered part of
orders developed by the Romans the other
what are now Tuscany, Lazio, and Umbria
being the composite order. Influenced by
• The central region in Italy known as Tuscany
the Doric order but with unfluted columns
was named after the etruscans.
and a simpler entablature with no
• Their location was characterized to have triglyphs or guttae
summers and cool and rainy winters. • Architectural style coming form ancient Italy
• A shift in power occurred at the end of the 5th
• Simplest form of the other 5 orders of
century and beginning of the 4th century as classical Roman architecture
Rome grew in power and size
• Has close resemblance to Doric order but it
differs as it has a simpler base, unadorned
columns and an unadorned entablature
ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE
ETRUSCAN TEMPLE
• Remains of underground tombs, foundation
• Built using wood and mud bricks and is
walls
usually covered with stucco, paster, or
painted decorations
Character and Influences
• Regardless of their greek inspiration,
etruscan temples has a uniquess of its own
• The architecture of the Etruscan civilization
• They are frontal and axial and often have
has largely been obliterated both by the
more than one cella
conquering Romans and time
• It influenced Roman architecture.
 • Building organic building materials are • There are 2 famous large etruscan
protected because the temples’ wide eaves semeteries, the necropolis near Cerveteri
low pitch roof and terracotta roof tiles known as the “banditaccia” and the
• Acroterions are placed along the ridgepole necropolis of Traquinia with is known as
and on the cornice and peaks to decorate the “Monterozzi”
the temple • The Banditaccia is a cemetery which
• Ex. St. Paul’s Covent Garden, London, contains thousands of tombs which were
1630’s largely follows Vitruvius directions for organized in a city-like plan including
a “Tuscan Temple” but lacks external streets squares, and neighborhoods.
decorations and color • The cemetery Monterozzi contains 6000
graves cut in the rock, it is because of its 200
PLAN OF AN ETRUSCAN TEMPLE painted tombs
• The podium or based platform used stone
• The altar used for animal sacrifices and ritual
ceremonies is located outside the temple
• There are 3 cellas, on for each of their
chief Gods, Tinia (Zues), Uni (Hera), and ROMAN (300 BC - 365 AD)
Menerva (Athena) ● Ostentation, interiors were elaborately
ornamented and exteriors remained
austere.
ARCH AND VAULT ● Influenced by Etruscans and combined
• It is believed that the arches, vaults, and their use of arch, vault, and dome with the
domes originated with the Etruscans Greek’s columns
• orders were often used with the archers ● Development of concrete that led to a
• the use pf the pair was not entirely for system of vaulting
decorative purposes for the orders were ● Placed an emphasis on monumental public
carefully places and adapted so that they buildings
would contribute to the scale and proportion ● Materials: marble, granite, and alabaster
of the whole design (as well as stucco and mosaics)
● Plumbing, heating, and water supply
ETRUSCAN TOMBS
• not much is really known on the houses of THE ROMAN ORDERS
the Etruscan people ● Tuscan - Etruscan’s simplified version of
the Doric order with smooth shafted
• they built their tombs with the same materials
columns, a simple capital, base and
and was designed to look like their home
entablature
• the inside of their tombs show that the
● Composite - a hybrid of Ionian and
Etruscan people believed in the idea of an
Corinthian, with fluted columns, a capital
afterlife
with both volutes and acanthus leaves, a
• Paintings and decorations in the tombs along
base and a entablature with dentils
with the provided gold and jewelry and dinner
sets takes meaning as they wanted to
comfort the death to help them on their
MATERIALS AND METHODS
journey to the afterlife
Opus - plural opera, “work” (Latin) ; an artistic
• The tombs are made in the shape of their
composition or pattern, especially as used in
houses along with the doors and windows,
relation to Roman stonework and walling
inside they carved beds for the dead to lie on
construction.
and some even have pillows
Roman concrete - combined volcanic ash (called
pozzolana) and lime with sand, water, and gravel.
Advantages of using concrete:
● Strong, cheap, and easy to use
● Doesn’t have to be quarried, cut, or
transported unlike real stone.
● Can be mixed on the building site
● Can be casted in a mold of virtually any
shape

ARCH
a curved structure for spanning an
VAULT
opening, designed to support a vertical load
an arched structure of stone, brick, or
primarily by axial compression
reinforced concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over
a hall room, or other wholly or partially enclosed
PARTS OF AN ARCH
space.
• Keystone – most important part, wedge-
shaped- often established voussoirs at the
crown of the arch serving to lock the other
voussoirs in place
• Voussoir – any of the wedge-shaped units
in a masonry arch, having sides cut
converging at one of the arch centers
• Spring – the point at which arch, vault, or
dome rises from its support. Also,
springing
• Springer – the first voussoir resting on the
impost of an arch CIVIC BUILDINGS
• Intrados – inner curve or surface of an arch
forming the concave underside Forum - the public square or marketplace of an
ancient Roman city, the center of judicial and
• Extrados – exterior curve, surface, or
business affairs, and a place of assembly for the
boundary of the visible face of an arch. Also
people, usually including a basilica and a temple.
called back.
• Archivolt – a decorative molding or band
Imperial Forum - no streets and no spatial or
on the face of the arch following the curve of
axial connections between the spaces. The
the intrados
elements are simply bonded to each other to create
a sequence of open, colonnaded, and enclosed
TYPES OF ARCH
spaces.

Forum Romanum - oldest forum in Rome; Open

space, rectangular in shape, enclosed by different
institutional and public buildings, serving as the
city’s marketplace and centre of public business.

Basilica - a Roman building type; used as a

meeting place, courthouse, marketplace, and
lecture hall.
 Theatrum - a Roman theatre building or structure: a
Thermae - establishments that were built for building or arena with a stage and auditorium for
washing, as well as exercising, entertaining, and the production of theatrical works.
conducting business.
Hypocaust. Systems of flues on the floor or walls
of Roman baths that provided central heating

Curia - senate house; Greek Prytaneion

Triumphal Arch - a large arched monument

constructed in a public urban place to commemorate
Gymnasium - centre for sports with building, a great event, usually a victory in war.
playing areas, and baths.
Circus - In Roman architecture, a long U-shaped
or enclosed arena for chariot and horse racing:
Greek hippodrome.

Aqueduct - a bridge or other structure designed to

convey fresh water, usually a canal or river
supported by pier and arches or a tunnel; from the
Latin, aquae ductus, ‘conveyance of water’

Drainage - main storm drainage system, one of the

Ampitheater - A classical arena for gladiatoral
world’s earliest sewage systems. (Cloaca
contests and spectacles consisting of an oval or
Maxima)
round space surrounded by tiered seating for
spectators.
Pons - Example: Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Italy.

Palace - Example: Diocletian’s Palace; part

fortified camp, part city, and part villa. It is in the form
of a slightly irregular rectangle (175 by 216 meters)
protected by walls and gates, with towers projecting
from the western, northern, and eastern facades.
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

SACRED ARCHITECTURE: EARLY CHRISTIAN

ARCHITECTURE

● Christianity had its birth in Judea.

● Also known as Paleochristian Art, an art
produced by Christians from the earliest
Temple - Example: Pantheon, Rome, Italy; world’s period of Christianity. 260-525 AD.
largest unreinforced concrete domes. It serves as ● Places: Jerusalem, Syria, Judea,
a temple, church, and tomb for the past centuries. Synagogue, Italy, Ethiopia, and Pompeii in
Rome.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ● Happened after Constantine won the battle
Domus - the patrician townhouse; has party walls of the Milvian Bridge. Making him the
on its flanks and an enclosed back area, its principal principal patron of christianity
opening to the exterior is located on the street front.
FOUR PHASES OF CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE

1. Early Christian and Byzantine

2. Romanesque
3. Gothic
4. Renaissance

● Most of the structures and artworks are

related to the stories in the Bible, which
Constantine is the first one to publish it.
Insula - A Roman masonry and concrete tenement ● Lacking external decoration but has
block for the labouring classes, often a multi storey intricate and detailed designs in the
structure with commercial premises and workshops interior.
(tabernae) at street level; originally the plot of land ● Similar to Roman for using concrete,
bounded by urban streets, on which one was built arches, and even columns.
● Distinct emphasis placed on the centralized
Villa - a large classical Roman country house with plan, which was of round, polygonal, or
an estate; originally divided into two parts, the pars cruciform shape.
urabana, or living area, and pars rustica or working
area.

Atrium house - A Roman dwelling type in which the Other Influences:

building mass surrounds a main central space, the ● For the ruins of Roman building often
atrium, open to the sky. provided the quarry
● Influenced the style, both in construction and
Vitruvius decoration.
● Marcus Vitruvius Pollio ● Column and other architectural features;
● Wrote De architectura (On architecture), even sculptures and mosaics from older
known today as the “Ten Books on
buildings
Architecture. ● Temperate climate
● Firmitas, utilitas, venustas (durability,
usefulness, and beauty)
EARLY CHRISTIAN TEMPLE ● Rectangular hall, timber-roofed with
Compared to Basilicas, Christian Temples coffers & richly glided ceiling (hiding the
has a covenant, a chest given by God, instead of a roof truss) on nave.
cross. ● Usually with one or two aisles to each side of
the central nave separated by rows of rustic.
● Places of worship of Christians before ● Marble columns, sometimes carrying flat
Constantine but after Jesus’ death. entablatures and sometimes, rows of arches.
● Often found in Jerusalem and in Judea, it ● Width of aisles was half that of the central
often resembles a house. nave
● Place for congregation, no other necessary
parts like baptistery. THE CHRISTIAN BASILICA

Dura-Europos Church ● Derived from the Roman basilica but

● The earliest Christian house church, located because compared to Roman religion,
by the 17th tower and preserved by the same Christian religion does not require burning
defensive fill that saved the synagogue. food to an idol.
● The building consists of a house conjoined to ● Used as audience hall, congregation, and
a separate half-like room, which functioned a place for the celebration of the Christian
as the meeting room for the church. The sacrament: The Eucharist.
surviving frescoes of the baptistry room are ● Interiors are decorated with mosaics
probably the most ancient Chistian paintings depicting stories and characters from the
● The “Healing of the paralytic” and “Christ and Bible.
Peter walking on the water.” These are the ● 3-5 aisles covered by a timber roof
earliest depictions of Jesus Christ ever found ● Has a long colonnade which carry the eye
and date back to 235 AD. along the sanctuary a treatment which
makes these churches appear longer than
FROM AGORA TO BASILICAN CHURCH they really are.
PARTS OF A BASILICAN CHURCH
Greece 1. Nave - the long, open rectangular
● Agora (assembly or gathering place) colonnade was the perfect place for
● Served as marketplace congregation / clergy to congregate.
2. Apse - the semicircular area at one end.
Rome Used as a location for the altar.
● Forums - center of Roman public life 3. Atrium - before the entrance, open aired
● Venue for public speeches, criminal trials, columned courtyard typical of Roman
and gladiatorial matches palace where a baptismal fountain could be
● Basilica - part of forum found. Also called a courtyard.
● Served as place for giving justice and 4. Narthex - between the atrium and the nave
transacting business or main entrance of the church.
● Layout of Basilicas was by extension used 5. Gatehouse - entrance before the atrium.
for Christian church, having the same form 6. Clerestory - a high section of wall that
contains windows above eye level. Its
CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL BASILICAN purpose is to admit light, fresh air, or both.
CHURCH Symbolizes transcendence and grace of
God.
● Unlike the earlier Roman phase, the 7. Aisles - where common people sit.
interiors were given more importance
than exterior.
S. GIOVANNI IN LATERANO CHURCH OF THE Round Alternative Form (Sta.
LATERAN (AD 313-320) Constanza)
● A typical example of the early Christian • Designed as a centralized
monument.
church.
• Symmetrical in plan with a domed
● It was the first church commissioned by central space.
Emperor Constantine. • Domed central space was ringed by
● Built as the Cathedral of the Bishop of an arcade with 12 pairs of double
Rome and was remodeled several times. colonnades.
● The church consists of a central nave flanked • Beyond the arcade is an encircling
by two narrow aisles and separated from ambulatory.
• A barrel vault is used to roof the
them by a monumental colonnade.
ambulatory.

THE BAPTISTERY Alternative Church Form

● A place of baptism not by sprinkling babies • The rectangular basilica was not the
but by immersion – of all ages wishing to only form adopted for the early
be converted to Christianity. church
● “Baptismo” means “I submerge” • Alternative more centralized plans,
● If the Churches are derived from the Roman with a focus on a central vertical
axis rather than a longitudinal
Basilica, Baptisteries are derived from
horizontal one were also adopted
Roman baths providing an in ground pool. occasionally. The centralized
● Compared to Thermae and Balnea, most churches were of two broad types.
Baptisteries has an oculus lighting the • They were the completely circular
main pool, mimicking the baptism of Jesus church
in the river of Jordan. • These had a circular or octagonal
● Often round or octagonal shaped with space surrounded by an
baptism pool in the middle. ambulatory

Church Of The Holy Sepulchre

MAUSOLEUM (Jerusalem)
• An external free-standing building • Revered as the site of the
constructed as a monument enclosing the resurrection of Jesus following his
interment space or burial chamber of a crucifixion, his suffering and death.
deceased person or people • When the church was first found
• A Christian mausoleum sometimes includes during the byzantine period, it
a chapel included four elements: atrium,
basilica, open courtyard and the
EXAMPLES sepulcher or holy tomb.
• In 614 AD, the Persians set fire to
Santa Constanza (Rome, Italy 350 AD) the church, badly damaging it, it was
• Was built during the reign of then repaired over the next 400 years
Constantine I as a mausoleum for
his daughter Constantina. MARTYRIA/MARTYRIUM
• It has a circular form and features • Structure built at “a site which bears
an ambulatory that surrounds a witness to the Christian faith, either by
central dome. referring to an event in Christ’s life or
• The original structure had colored Passion, or by sheltering the grave of a
stone on its wall martyr
• Later, they are turned into churches or made
as an extension of a mausoleum
CATACOMB
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE (SACRED
• Human-made subterranean passageways
ARCHITECTURE)
for religious practice
• Any chamber used as a burial place is a
catacomb, although the word is commonly BYZANTINE
associated with the Roman empire
• The 1st place to be referred to as catacombs • Eastern Roman Empire of Byzantium
was the system of underground tombs (Constantinople)
between the 2nd and the 3rd milestone of the
Appian way in Rome, we're the bodies of • Flourished under the Roman Emperor
the apostles Peter and Paul, among others Justinian between 527 - 565 AD
were said to have been buried • The empire gradually emerged as a distinct
• Catacumbae, a word of obscure origin, Latin artistic and cultural entity from what is today
phrase cata tumbas, “among the tombs” referred to as the Roman Empire after 330
• Catacomb of priscilla on the left, burial of AD, when Roman Emperor Constantine
many Christians moved the capital of the Roman Empire east
from Rome to Byzantium
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART • Byzantium or “New Rome”, was later
renamed Constantinople (now known as
Gold Glass Istanbul)
• Or Gold Sandwich Glass, was a technique
for fixing a layer of gold leaf with a design • Church related design
between two fused layers of glass. Roundels
that are the cut of bottoms of wine caps or GEOGRAPHICAL
glasses used to mark and decorate graves in • Byzantium is located on top of two
the Catacombs of Rome promontories, at the junction of the
Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmora
Mosaic • At the intersection of two great highways of
• The art of creating images with an commerce the water
assemblage of small pieces of colored • High road from the Black Sea into the
glass, stone, or other materials. It is a Mediterranean, and the land high road from
technique of decorative art or interior Asia into Europe was called “New Rome”
decoration. by the Turks of Asia

GEOLOGICAL
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• No good building stone or even material
Synagogue - Building where a Jewish assembly for making good bricks
or congregation meets for religious worship and • Was a marble working center from which
instruction. A Jewish assembly or congregation sculptured marbles were exported to all
parts of the Roman world
Frescoes - Painting done rapidly in watercolor on
wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors CLIMATE
penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries.
• Romans settling there altered their method
Fenestella - A niche like window in the south wall of building to suit the novel condition due to
of the sanctuary near the altar climate

Congregation - A group of people assembled for RELIGION

religious worship.
• Political division that came to pass
between east and west was followed by a
separation of churches

• “Filioque controversy”
 • The iconoclastic movement during the Latin cross plan
eighth and ninth centuries was in force and
ended in the admission of painted figures in • Plain cross in which the vertical part below
the decoration of churches, but all is longer than the three parts
sculptured statues were excluded
• Ex. Pisa cathedral from the “leaning
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL tower”. Shows the latin cross form, with
projecting apse, fireground and free-
• Roman Emperor Diocletian, removed the standing baptistery at the west
capital from Rome to Byzantium in 324 AD
• Council of Nice in 325 AD being the first of Byzantine dome construction
the general councils called to suppress • Most distinctive feature was the domed
heresies roof
• Eastern emperors lost all power in Italy by • The dome became the prevailing motif for
endeavoring to force upon the west their byzantine architecture, which was a fusion
policy of preventing the worship and use of of the domical construction with the
images classical columnar style
• By the election of Charlemagne, chosen • To allow a dome to rest above a square
Emperor of the west in 800 AD, the Roman base, either one of the two devices was
Empire was finally divided used:
MAIN FEATURES OF EARLY BYZANTINE Squinches - an arch in each of the corners of a
ARCHITECTURE square base that transforms it into an octagon
• Built as a continuation of Roman Pendentives – Roman architecture dome was only
Architecture, but also imbued influences used over circular or polygonal structures
from Near East and used the Greek cross
plan in church architecture • Frequently constructed of bricks or some
• Features an increase in geometric light porous stone, such as pumice or
complexity even of pottery
• Brick and plaster were used in addition to • Byzantine domes and vaults were believed
stone in decoration of important public to be constructed without temporary
structures support or “centering” by the simple use
• Classical orders were used more freely of large flat bricks, and is quite a distinct
• Mosaics replaced carved decoration system probably derived from Eastern
• Complex domes rested upon massive methods.
piers, and windows filtered light through thin • Triangular segment of a spherical surface,
sheets of alabaster to softly illuminate feline in the upper corners of a room
interiors • Pendentive design includes images of
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John – they are the
• Massive domes with square bases authors of the gospels account
• Rounded arches and spires MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
• Extensive use of mosaic glass
• The system of construction in concrete and
Greek cross plan brickwork introduced by the Romans was
adopted by the Byzantines
• All sides are of equal length • The carcase (skeleton) of concrete and
• Square plan brickwork is first completed and allowed to
• The nave, chancel and transept arms are of settle before sheathing of unyielding marble
equal length forming a greek cross slabs was added
• The crossing generally surmounted by a • Brickwork, moreover lent itself externally to
dome became the form in the orthodox decorative patterns and banding, and
church internally it was suitable for covering
with marble, mosaic, and fresco
decoration
 • The ordinary bricks were like the Roman, NAVE
about an inch and a half in depth, and were
laid on thick beds of mortar • Central part of a church building, intended to
accommodate most of the congregation
TYPICAL LATE BYZANTINE CHURCH
EXAMPLE STRUCTURES
Central apse - Flanked by two smaller side apses
HAGIA SOPHIA (ISTANBUL, TURKEY)
Four Columns - Support the dome
• A World Heritage Site
Brickwork - May alternate with layers of stone • “Church of Holy Wisdom”, chief church
in Constantinople rebuilt by Justinian
Golden Mosaic - Cover the ceilings and upper between 532 - 537 AD, after the original
walls burnt down in a riot Holy Wisdom”; Latin is a
former orthodox patriarchal basilica later a
PARTS OF A BYZANTINE CHURCH mosque and now a museum in Istanbul
Turkey
ALTAR OR APSE (SANCTUARY) • Served as a cathedral of Constantinople
between 1204 and 1261, when it was
• Situated on the eastern part of the church, converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral
regardless of its shape under the Latin Patriarch of
Constantinople
BELL TOWER • It became a mosque in May 29, 1453 until
1934 when it was secularized
• bell tower is attached to (or built separately • It was opened as a museum on February 1,
by) the western part of the church 1935
• Its architects were Isidore of Miletus and
ICONOSTASIS Anthemius of Tralles
• The dome is 101 feet in diameter using
• A screen or wall between the nave and the pendentives
sanctuary, which is covered with icons
Features
CUPOLA
• Greek Roman and oriental elements in
• Small, most often dome-like, structure on
architecture and its decoration
top of a building
• Greco - Roman columns, arches, vault,
• Often used to provide lookout or to admit
domes over square bases
light and air, usually crowns a larger roof or
dome • Oriental (eastern) rich ornamentation
• rich use of color, mosaics
NARTHEX • polychrome marble and stone work
• play of light
• Entrance or lobby area
• Located at the west end of the nave, SAINT MARK’S BASILICA
opposite the church’s main altar
• Cathedral church of the Roman Catholic
BEMA OR BIMA Archdiocese of Venice, Northern Italy
• One of the best examples of
• Elevated platform Italo-Byzantine architecture
• In ancient Athens, it is used as an orator’s • 830 C. to receive the relics of St. Mark
podium.
• In synagogues, also known as bima which • Based on the Justinian Church of the Holy
is for Torah reading services Apostles, Constantinople

• Has 5 domes (each carried on 4 piers)

• Has a narthex on each side of the nave

• Baptistery on the south side
HOW TO RECOGNIZE A BYZANTINE CHURCH? • Roof and ceiling (simple compound,
special design)
• Predominant colors of mosaic - blue and • Orientation - facade at west
gold • Hagia Sophia
• few columns - unrestricted view of the • St. Mark, venice
interior mosaic art
• subject depicted - scenes from the holy
Bible or the imperial court
• mosaics - made-up of small cubes up
marble or glass set in cement. Cement place
in layers, final layer pf fresco on the damp
cement
• Magical impression of light and depth
conveyed by mosaics – heavenly
ambience
• Columns and capitals - classical
prototypes
• Carving of the capitals – deeply incised
lines and drilled holes – strong black and
white effect
• Dome – structural feature (over a square
opening – important consequence in
Renaissance architecture)
• No human figure in byzantine decoration
• Decoration feature – scrolls, circles and
other geometric forms or by depicting leaves
and flowers
• Wind-blown acanthus leaves were a
popular subject

BYZANTINE SHORT SUMMARY

Comparative Analysis

Early Christian
• Dwellers from the Roman Empire
• Christianity was introduced
• Basilica > church
• materials from old Roman buildings
• timber roof with king and queen post
• mosaic on interior or exterior
• orientation – façade on west, altar at east
• church complex – belfry, campanile,
baptistery
• Tombs - buried within city walls, prohibits
cremation

Byzantine
• Greek Colony, Byzantium
• Constantine, converted Christian (Rome >
Byzantium)
• Domed centralized plan of churches with
classical columns
 was owing to a popular superstition that the
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE millennium would bring the end of the world

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE • SOBER & DIGNIFIED - Opposite of Roman
• On the decline of the Roman Empire, the character
Romanesque style grew up in those
countries of Western Europe which had been ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
under the rule of Rome, and geographical • Rib & Panel Vaulting - framework of ribs
position determined many of the peculiarities support thin stone panels
of the style in each country.
• Use of Massive wall structures, Round
• combination of Roman & Byzantine Arches & Powerful Vaults
Architecture basically roman in style
• Latin Cross Plan in churches
youths for the service of religion; monks and
• Use of Corbelled Arches found underneath
their pupils were often the designers of
the eaves of a church
cathedrals, and architecture was almost
regarded as a sacred science.
Two Types of Vaulting - supported by tiers
1. Quadripartite (four – part vaulting)
2. Sexpartite (six – vaulting)
CHIEF MONASTIC ORDERS:
• The Benedictine Order
• The Cluniac Order ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
• The Cistercian Order “descended from Roman”
• The Augustinian Order “in the manner of the Romans”
• The Premonstratensian Order
• The Carthusian Order • Although there was a lot of buildings of
• The Military Orders: Knights Templars and castles during this period, they were greatly
Knights Hospitallers outnumbered by churches, (the most
• The Friars significant were the great abbey churches)
• The Jesuits many of which are still standing and
frequently in use.
SOCIAL-POLITICAL INFLUENCE
• Establishment of “Feudal System”: • The word “Romanesque” means
Landlord build “castle” to separate them & “descended from Romans” or “in the
protect them from the peasants. This castle manner of romans”
was made with man – made canals.
• The word was used to describe the style
• Feudalism: a military and political system
which was identifiably medieval and
based on personal loyalty (vassal and lieges) prefigure the gothic, yet maintained the
rounded Roman arch

HISTORICAL INFLUENCE • “Pre-romanesque art” is sometimes

• Roman Empire in the West had already applied to architecture in Germany of the
come to an end in A.D. 475. The election of Carolingian and Ottonian periods
the first Frankish King Charlemagne (A.D.
799) as Holy Roman Emperor marks the • “First Romanesque” is applied buildings in
Italy, Spain and parts of France that have
beginning of a new era
romanesque features but predate the
• next two hundred years little progress was influence of the monastery of cluny
made, and it has been suggested that this
SOURCES OF INFLUENCE CHIEF MONASTIC ORDERS/ PRINCIPAL
• Despite its name, the inspiration behind RELIGIOUS ORDERS
Romanesque architecture was not Rome,
The Benedictine Order (black monks)
but the architecture if the Byzantine Empire.
• Early 6th century houses commonly sited
• Charlemagne was a key figure of the middle in towns
ages, the first ruler to reunite Western
• Part of the church being devoted for the
Europe since the Roman Empire, and a
shaper of European identity. laity
• Romanesque architecture developed from
the buildings constructed during
Charlemagne’s reign

KEY HISTORICAL EVENTS

• The Roman Empire was halved into East and
West The Cluniac Order
• Those outside the Empire were called • founded by Abbot Odo in 910 at Cluny in
“barbarians” – German tribes such as the Burgundy.
Franks, Saxons, Vandals, Goths; Asian • Reformed Benedictine order
tribes such as Huns The Carthusian Order
• 4th century, Huns invaded Europe forcing • The Character house, often remotely
Goths and Vandals to seek shelter inside the sited provided separate cells for the
monks, generally grouped around a
Roman Empire
cloister garth and the community served
• Rome agreed to let them stay in exchange a simply-planned church.
for help against the Huns
• In 410 AD, Alaric the Goth seized Rome,
settled in Spain
• Ostrogoths held much of Italy, Vandals
moved across Europe into Africa
• 486-507, Clovis, King of the Franks,
conquered Gaul, but was overthrown by the
Carolingians in 751AD
• Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians ruled
Gaul The Cistercian Order (White Monks)
• Angles, Saxons, and Jutes Occupied Britain • The ascetic aims of this order produced
an architecture which was at first simple
• The decline of the Roman Empire led to the
and severe. It was an aisled hall in
rise of independent states and nations contrast to Benedictine and Augustinian
across Europe order.
• Most states still had ecclesiastical and
political ties to Rome
• This went on for three centuries, from 500-
800 AD
• Rise of Religious orders
• Science, letters, art and culture were the
monopoly orders
• Gave impulse to architecture; fostered art
and learning
Serving Canons (Priest) ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER/GENERAL
• -serving principally cathedral and APPERANCE
collegiate churches.
Dark, Solemn Spaces
• Romanesque churches and castles were
ORDER OF CANONS Regular *still under dark, with few openings.
Principal Religious Order* • Wars and invasions were common place, so
windows and doors were kept to a
1. The Augustinian Canons (Black canons minimum.
regular) • With stone and masonry buildings, buildings
• Undertook both monastic and pastoral were safe from fire and invaders, but
duties in houses often sited in towns and required large supports for the weight of
planned similarly to those of the walls and vaults.
Benedictine order.
Simple Exterior
2. The Premonstratensian Canons (White • Simple of Exterior (Use of geometrical
canons regular) shapes as exterior)

• founded around 1100 by St. Norbert at • A combination of masonry, arches and

Premontre, Picardy. piers are the basis of the Romanesque style.

3. Gilbertine Canons • The main concept for buildings was the

• English order, usually combining a house of addition of pure geometrical forms.
canons of Augustine rule with another of
Nuns of Cistercian rule, in conventual Ex. San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of
buildings separately planned, attached to undressed stone, has a typically fortress like
a common church divided axially by a appearance.
wall.

MILITARY ORDER *still under Principal Religious

Order*

1. The Knights Templars

• founded in 1119 to protect the Holy
places in Palestine and to safeguard the
pilgrim routes to Jerusalem.
Modest Height, Horizontal lines
• Romanesque churches have an emphasis
2. The Hospitallers
on horizontal lines, similar to those of
• organized in 1113, but develop no Greek & Roman public buildings
characteristic architecture of its own.

3. The Mendicant orders of Friars

• Their houses were usually sited in towns, Multiple Units/Elements
where the friars preached and did • Several geometric forms make up the
charitable works among the common building rather than one shape
people.
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS • In the case of aisled churches, barrel vaults,
or half-barrel vaults over the aisles helped to
Thick and Massive Walls buttress the nave, if it was vaulted
• The walls of Romanesque buildings are often
of massive thickness with few and Piers and Columns
comparatively small openings. • Drum columns – solid cylinders; columns
that are solid all the way.
• They are often double shells, filled with
rubble. • Hollow-core Columns

Arcades • Salvage Columns

• An arcade is a row of arches, supported on
piers or columns. • Pilasters – attached/embed to a wall

• They occur in the interior of large

churches, separating the nave from the
aisles, and in large secular interiors spaces,
such as the great hall of a castle,
supporting the timbers of a roof or upper
floor.

• Arcades also occur in cloisters and

atriums, enclosing an open space.

Round Arches and Openings

• Round arches are similar to those of the
Romans

Vaults and Roofs

• The majority of buildings have wooden
roofs, generally of a simple truss, tie beam,
or king post form. Columns and Other Ornamentations

• Vaults of stone or brick took on several • The Corinthian style provided the
different forms and showed marked inspiration for many Romanesque capitals,
development during the period, evolving into and the accuracy with which they were
the pointed ribbed arch which is carved depended very much on the
characteristic of Gothic architecture. availability of original models.

• The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel • Those in Italian churches such as Pisa
vault in which a single arched surface Cathedral or church of Sant'Alessandro in
extends from wall to wall, length of the space Luca and southern France being much
to be vaulted closer to the Classical than those in England.

• Groin vault or groined vault (also • Mouldings

sometimes known as a double barrel vault • usually in vegetable form/animal form
or cross vault) is produced by the • elaborately carved
intersection at right angles of two barrel
vaults. • Ornaments
o principal ornamentation were fresco
Buttress paintings
• Romanesque buttresses are generally of flat o characteristic ornamentations in
square profile and do not project a great sculpture, carvings and fresco
deal beyond the wall. painting usually:
- vegetables
- animal forms
DEFINITION OF TERMS
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• Ambulatory - a semi-circular passageway
around the apse of a church.

• Arcade- series of arches. INTRODUCTION

“style ogivale” pointed style
• Baptistery- building in front of the church
used for of baptism. “Opus Modernum”
• cavernous spaces with the expanse of
• Barrel vault- This is the simplest vault,
created by combining a series of round or walls broken up by overlaid tracery
Roman arches. • progressive lightening and heightening of

• Bay- vertical section of a church. structure (made possible by the flying

buttress)
• Blind arcade- an arcade with no openings
behind. • use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault
• richly decorated fenestration
• Campanile- a detached bell tower.
• it is the architectural style of the High Middle
• Groin vault- or Cross vault is a combination ages in Western Europe, which emerged
of two-barrel vaults at intersecting angles
from Romanesque and Byzantine forms in
• Pier- is an upright support for structure or France during the 12th century
superstructure such as arch or bridge.
• lasted until the 16th century
• Norman Architecture – Romanesque in • in France and Germany, Gothic phases are
Britain referred to as Early, High, and Late Gothi c

• Ottonian Architecture – Romanesque in • French middle phase = Rayonnant

Germany • French late phase = Flamboyant
• in English architecture, the usual divisions
SUMMARY FEATURES OF ROMANESQUE are Early English, Decorated, and
ARCHITECTURE
Perpendicular
GENERAL APPERANCES:
• it grew out of the Romanesque
• Dark, solemn spaces
• Used of geometrical shape as exterior architectural style, when both prosperity
• Modest height and relative peace allowed for several
• Horizontal lines
• Multiple units centuries of cultural development and great
building schemes
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS:

• Thick and massive walls DEFINITION

• Arcades
• “Gothic” originated as a means of belittling
• Round arches and openings
by critics who criticized the lack of
• Vaults and roofs
• Buttress adherence to the standards of classical
• Piers and columns Greece and Rome
• Columns and other ornamentation
• “the men of the 13th and 14th century • with people afraid to travel, they remained in
referred to the Gothic cathedrals as OPUS one area, which paved way for the manorial
MODERNUM (MODERN WORK)” system-the basis for the later creation of
• “it represents the triumph of the papacy; a Medieval and feudal society
successful and inspiring synthesis of religion, • during the Middle Ages, people now lived in
philosophy, and art” ultimately, the Gothic one area, but they weren’t necessarily safe,
city was a representation of the unifying of therefore, lords offered more than their
secular and religious ideals land to workers
• Italian variations on Gothic architecture • workers would produce crops on the land,
would stand out from the rest of Europe by while the lord gave the worker (or peasant)
its use of brick and marble rather than the protection with his knights, this was one
stone of other nations manor
• the Late Gothic Period (15th century • to protect manors from each other, they built
onwards) would reach its peak in large, strong castles, which ultimately
Germany with its magnificent vaulted hall gave rise to Gothic architecture, named
churches after barbaric tribes, but essentially
• “Gothic” may be referred to as period, art, instrumental in the stabilization of the society
architecture, and/or people
• People: of relating to, or resembling the DEVELOPMENT OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Goths, their civilization, or their language (GOTHIC PERIODS)
• Architecture: of relating to, or having the
characteristics of a style of architecture Early Gothic (1150-1250)
developed in northern France and • the cradle of Gothic architecture came into
spreading through western Europe from the existence
middle of the 12th century to the early 16th • the royal abbey of St. Denis set a precedent
century that is characterized by the with its crown of chapels, radiant with
conveying of weights and strains at stained glass windows, that builders would
isolated points upon slender vertical piers attempt to imitate for half a century
and counterbalancing buttresses and by • the existence of the Gothic style can be
pointed arches and vaulting. attributed to Bernard of Clairvaux and
Abbot Suger
INFLUENCES Architecture:
Social and Political • Abbey Church of St. Denis (Cradle of Gothic
• the Roman Empire crumbled in 476 CE and Art)
Germanic tribes called the Goths absorbed • Notre Dame Cathedral (Our Lady of Paris)
what was left of the former empire • Laon Cathedral
High Gothic (1250-1375) portraying a mannered elegance that is the
• as a result, any need for the Romanesque hallmark of the Late Gothic style
walls was eliminated • also known as the Flamboyant Style, due to
• the organic “flowing” quality of the High the flamelike appearance of the pointed
Gothic interior was enhanced by the tracery, the style had reached its maturity
decompartmentalization of the interior so towards the end of the 15th century
that the nave is seen as one individual, Architecture:
continuous volume of space • Chartres Cathedral
• the new High Gothic tripartite nave elevation
featured an arcade, triforium, and large
clerestory windows GOTHIC REVIVAL (Modern Era)
• the mark of the High Gothic style is the flying • Gothic revival was a return to Gothic
buttresses architectural building styles during the 18th
• the Rayonnant Style was one of the most and 19th centuries
radiant in art history, stained glass • it primarily gained popularity in England and
windows encompassed most of the the United States, it did, however, begin in
cathedral, and the heavy, rigidity of the Europe
supporting elements was eradicated Architecture:
• the stained glass filters light and imbue the • St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New york (built by
interior with an unearthly radiant atmosphere James Renwick, who rose as a Gothic
• this style emphasizes extreme slenderness Revival architect during the 1840’s)
of architectural forms and linearity of
form while relying almost entirely on ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
exquisite color and precise carving of Grand Height
details • verticality suggesting an aspiration to
Architecture: heaven
• Amiens Cathedral, Western Frontispiece • emphasized on exterior in a major way by
• Reims Cathedral, France towers and spires
• Beauvais Cathedral • flying buttress (arc-boutant) - an inclined
Late Gothic (1375-1450) masonry carried on a segmental arch
• was essentially a reaction to the Early and entrance transmitting an outward and
High Gothic styles, hence, the destruction downward thrust from a roof or vault to a
of the Unity of Christendom solid buttress that through its mass transform
• the key characteristic of the Late Gothic the trust into a vertical one
style: S-curve, or the curving savvy of the • pinnacle - a subordinate vertical structure
figure, emphasized by the bladelike terminating in a pyramid or spine, used
sweeps of drapery that converge,
 especially in gothic architecture to add Emphasis On Decoration And Ornamentation
weight to a buttress pier • many churches were richly decorated
• buttress pier - the parts of a pier the traces inside and out
to take the trust of applying buttress • sculpture and architectural details were
• amortizement - a sloping top on a buttress often bright with colored paint
or projecting pier to shed rainwater • wooden ceilings and paneling were bright
• shaft - a distinct slender, vertical masonry colored
feature engage to a wall or pier and • sometimes the stone columns of the nave
supporting or feigning to support an arch or were painted, and the panels in decorative
a ribbed vault wall arcading contained narrative or
Cruciform Plan (Latin Cross plan) figures of saints
• constructed the altar on the east end, so that
the priest and congregation faced the rising ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
sun during morning liturgy • stained glass windows and traceries
• pointed arch
• A Lady Chapel or Mary Chapel, or a • ribbed and fan vault
Marian Chapel, were traditionally the • spires and pinnacles
largest side of a Chapel of a cathedral, • gargoyles
place is eastward from the high altar and • flying buttresses
forming a projection from the main building
• entrance faced west, while the altar is faced
east
Majestic Facade
• often referred to as the West Front
• designed to create a powerful impression
on the approaching worshiper,
demonstrating both the might of God and the
might of the institution that it represents
• facades usually had 3 doorways leading to
the nave, over each doorway was a
tympanum, a work of sculpture crowded
with figures
Illuminated And Airy Interiors
• one of the most universal features of Gothic
style - the shrinking of the walls and
inserting of large windows
 St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
• officially the Basilica di San Pietro in
Vaticano
INTRODUCTION (1420 -1550) • Bramante was the first commissioned
• “REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL ART AND Architect to design the cathedral, however it
LEARNING” was not continued; it was then passed on to
• the Renaissance (as a Antonio da Sangallo the Younger;
period/movement), also known as • Michelangelo (dome and colonnades)
“Rinascimento” (in Italian) • Bernini (baldacchino - decorative element
• the contemporary outlook, respect for the on the altar)
dignity of all people on which democracy
is based, thirst for knowledge, and for RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTS
ways of bettering the human lot, all derive Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507 - 1573)
from the Renaissance and from the • Papal Architect to Pope Julius III and the
Enlightenment followed Farnese family
• developed during the rebirth of • Villa Farnese, Caprarola, near Rome (c.
classical art and learning in Europe 1560)
• characterized by the use of CLASSICAL • Church of the Gesu (Jesuits) Rome (1568-
ORDERS, ROUND ARCHES, AND 73)
SYMMETRICAL PROPORTIONS
• Author of “The Five Orders of Architecture
• pure Renaissance Architecture was Andrea Palladio (1508-80)
based on regular order, symmetry, and
• greatest figure in Venetian Renaissance
a central axis with grandiose plans and
architecture; noted for Classical
impressive facades
proportions & symmetry
• originated in Florence, Italy
• Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice
• found beauty in human proportions, (1562)
and building proportions
• Villa Capra (La Rotunda) Vicenza (1566-91)
• silhouettes were clean and simple, with
flat roofs Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472)
• walls of large dressed masonry blocks • the central figure in quattrocento
gave buildings an imposing sense of architecture after Brunelleschi
dignity and strength
• Palazzo Rucellai, Florence (1446-51)
• emphasis on horizontality
• Church of St. Maria Novella, Florence
• ornamentation was based on pagan or (1458-71)
classical mythological subjects
• Author of Ten Books on Architecture and
“De Re Aedificatoria” (On the Art of Building)
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) KEY POINTS
• the leading Architect of the Florentine Early • birth on the 16th Century in Florence, Italy
Renaissance • Renaissance architecture, style of
• Duomo of Florence Cathedral, the Dome of architecture, reflecting the rebirth of
Florence Cathedral was Brunelleschi’s Classical culture
principal work (1420-36) • Filippo Brunelleschi is considered the first
• Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence (1420- Renaissance architect
69) • Leon Battista Alberti’s Ten Books on
• other works are Riccardi Palace and San Architecture, inspired by Vitruvius and
Lorenzo church in Florence became a bible of Renaissance architecture
• Mannerism, the style of Late Renaissance
(1520-1600)
Donato Bramante (1444-1514) • Building Typologies: Church, Palazzo, and
• most important Architect of Italian High Villa
Renaissance
• Church of St. Maria delle Grazie, Milan INFLUENCES
(1492-98) Renaissance Periods:
• Tempietto di San Pietro, Rome (1502) Early Renaissance (1400-1500)
• Brunelleschi (Churches)
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti (1475- • Alberti (Facades)
1564) High Renaissance (1500-1525)
• revolutionary sculptor, painter, and • Bramante (Tempietto)
Architect, reinvigorated classicism • Palazzo Farnese
• Laurentian Library, Florence (1524-71) Late Renaissance (1525-1600)
• Dome for Saint Peter’s Basilica (1546-64) • Palladio (Villas)

Raphael (1483-1520) EARLY RENAISSANCE (1400-1500)

• foremost Renaissance designer: noted for • Leading Architects: Brunelleschi and
decorative innovations Alberti
• Church of St. Maria, Chigi Chapel, Rome • Brunelleschi: first great Renaissance
(1513) architect, was primarily a designer of
• Palazzo Pandolfini (facade), Florence churches. His most famous work is the
(1517) octagonal brick dome of Santa Maria del
Fiore that he also had to invent special
machines to hoist each section into place
 • Brunelleschi’s dome is crowned by a • the founder and leader of High Renaissance
lanter: a rooftop structure with openings for Architecture was Donato Bramante (he is
lighting and/or ventilation also considered a member of the “High
• the emergence of Renaissance architecture Renaissance Trio”, along with
is rather seen in Brunelleschi’s designs for Michelangelo, the foremost sculptor of the
complete buildings, of which the Basilica of period, and Raphael, the foremost painter)
San Lorenzo may be the most famous, the • Bramante’s greatest unrealized work is a
plain exterior of this building includes a series central plan for Saint Peter’s Basilica (the
of blind arches, while the interior is foremost Roman Catholic Church, located in
graced with crisp gray-and-white planar Vatican City)
classicism; only the columns prevent this • the foremost High Renaissance church is
interior form being composed entirely of flat occupied by the church of Santa Maria in
surfaces the town of Todi (North of Rome)
• Leon Battista Alberti: the most influential • this period also gave rise to the Palazzo
Architectural theorist of the Early Farnese, arguably the greatest
Renaissance with his own Ten Books on Renaissance palace (this building,
Architecture, he was the leading pioneer of designed principally by Antonio da
classical facade design - his greatest Sangallo the Younger (a student of
facades include the Church of Sant’Andrea Bramante’s), follows the typical Renaissance
and Palazzo Rucellai palazzo layout: a three-storey rectangular
• the facade of the Church of Sant’Andrea building with a central courtyard)
(Mantua) mimics a triumphal arch, while • a popular decorative treatment of the
the facade of the Palazzo Rucellai palazzo was rustication, in which a masonry
(Florence) is neatly divided into rectangular wall is textured rather than smooth, this can
sections with pilasters and cosmetic entail leaving grooves in the joints between
entablatures, circular elements like those smooth blocks, using roughly dressed
above each window of the Palazzo, were a blocks, or using blocks that have been
Renaissance favorite, with many architects deliberately textured
of the period regarding it as the “perfect
shape” LATE RENAISSANCE (1525-1600)
Mannerism
HIGH RENAISSANCE (1400-1500) • a reaction against the classical perfection
• Witnessed the pinnacle of classical simplicity of the High Renaissance; it either
and harmony, the central plan layout was responded with a rigorous application of
popular during this period, common shapes classical rules, or flaunted classical
for central plan buildings are the circle, convention, in terms of scale and shape
square, and octagon • Andrea Palladio maintained a firmly
classical aesthetic, Palladio, known primarily
 for villa designs, was the foremost
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO
Architect of the Late Renaissance, and
ARCHITECTURE
arguably the most influential Architect of all
time
INTRODUCTION
• countless residential, collegiate, and
civic buildings throughout the world are ● Baroque and Late Baroque, or Rococo, are
generally applied by common consent to
descendants of Palladio’s architectural style European art of the period from the early
• apart from villas, Palladio is known for 17th century to the mid-18th century
● Baroque was at first an undisguised term of
popularizing the Palladian arch (an arch
abuse, probably derived from the Italian
flanked with rectangles) via his design for word barocco, which was a term used by
the exterior of the Vicenza Town Hall, the philosophers during the Middle Ages to
describe an obstacle in schematic logic.
Palladian arch is perhaps most familiar today Another possible source is the Portuguese
in the form of Palladian windows word barroco, with its Spanish from
barrueco, used to describe an irregular or
CHARACTER AND ELEMENTS
imperfectly shaped pearl; this usage still
• facades are symmetrical around their vertical survives in the jeweler’s term “baroque
axis pearl”.

• use of the Roman Orders of Columns BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE IS

• use of big domes CHARACTERIZED BY:

• use of square lintels and triangular or ● interpretation of oval spaces, curved

segmental pediments surfaces, & conspicuous use decoration,
sculpture, & color
• finished with ashlar masonry, laid in straight ● its last phase is called “ROCOCO”
courses • bold, opulent, & impressive type of
For Details architecture
• courses, moldings, and all decorative details ● came from the French word meaning -
“BIZZARE, FANTASTIC, OR IRREGULAR”
are carved with great precision, some
● it was deliberate in its attempt to impress
architects were stricter in their use of ● most lavish of all types, both in its use of
classical details than others, but there was materials and in the effects it achieves
also a good deal of innovation in solving BAROQUE (1600-1750)
problems, especially at corners, moldings
● the term “BAROQUE” was initially a
stand out around doors and windows rather
derogatory term - meaning to underline the
than being recessed, as in Gothic excesses to its emphasis, of its eccentric
Architecture, sculptured figures may be set in redundancy, its noisy abundance of details,
as opposed to the clearer and sober
inches or placed on plinths rationality of the Renaissance
ROCOCO (1725-1800) BAROQUE PHASES:

● came from the term “ROCAILLE” The Full Baroque aesthetic developed during the
Early Baroque period, and culminated during the
● final phase of Baroque High Baroque (1625-75), both periods were led by
Italy. The Restrained Baroque aesthetic
● a term applied to the type of Renaissance culminated during the Late Baroque (1675-1725),
ornament in which rock-like forms, the Baroque age was concluded with the French-
fantastic scrolls, & crimped shells are born Rococo Style (1725-1800), in which the
workup together in a profusion & confusion violence and drama of Baroque was quietted to a
of detail often without organic coherence but gentle, playful dynamism, the Late Baroque and
presenting a lavish display of decoration Rococo were led by France

● a profuse, semi-abstract ornamentation Early Baroque

● lightness, swirling forms, flowing lines,
ornate stucco work, and arabesque ● Leading region: Italy (1600-25)
ornament ● E.X. Morderno (facade of St.
Peter’s)
CHARACTER AND ELEMENTS
High Baroque
The basic premises of the Early Baroque, as
reaffirmed by the Maderno in the facade and ● Leading region: Italy (1625-75)
nave of St. Peter’s, Rome (1607) ● E.X. Bernini and Borromini (sacred
architecture)
● subordination of the parts to the whole to
achieve unity and directionality; Late Baroque
● progressive alteration of pilaster rhythm and
wall relief to emphasize massiveness, ● Leading region: France (1675-1725)
movement, axiality, and activity; and ● E.X. Chateaux (notably Versailles)
● directional emphasis in interiors through
diagonal views and culminating light and Rococo
spatial sequences
● Leading region: France (1725-1800)
● E.X. Austria and Southern
Germany (notably churches)
General Features of Baroque Art:
EARLY BAROQUE
● DYNAMISM - a sense of motion; strong
curves, rich decoration, and general ● foremost pioneer of Baroque Architecture:
complexity are all typical features of Baroque Carlo Moderno, whose masterpiece is the
art facade of Saint Peter’s Basilica, Vatican
● the full-blown Baroque aesthetic (Full City
Baroque) was embraced in Southern-
Western Europe The facade of St. Peter’s Basilica has a number
● classical-Baroque (Restrained Baroque) of Baroque elements:
was embraced in Northern-Western
Europe ● double columns (close-set pairs of
columns)
● layered columns, colossal columns
(columns that span multiple stories)
● broken pediments (in which the bottom
and/or top of a pediment features a gap,
often with ornamentation that “bursts
through” the pediment
HIGH BAROQUE same dimension as the windows they stand
opposite
● foremost names in Baroque Architecture: • Known for its golden color and mostly
Bernini, and Borromini, both worked associated to wealthy people (palace,
primarily in Rome grand scale churches)

Some masterpieces of Gian Lorenzo Bernini are KEY POINTS

found at St. Peter’s Church:
● the three great masters of the Baroque in
● four-storey baldachin that stands over the Rome: Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Francesco
high altar (a baldachin is an indoor canopy Borromini, and Pietro da Cortona
over a respected object, such as an altar or ● foremost pioneer of Baroque Architecture:
throne) Carlo Maderno
● curving colonnades that frame St. Peter’s
Square ROCOCO DEFINED AS…

● “A style of architecture and decoration,

primarily French in origin, which
Some masterpieces of Francesco Borromini: represents the final phase of the Baroque
around the middle of the 18th century,
master of curved-wall architecture characterized by profuse, often semi-
abstract ornamentation and lightness of
● his most influential and famous work is the
color and weight.”
small church of San Carlo alle Quattro
● In Rococo Architecture, decorative
Fontane (“Saint Charles at the Four
sculpture and painting are inseparable
Fountains”)
from the structure, simple dramatic spatial
sequences or the complex interweaving of
LATE BAROQUE
spaces of 17th century churches gave way to
• The Late Baroque marks the ascent of a new spatial concept.
France as the heart of Western culture.
● By progressively modifying the renaissance
Baroque art of France tends to be restrained,
baroque, horizontal separation into discrete
such that it can be described as a classical-
parts rococo architects obtained unified
Baroque compromise.
spaces, emphasized structure elements,
• The most distinctive element of French
continuous decorative schemes and
Baroque architecture is the double-sloped
reduced column sizes to a minimum.
mansard roof (a French innovation).
• Ex. Façade of Palace of Versailles – Characteristics of Rococo include:
illustrates the classical baroque
compromised of Northern Europe, the walls ● use of elaborate curves and scrolls
are characterized largely by simple planar ● ornaments shaped like shells and plants
classism although they do a such baroque ● entire rooms being oval in shape
elements as sculpted bust, a triple string
course, double pilasters, & colossal ● patterns were intricate and details
pilasters. The mansard roof features a delicate
sinuous metal railing and rich moulding ● colors were often light and pastel, but not
around the dormer windows. Versailles without a bold splash of brightness and light
became Europe's model of palace ● application of gold was purposeful
architecture, inspiring similarly grand
residences throughout the continent.
• Versailles most famous room in the palace
is the hall of mirrors whose mirrors has the
EXAMPLE STRUCTURES IN BAROQUE ● in 1723, Augustus the Strong of Saxony and
Poland expanded and remodeled the
Italian Baroque property to what today is called Saxon
Baroque
● in ecclesiastical architecture, Baroque ● in Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe, and
additions to Renaissance often included an Russia, Baroque ideas were often applied
ornate baldachin (baldacchino), originally with a lighter touch, pale colors and
called a ciborium, over the high altar at curving shell shapes gave buildings the
church - this can be seen inside St. Peter’s delicate appearance of a frosted cake
Basilica. Rising eight stories high in ● the term Rococo was used to describe these
Solomonic columns (spiral columns). softer versions of the Baroque style

French Baroque Philippine Baroque

● Palace of Versailles ● Paoay church - its most striking feature was

the 24 huge buttresses of about 1.67
● Baroque style became more restrained in meters thick at the sides and back of the
France, but grand in scale; lavish details church. Extending from the exterior walls,
were used, French buildings were often it was conceived to a solution to possible
symmetrical and orderly destruction of the building due to
earthquakes. (lower and wider design)
English Baroque
● the combination of ideas from the
● Castle Howard
missionaries and locals effectively fused
● the asymmetry within a symmetry is the native Spanish designs with a uniquely
mark of a more restrained Baroque, this Oriental style
stately home design took shape over the ● the church’s aesthetic was also shaped by
entire 18th century. It is a private residence limited access to certain materials, and
and has been home of the Carlisle branch of the need to rebuild and adapt to natural
Howard family for more than 300 yrs. disasters including fires and earthquakes,
creating a style sometimes referred to as
Spanish Churrigueresque Earthquake Baroque.

● Santiago de Compostela ● Baroque Churches of the Philippines –

San Agustin Church, Paoy; San Agustin
● builders in Spain, Mexico, and South Church, intramuros Manila; Santo Tomas
America combined Baroque ideals with de Villanueva Church, Miagao, Iloilo, Sta.
exuberant sculptures, Moorish details Maria Church, Ilocos Sur (UNESCO’s World
(influence of Muslim architecture), and Heritage Lost | 1993)
extreme contrasts between light and
dark. EXAMPLE STRUCTURES IN ROCOCO
● they are called Churrigueresque after a
Spanish family of sculptors and France
architects, Spanish Baroque architecture
● Salon of the Hotel de Soubise in Paris
was used through the mid-1700s, and
designed by German Boffrand
continued to be imitated much later.
● the Rocaille Style, or French Rococo,
German Baroque
appeared in Paris during the reign of Louis
● Moritzburg Palace, Germany. It has four XV, and flourished between about 1723 and
round towers and lies on a symmetrical 1759
artificial island. ● characteristics of this style included:
exceptional artistry, especially in the
 complex frames made for mirrors and KEY POINTS
paintings, which were sculpted in plaster
and often gilded; and the use of vegetal Mannerism
forms (vines, leaves, flowers) intertwined in
complex designs. ● a movement towards the end of Baroque
● furniture also featured sinuous curves and period, artists and architects such as
vegetal designs, the leading furniture Giacomo da Vignola began to break the
designers and craftsmen in the style are: “rules” of Classical design
Juste-Aurele Meissonier, Charles
Cressent, and Nicolas Pineau. Baldacchino

Russia ● baldachin = ciborium

● the Catherine Palace is named after Churrigueresque

Catherine I, the wife of Peter the Great
● also called “Ultra Baroque”, refers to
● originally a modest two-storey building
Spanish Baroque style
commissioned by Peter for Catherine in 1717
● starting in 1743, the building was Earthquake Baroque
reconstructed by four different architects,
before Bartholomeo Rastrelli, Chief Architect ● style of Baroque Architecture found in the
of the Imperial Court, was instructed to Philippines, which suffered destructive
completely redesign the building on a scale earthquakes during the 17th century and
to rival Versailles 18th century.

Austria

● Belvedere Palace in Vienna, Austria was

designed by Ar. Johann Lukas von
Hildebrandt (1688-1745), the Lower
Belvedere was built between 1714 and 1716
and the Upper Belvedere was built between
1721 and 1723 - two massive Baroque
summer palaces with Rococo era
decorations, marble hall is in the upper
palace, the Italian Rococo artist Carlo
Carlone was commissioned for the ceiling
frescoes

Spain

● elaborate details were added throughout the

years to both ecclesiastical architecture
like Santiago de Compostela and secular
residences, like the Gothic home of the
Marquis de Dos Aguas, the 1740
renovation happened during the rise of
Rococo in Western Architecture, which is a
treat for the visitor to what is now the
National Ceramics Museum
 ● Has a formally defined living room, dining
COLONIAL AND POST- room, and sometimes a family room,
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE bedrooms are typically on the second
floor.
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
● Examples of remaining Georgian buildings
● The term used for the style or type of building include gunston hall and hope lodge
imported by colonizers in a “foreign” land
● It can refer to the English styles of IDENTIFYING FEATURES
architecture that were first introduced on the
East Coast of the USA called Georgian and ● Panel front door centered, topped with
Federal Styles rectangular windows, and capped with an
elaborate crown/ entablature supported by
● Architectural style from a mother country decorative pilasters
that has been incorporated into the buildings ● Cornice embellished with decorative
of settlements or colonies in distant moldings
locations. Colonists frequently built ● Multi-pane windows and fenestrations
settlements that synthesize the architecture arranged symmetrically (whether vertical or
of their countries of origin with the design horizontal)
characteristics of their new land, creating ● Renaissance-inspired classical symmetry
hybrid designs. ● Two rooms deep
● Two floors high
● The architecture used by the first settlers in ● Central or end chimneys
North America is traditionally known as ● Classical detailing
colonial architecture ● Transom lights
● Pilasters
● each group of immigrants brought with them ● Hipped roof (British Georgian) or side-gable
the style and building practices of their roof (American georgian)
mother country, adapting it to the
conditions of their new homeland, as ● The “half Georgian” consisted of one “side”
exemplified by the north European medieval of a full Georgian, popular for row houses on
gothic design for village houses and barns urban slots.

GEORGIAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

● Ex. Hope Lodge (1750), Pennsylvania;

Josiah Dennis House (1735),
Massachusetts

● Was popular during 1700 - 1800 (New

England), to 1850s (Pennsylvania)
● Also popular during the reign of King
George II and King George III
● Ideally built with wood trim, wooden
columns and painted white EXAMPLE STRUCTURES
● Box-shaped with multiple chimneys,
mostly based on classical architecture like JOHN CARLYLE HOUSE (ALEXANDRIA, VA
the Italian Renaissance Period 1753)
● The Georgian architecture style was most
common from the early 18th century until ● High-style Georgian with hipped roof,
the Revolutionary War, after which the elliptical fanlight over the door and quoins
American federal style of architecture on the corners (emphasized stones)
emerge
HOME OF WILLIAM WESTON (PLYMOUTH, MA EXAMPLES STRUCTURES
1755)
● Elfreth’s alley in Philadelphia features
● Good example of a Half Georgian, sharing colonial and federal style homes. during
a wall with another small Georgian on the 1702 it is thought to be the United states
left. oldest residential St.

MIFFLINTOWN, PA. ● The South Carolina estate house in

Columbia, South Carolina, an emphasis of
● Full break Georgian with minimalist the American federal style of architecture
classical detailing above the entry, an
Italianate cornice, and the latter gothic-style ● White house, this style share its name with
addition to the right its era, the federalist era. The name, Federal
style was also used in association with
NORTH WOODSTOCK, CT. furniture design in the USA.

● Georgian 4 / 4 with double chimneys, sash IDENTIFYING FEATURES

windows, side Gable, and classical
entryway ● Planning: simple square or rectangular box
● Symmetrical
POST COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE ● Two or three stories
● Two rooms deep
● Occurred between 1780 - 1830 ● Some structures are larger, modified with
● Federal Period Architecture is the names projecting wings or attached dependencies,
used to classify Post Colonial or even both
Architecture ● Some with elaborated curved or polygonal
● Charles Bullfinch (1763 - 1844), an early plan
American Architect regarded by many as the ● Exterior decoration: confined to a porch or
first native born American to practice entry element
architecture.
● compared to a Georgian house, the columns
FEDERAL ARCHITECTURE and moldings are narrow and simple

● Built in the newly founded United States ● showcases geometrical pattern (elliptical,
between 1780 and 1830, which evolved from circular, and fan-shaped)
Georgian
● Understated exteriors
● some says that federal style is just a ● classical details
refinement of its predecessor, georgian
style. A view easily justified by a close ● sense of scale
comparison of the two
MATERIALS
● Alternative name: Adamesque
Architecture ● not surprisingly, the building materials and
● The term Federal, connotes the period in federal style structures vary with location.
American history where our Federal System The homes of the northeast were typically
of governance was being developed and clapboard. Southern houses were often
honored brick, As are most of the homes in the urban
north, where fireproofing was much desired
● Buildings that went up during the ensuing
construction boom in which designers readily
incorporated styling variants popular in
Europe.
EXAMPLES STRUCTURES
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
HAMILTON HALL ARCHITECTURE

● Built in 1805 by Samuel McIntire in Salem, INTRODUCTION

Massachusetts
● 18th to 19th Century Architecture
● Instead of being popular with wealthy ● in modern history, is the process of change
families, open federal homes are popular for from an agrarian and handicraft economy
many home owners due to the fact that most to one dominated by industry and machine
wanted to own a home that was more manufacturing
American to show their patriotism ● this process began in Britain in the 18th
century and from there spread to other parts
OLD TOWN HALL of the world
● marked a period of development in the latter
● Built dating 1816-1817 in Salem,
half of the 18th century that transformed
Massachusetts
largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe
and America into industrialized, urban
TUDOR PALACE
ones
● Federal style management in Washington, ● goods that had once been painstakingly
DC crafted by hand started to be produced in
● Home of Thomas Peter and his wife mass quantities by machines in factories,
thanks to the introduction of new machines
DECATUR HOUSE and techniques in textiles, iron making
and other industries
● Built dating 1818-1819, almost the first ● fueled by the game-changing use of steam
private residents in the White House power, the Industrial Revolution began in
neighborhood. Thereafter known as Britain and spread to the rest of the world,
Decatur house, it was a nearly square three- including the USA, by the 1830s and ‘40s
story townhouse who structed with red
brick in the austere federal fashion of the day The technology included the following:

● the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron

and steel
● the use of new energy sources, including
both fuels and motive power, such as coal,
the steam engine, electricity, petroleum,
and the internal-combustion engine
● the invention of new machines: spinning
jenny and the power loom that permitted
increased production with a smaller
expenditure of human energy
● a new organization of work known as the
factory system which entailed increased
division of labor and specialization of
function
● important developments in transportation
and communication, including the steam
locomotive, steamship, automobile,
airplane, telegraph, and radio
● increasing application of science to
industry, these technological changes made
 possible a tremendously increased use of THE 2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
natural resources and the mass production
of manufactured goods ● late 19th and 20th centuries
● began to exploit many natural and
New developments in industrial spheres: synthetic resources not hitherto utilized:
lighter metals, new alloys, and synthetic
● agricultural improvements that made products such as plastics, as well as new
possible the provision of food for a larger energy sources
nonagricultural production
● economic changes that resulted in a wider ● combined with these were developments in
distribution of wealth, the decline of land as machines, tools, and computers gave rise to
a source of wealth in the face of rising the automatic factory
industrial production, and increased
international trade CONSTRUCTION IN IRON AND GLASS
● political changes reflecting the shift in
economic power, as well as new state Refinements developed in the late 18th
policies corresponding to the needs of an century made cast iron cheap and suitable for a
industrialized society; range of uses, and by 19th century it was
● sweeping and social changes: growing cities, common as a structural material, and even for
development of working-class elaborately patterned fences and balconies, but fell
movement, emergence of new patterns of out of fashion after 1900
authorities
● cultural transformations of a broad order: Cast-Iron
workers acquired new and distinctive
● it is used in buildings and objects, ranging
skills, and their relation to their tasks shifted
from bridges and markets to warehouses,
- they became machine operators
balconies and fences
● psychological change: confidence in the
ability to use resources to master nature Glass
was heightened
● Iron was frequently combined with glass in
THE 1ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION the construction of conservatories;
examples are conservatory at Syon House
● starting mid-18th century, innovations like:
and Palm House
flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water
● these led naturally to the Crystal Palace, the
frame and the power loom made weaving
climax of the early Victorian technology
cloth and spinning yarn and thread much
easier WROUGHT IRON CONSTRUCTION
● Britain’s new textile factories could meet the
growing demand for cloth both at home The Eiffel Tower (1887-89)
and abroad, where the nation’s many
overseas colonies provided a captive for ● the most important emblem of the Paris
its goods exhibition of 1889, designed by Gustave
● new techniques: smelting of iron ore with Eiffel
coke (a material made by heating coal) ● concept: 300-meter tower built entirely of
instead of traditional coal - this method was open-lattice wrought iron aroused
both cheaper and produced higher- amazement, skepticism, and no little
quality material, enabling Britain’s iron and opposition on aesthetic grounds, when
steel production to expand in response to completed, the tower served as the entrance
demand created by the Napoleonic Wars gateway to the exposition
(1803-15) and the later growth of the railroad ● was the tallest structure in the world until
industry the production of the Chrysler Building in
NYC in 1929.
Ar. Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) create unusual forms and larger open
spaces.
● Irish-American Architect
● “Father of Skyscrapers” Ar. Antoni Gaudi i Cornet
● “Father of Modernism”
● “Form follows function” ● catalan architect
● influential architect of the Chicago ● freedom of form
school, a mentor to architect Frank Lloyd ● voluptuous color and texture
Wright along with Fright and Henry ● organic unity
Richardson
● One of the recognized trinity of architecture Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, Spain
● 2nd architect to receive AIA Gold medal
● Wainwright Building by Louis Sullivan and ● construction began nearly 156 years ago,
partner Dankmar Adler (regarded as the and was never completed
influential prototype of a modern office ● to be finished by Ar. Jordi Fauli and his
architecture) team in 2026
■ “But the building’s identity ● Front facade of Casa Batlo, Barcelona,
resides in the ornament” Spain
● The Guaranty Building, formerly called ● World Heritage Site
Prudential Building, early skyscraper in
Ar. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Buffalo, NY, designed by Louis Sullivan and
partner Dankmar Adler in 1896 ● Scottish Architect
● designer
Ar. Daniel Burnham (1846-1912)
● water colorist and artist
● American Architect and Urban Planner
● “The Wassail”
● proponent of Beaux-Arts movement
● had prominent roles in the creation of master ● Windy Hill, perspective drawing in ink, 1900
plans for the development of a number of
cities including the Plan of Chicago, and ● Scotland Street School, 1904-06
Plans for Manila, Baguio and downtown
Washington, D.C.

Art Nouveau

● a universal style - statement of national

modernity and aesthetic taste, enabled by
the materials - steel, iron and glass - and
techniques of industrialization
● was the outcome of a transformation in the
industrial, or decorative, arts that had been
initiated in England and France earlier in the
19th century
● a reaction against the academic art,
eclecticism and historicism of 19th
century architecture and decoration
● often inspired by natural forms such as
sinuous curves of plants and flowers, sense
of dynamism and movement often given
by asymmetry or whiplash lines, and the
use of modern materials, particularly irony,
glass, ceramics and later concrete, to
 CULTURE AND INDUSTRY
BEGINNING OF THE 20TH
CENTURY ARCHITECTURE GERMANY (1907 - 1914)

MODERN ARCHITECTURE (20th Century) ● The international reform movement in

architecture and the industrial arts was
● Development of modernism and various accompanied in Germany
reactions to it ● Modernization increased it pace after the
unification of Germany’s many states into the
● The term “Modern” came to refer a German Empire in 1871
particular group of architects who sought to
cast off historical precedent and develop NOTABLE ARCHITECT
something entirely new and different for
their own time Peter Behrens

● Modernist architects so historical styles - ● Leading German architect, graphic and

develop in response to earlier conditions - as industrial designer
anachronistic, irrelevant, and potentially
decadent. ● Designed by the AEG Turbine Factory
(1908-1909), known for its literal use of steel
● Modernist architects rejected ornament as structure, the interior is a complete contrast
frivolous and outdated, seeking instead to with the monumental expression of the
create an entirely new aesthetic based on exterior.
the needs and opportunities of new materials
and structural approaches such as ART DECO STYLE (1925 - 1940)
reinforced concrete and steel frames
● Also called Style moderne
STRUCTURAL INNOVATIONS
● Derives from the 1925 Exposition
● The development of steel frames has its Internationale des Arts Decoratifs
roots in the iron frames that began to make Industriels et Modernes, that happened in
their appearance in tall office buildings of Paris, France
Chicago in the 1880s ● Exemplified by the geometric designs of
● The taller the building, the thicker the walls famous New York buildings such as the
had to be at the base to support the weight Chrysler Building and Rockefeller Center
above ● Embraced all types of art, including crafts as
well as fine arts
● With the development of steel frames, walls ● Characterized by smooth lines, geometric
are no longer required to bear any weight; shapes, streamlined forms and bright,
instead the building was held up by the sometimes garish colors
interior frame, while the walls kept the ● During the 1930s, Art Deco became more
weather out subdued, when new materials arrived
including chrome plating, stainless steel, and
● Non-load bearing walls came to be known plastic, a sleeker form of style called
as curtain wall STREAMLINE MODERNE appeared
● Steel frames also allowed flexibility in featuring curving forms and smooth,
plan, with steel beams and girders allowing polished surfaces.
for the creation of wide spaces.
● Example in the Philippines; Metropolitan
● Modernism isn't just another architectural Theater designed by architect Juan
style. It is an evolution and design that first Marcos Arellano
appeared around 1850
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS Jorn Utzon

Louis Sullivan ● Danish Architect

● Born in Copenhagen in 1918
“Form follows function” ● Established his own practice in
● Copenhagen in 1950
• Irish-American Architect ● Designed the Sydney Opera House
• “Father of Skyscrapers” ● Designed The National Assembly -
• “Father of Modernism” Building in Kuwait (1982)

Frank Lloyd Wright CONSTRUCTIVISM

• “An idea is salvation by imagination” ● A form of modern architecture that started in

• American architect former USSR in the 1920s that emerged
• Designed more than 1,000 structures from constructivist art
• “Organic Architecture” - designing in ● Principles of Constructivism came from
harmony with humanity and its Suprematism, Neo Plasticism and
environment. Bauhaus
• Falling Water, 1935 ● Emphasized abstract geometric shapes
• Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, and functional machine parts
New York City (1959) ● Combined engineering and technology
with political ideology
● Characterized by a sense of movement and
abstract geometric shapes; technological
details such as antennae, signs, and
projection screens and machine-made
EXPRESSIONISM building parts primarily of glass and steel.

● Expressing emotions through distorted NOTABLE ARCHITECT

forms.
● Emphasis of symbolic or stylistic Vladimir Tatlin (Vladimir Yevgrafovich
expression over realism. Tatlin)

NOTABLE ARCHITECTS ● Ukrainian painter

● Sculptor, Architect
Erich Mendelsohn ● Designed the “Monument to the
third international”
● German architect
● Expressionist architecture
● Designed the Einstein tower in
Potsdam BAUHAUS MOVEMENT
● Designed the Hat Factory in
Luckenwalde ● Literally translates to “construction house”
● Originated as a German school of the arts
Eero Saarinen in the early 20th century
● Founded by Walter Gropius
● Finnish-American Architect ● Eventually morphed into its own modern art
● Industrial designer movement characterized by its unique
● Designed the Dulles International approach to architecture and design.
Airport
● Designed the Gateway Arch - a
weighted catenary arch, also the
world’s tallest arch)
BAUHAUS FUNCTIONALISM (1930)

● Actually a school (Staatliches Bauhaus in ● The term “Functionalism” was used to

German) of design, architecture, and applied describe any utilitarian structure that was
arts that existed in Germany from 1919 - quickly constructed for purely practical
1933 purposes without an eye for artistry
● Rejected “bourgeois” details such as ● For Bauhaus and other early Functionalist,
cornices, eaves, and decorative details the concept was a liberating philosophy that
● Have flat roofs, smooth facades, and freed architecture from frilly excesses of the
cubic shapes past
● Colors are white, gray, beige, or black ● Greatly applied the “FORM FOLLOWS
● Floor plans are open and furniture is FUNCTION” philosophy during this
functional movement.
● Steel frame with glass curtain walls were
both used for residential and commercial NOTABLE ARCHITECT
architecture
Louis I. Kahn
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS
● Designed the Yale Center for British
Walter Gropius Art in New Haven, Connecticut

“Architecture begins where engineering ends” MINIMALISM (1940)

● German Architect ● One important trend in the Modernist

● Founder of Bauhaus School architecture is the movement toward
● Designed the Bauhaus School and Faculty in minimalism or reductivist design
Dessau, Germany - used standardization ● Open floor plans with few if any interior
and prefabrication walls
● Designed The Gropius House, 1938 ● Emphasis on the outline or frame of the
structure
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe ● Incorporating negative spaces around the
structure as part of the overall design
“Less is more” ● Using lighting to dramatize geometric line
and shapes
● Born in Aachen, Germany in 1886 ● “ANTI-ORNAMENTATION” by Adolf Loos
● He developed a design approach based on – “Freedom from ornament is a sign of
advanced structural techniques spiritual strength”
● Designed the Seagram Building ● “Less is more” by Ludwig Mies Van Der
Rohe
● Developed a sympathy for the aesthetic ● Minimalist architecture drew much of their
credos for both Russian Constructivism inspiration from the elegant simplicity of
and the Dutch De Stijl Group traditional Japanese architecture
● “DE STIJL”: uses only straight lines and
Hans Meyer rectangular shapes.
● Swiss architect CHARACTERISTICS
● Second director of the Bauhaus in Dessau ● Pure geometric forms
● Designed the Complex of the Trade Union ● Simple, limited, and plain materials
School built by the Hannes Meyer and Hans ● Neat and straight components
Wittwer from 1928 - 1930 ● Repetition to give sense of order and
unification
● Simple, open spaces
● ‘Clean’ lines
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS
INTERNATIONAL STYLE AND
Tadao Ando MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE

● Japanese Architect INTERNATIONAL STYLE

● Designed the Church of the Light in
Osaka ● Rectilinear forms: light, taut plane
surfaces that have been completely stripped
Shigeru Ban of applied ornamentation and decoration
● The term was first used in 1932 by Henry-
● Japanese Architect Russel Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in
● Designed the Solid Cedar House in their essay “The International Style:
2015 Architecture Since 1922”
● Designed the Naked House in 2000 ● Is also the term often used to describe the
● Designed the Glass Shutter House Bauhaus-like architecture in the US
in 2003 - has three storey with ● American International Style tend to be
shutters on their facades geometric, monolithic skyscrapers with
● Designed the Furniture House in these typical features: rectangular solid
2006 with six sides and a flat roof; a curtain
wall completely of glass; no ornamentation;
and stone, steel, glass construction
materials
● Became a symbol of capitalism

NOTABLE ARCHITECTS

Philip Johnson

“Architecture is the art of how to waste

space”

● Born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1906

● Graduated in Harvard University
and received A.B. in architectural
history in 1930, and BS Arch in 1943
● Designed the Seagram Building
with Ludwig Mies Van De Rohe

Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard
Jeanneret)

“To create architecture is to put in order”

“Architecture is the learned game, correct

and magnificent, of forms assembled in
light”

● Swiss architect
● City planner
● Designed the Palace of Assembly,
Chandigarh
Le Corbusier Five Points Of Architecture ● Buildings may incorporate symbols to make
a statement or simple delight the viewer.
1. PILOTIS
● The key ideas of post-modernism are set
● First storey columns are free of forth in two important books by Venturi and
walls, which raises the house above Brown: Complexity and Contradiction in
the ground Architecture (1966) and Learning from
Las Vegas (1972)
2. A FREE PLAN
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS
● Achieved by separation of the load-
bearing columns from the walls Michael Graves
subdividing the space
● Born in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1934
3. A FREE FACADE ● Studied at the University of
Cincinnati and Harvard University
● Exterior walls are no longer load- ● He started his own practice at
bearing and just separates the Princeton, New Jersey
internal spaces from the outside. ● He became a professor at Princeton,
University in 1972
4. STRIP WINDOWS ● Generates an iconic vision of
Classicism in which his buildings
● Horizontal lengths of fenestration
have become classical in mass and
as uninterrupted bands
order
5. ROOF TERRACES ● Became an opponent of modern
works who uses humor as an
● Constructed with sand covered by integral part of architecture
thick cement slabs with staggered ● Designed Disney’s Hotel, New York
joins, seeded with grass City
● Designed the Humana Building in
Renzo Piano Louisville, Kentucky.

● Born in Genoa, Italy in 1937 Robert Venturi

● He studied in Milan Politecnico from
1959 - 1964 “Less is bore”
● Established a partnership with
English architect Richard Rogers ● Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in
in 1970 1952
● Designed the Center Georges ● Attended the Episcopal Academy in
Pompidou - “Cultural machine” Philadelphia and graduated from
Princeton University
POST-MODERNISM ● Worked with Eero Saarinen and
Louis I Kahn before he founded his
● Emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against own practice in 1958
austerity, formality and lack of variety of ● In 1964 he formed a partnership with
modern architecture. John Rausch
● Evolved from the modernist movement, yet ● Designed the Children’s Museum of
contradicts many of the modernist ideas Houston in Texas, USA in 1992
● Combining new ideas with traditional forms, ● Designed Sainsbury Wing, National
post-modernist buildings may startle, Gallery in London, UK in 1991
surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes
and details are used in unexpected ways
 ● Rulers and scholars were interested in
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE mathematics, astronomy, geography,
medicine, philosophy and science.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
ISLAM HAD A PROFOUND IMPACT ON ITS
● Comprises the architectural styles of ARCHITECTURE
buildings associated with Islam.
● Known for its radiant colors, rich patterns, ● No essential difference in techniques
and symmetrical silhouettes, this between religious and nonreligious
distinctive approach has been popular in the buildings
Muslim world since the seventh century. ● Important architectural endeavor is normally
● It encompasses both secular and religious expended on buildings having a direct
styles from the early history of Islam to the social or community purpose
present day. ● Decorations tend toward the abstract, using
● Early Islamic architecture was influenced by geometric, calligraphic and plant motifs,
Roman, Byzantine, Persian, with a preference for a uniform field of
Mesopotamian architecture and all other decoration rather than a focal element
lands which the Early Muslim conquests ● Basic conservatism discourages
conquered in the seventh and eighth innovations and favors established forms
centuries ● Symmetry and balance (as in the concept
of perfect creation)
HISTORY ● Centered upon God
● Related to a principal axis, the kibla,
● The religion of Islam began in Arabia pointing towards Mecca
● 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw
visions of an angel DECORATION
● Message from Allah to stop worshipping
false idols and to accept the will of god in lieu of human and animal forms:
“Islam” abstract and geometric motifs, calligraphy,
● Arabs of Mecca rejected this message floral abstraction, geometric interlacement,
● 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to moldings and friezes, carvings in bas relief,
Medina and converted the people into Islam stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork,
● Within 10 years, the framework of religion ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber
and military organization tasked with inlay, Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles
spreading the faith was established in marble
● Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD
destroyed all its idols and converted it to EXAMPLES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Islam.
1. MOSQUE - a place of worship and
SOCIETY learning for Muslims (Islamic faithful). Any
act of worship that follows the Islamic rules
● Tribal groups of prayer can be said to create a mosque,
● Public life was reserved for men (women whether or not it takes place in a special
had a secondary role - for domestic and building. Most of the time, the grand
agricultural work) mosque are usually used during Friday
● Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) worship before the Sabbath day.
were given the freedom of worship and
self-government a. Masjid - small prayer house located
● Many of the conquered cities were already within the mosque
centers of learning b. Madrassah - religious college and
● Muslims translated into Arabic many mosque
scholarly writings from Greek, Persian and
Indian
 THE TAJ-MAHAL, AGRA (1630 to 1653 AD)

● Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his

favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal
● Took 11 years to build and 20,000 to work
on it
● Covered in white marble, which reflects the
changing colors of the sun
● Sits in a well-landscaped garden

EXAMPLES OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

● Sahn: Cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a ACCORDING TO LOCATION
fundamental feature
● Fawara: Fountain 1. Arabian Saracenic – Great Mosque Mecca
● Mihrab: Niche oriented towards Mecca 2. Assyrian Saracenic – Dome of the Rock,
● Dikka: Reading desk Jerusalem- holiest plac
● Maqsura: Screen 3. Spanish Saracenic – Great Mosque Cordova-
● Mimbar: Raised platform for ceremonial capital of Islam religion in West Giralda, Seville-
announcements most beautiful towers
● Iwan: Open-fronted porch facing a court 4. Turkish Saracenic – Taj Mahal, Agra- most
● Minaret: Tower from which a call to prayer important, made of marble
is made
● Kibla: Axis oriented towards Mecca INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
● Minaret: Tower

PERSONALITIES IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

Muezzin: Caller who summons the faithful ● Among a number of architectural styles and
to prayer traditions, the contrasting Hindu temple
architecture and Indo-Islamic architecture
Imam: man who leads congregation in are the best known historical styles.
prayer ● Both of these, but especially the former, have
a number of regional styles within them.
Caliph: Successor to the prophet as ● Much other early Indian architecture was in
military, judicial, or spiritual leader of Islam wood, which has not survived.

Sufi: Holy man HISTORY

2. TOMB - A repository for the remains of the ● Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile
dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed river valley
interment space or burial chamber of varying ● Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan
sizes. and Northwest India
● Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa
● Each city was ruled by priest-kings,
citadels atop the city
● Lasted only 800 years
● 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into
India
● Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
● Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom,
conquered all other kingdoms
 ● Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC
under King Ashoka

CULTURAL LINKS

● Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to

1500 BC)
● Central Asia (via mountain passes in the
north)
● Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia
(via Baluchistan) 2. MANDIRA
● Hindu temple with a interior
RELIGION sanctuary called a vimana
● Capped by a tapering spire-shaped
1. HINDUISM
tower – sikhara
● Main religion of India
● Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing
● Along with Judaism, the world’s and music
oldest surviving religion
● From indigenous Dravidians and
Aryan invaders
● Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
● Belief in reincarnation, the soul
comes back to life in a different body
● Caste system: priests, warriors and
nobles, farmers and traders, laborers
and servants, untouchables

2. BUDDHISM
● Many people disliked the way Hindu
society divided people into castes
● Gautama Siddhartha 563 – 483 BC,
gave up his princely life to search for
wisdom
● After 6 years of wandering, he found
enlightenment through a deep 3. VIHARAS
thinking process called meditation ● Buddhist monasteries often
● Overcome human weakness excavated from solid rock
including greed and anger ● Central pillared chamber or
● Salvation or nirvana quadrangle surrounded by
verandah
EXAMPLE OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE ● Small sleeping cells on the sides
● In front stood the courtyard
1. STAMBHAS or LATHS
containing the Stupa
● Monumental pillars standing free
without any structural function
● Circular or octagonal shafts
● Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-
shaped and crowned with animals
carrying the Challra, wheel of law.
4. CHAITYAS
● Buddhist shrine also carved out of
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
solid rock
● Formed like an aisle basilica with a CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
stupa at one end
● Ancient Chinese architecture is mainly
timberwork.
● Wooden posts, beams, lintels and joists
make up the framework of a house.
● Walls serve as the separation of rooms
without bearing the weight of the whole
house, which is unique to China.
● The layout of a courtyard complex is also
unique to China.
5. STUPAS ● The main structure is located on the central
● Buddhist memorial mound erected axis of a court while less-important
to enshrine a relic of Buddha, to structures are located to the left and right.
commemorate special events or ● The whole layout is symmetrical.
mark a sacred spot
● Regarded as symbols of the HISTORY
universe
● Based on the pre-historic funerary ● Only ancient civilization that has
tumulus continued to this day
● Artificial domical mounds raised on ● Succession of emperors and dynasties and
a platform warring states
● With processional paths, rails, ● 1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle
gateways, crowning umbrella called a reaches of the Yellow River
chattri. ● River in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty
● Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many
smaller kingdoms
● 221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control
and became the first emperor of China
● Ruled with armies and officials
● Organized huge number of laborers to
work for him
● Built the Great Wall of China to repel
northern enemies
● Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers,
horses and chariots was buried with the
emperor
● • Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty
was replaced by Han and western Jin
dynasties.

SOCIETY

● Foreign trade by land and sea

● Theorists, schools of philosophy
Confucius, Lao-Tzu
● Writing, calendar and money
● Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
RELIGION ● Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred
places
● Religious and ethical influences: ● Related to the Indian torana and Japanese
● Confucianism, code of social conduct and torii
philosophy of life, family and ancestor ● Trabeated form, in stone or wood
worship ● Bold projecting roofs
● Taoism, universal love as solution to social ● 1, 3 or 5 openings
disorder
● Buddhism

GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

● Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total

land area of the world
● Mountainous with extensive fertile
valleys, great plains and deserts, excellent
harbors
● Metals, trees, bamboo, clay are common
materials found in the country.

EXAMPLES OF CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

1. PAGODAS

● Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese

3. TEMPLES
building of religious significance
● Later gained a secular nature: monuments a. Buddhist
to victory or a memorial to hold relics
● Based on the Indian stupa and stambha ● The development of Chinese Buddhist
● Octagonal in plan architecture can be traced back to the
● Odd number of stories, 9 or 13 introduction of Buddhism. The main Buddhist
● Roofs projecting from each of its many floors, architectural items include temples,
turned up eaves pagodas, and grottos. Buddhist
● Slopes inwards to the top architecture is regarded as a great art
treasure where Chinese calligraphy,
sculpture and Chinese painting combine.

2. PAI-LOU

● Monumental, ceremonial gateway and

basic symbolic structure in Chinese
architecture
● Erected as memorials to eminent persons
b. Taoist Architecture 5. TRADITIONAL CHINESE RESIDENCE

● Taoist architecture greatly reflects many Traditional Chinese residences reflect the
Taoist ideas and thoughts. Taoism pursues national culture, the sub-culture of a specific region
the harmonious unity of humans and and that of the ethnic group within it. The traditional
nature. Taoists skillfully built temples that domestic architecture of China has five major
conformed to the contours of the land. styles
● Starting with inherited Chinese traditional
ideas of construction, they added their own a. Siheyuan (Old Beijing Courtyard)
concepts. Splendorous symmetric
architectural complexes are composed of ● Beijing Siheyuan is a traditional building in
many ordinary yards spreading orderly
China. “Si” means east, west, south and
along a central axis. In every single yard,
there are neatly located attached north, the four directions and “He” refers to
architectural structures. The whole layout
that houses were distributed like a “ 口”,
reflects Taoists' emphasis on order and
equability. which embodies the traditional values and
ethics of Chinese families.

b. Farmers' Caves (Yaodong)

4. PALACES AND IMPERIAL SEAT
● A type of dwelling that exists only in China,
● Being an important component of the farmers’ caves (Yaodong in Chinese).
Chinese gorgeous culture, the imperial According to official statistics, there are still
architecture records the great intelligence 40 million people living in such dwellings in
and creation of the laborious ancient people China.
that had a profound influence on the design
of modern architecture at home and abroad.
Generally speaking, it features the highest
achievement of the Chinese ancient
architecture that includes imperial palace,
mausoleum and garden architecture.

c. Earthen Buildings of Hakkas

● The earthen buildings of Hakkas are

considered a wonder of oriental
architecture. Most of them are spread
around Yongding and Nanjing, Fujian
Province. In Yongding, there are 4,000
 square buildings and 360 round ones,
which are quite breathtaking.
● The buildings usually are formed as two or
three circles. The outer circle can be as
high as 10 meters (31 feet) and its four
stories may hold between one and two
hundred rooms. The kitchen and dining
room will be found on the first or ground
floor. The second floor is used as 6. CHINESE GARDEN ARCHITECTURE
warehousing, and the third and fourth
floors contain the bedrooms. The inner ● The history of Chinese garden architecture
circle is 2-storied with 30 to 50 rooms can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou
which function as a guesthouse. In the dynasties (16th century BC - 221 BC).
middle is a rectangle hall, a public place for During that period, Chinese kings and
the several hundred inhabitants nobilities began the practice of developing
forests and woods for the specific purpose
of hunting. In some instances these areas
of forests and woods, called 'You' in
Chinese covered dozens of square
kilometers or even hundreds of square
kilometers.

Classification

● Depending on their geographical locations,

d. iv. Seal-Like Compound (Yikeyin) Chinese gardens can vary. Generally
speaking, they can be divided into two
● Many people are familiar with Si he yuan groups, the Imperial Garden Architecture
residences in Beijing and other northern in north China and the Private Garden
cities. However, the Si he yuan is not limited Architecture in south China. Imperial
to just the north of the country. gardens are noteworthy for their grand
● A Si he yuan is normally constructed on a dimensions, luxurious buildings, and
north-south axis facing south. The principal exquisite decorations.
rooms are located to the north while those
to the east and west are referred to as a. Northern Imperial Garden
'wing rooms'.
● With material resources and generous
financial support combined with supreme
power, emperors were able to construct
Imperial Gardens with almost unlimited
extravagance. Designers placed emphasis
on the harmonious unity of architecture
with nature which contributed to the
decision to construct many gardens in
scenic mountain areas

e. Stilt Houses (Diaojiaolou)

● House erected on steep inclines or

projecting over water in southern China.
b. Southern Private Garden

● The gardens in the south are smaller but no

less exquisite. The area in South China
although rich in water resources is
somewhat limited in the land area that
could be used for private gardens. As a
result of these phenomena, the owners were
put in the position where they skillfully and
cleverly constructed their private gardens
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
according to their own personal tastes.
● Southern gardens are simpler and more JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
elegant, like a shy girl waiting for you to take (Nihon Kenchiku)
away her veiling.
● The earliest Japanese architecture was seen
in prehistoric times in simple pit-houses
and stores adapted to the needs of a
hunter gatherer population.
● Influence from Han Dynasty China via
Korea saw the introduction of more complex
grain stores and ceremonial burial
chambers.
● The introduction of Buddhism in Japan
TRADITIONAL STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING during the sixth century was a catalyst for
SYSTEM large-scale temple building using
complicated techniques in wood.
Dougong ● Influence from the Chinese Sui and Tang
dynasties led to the foundation of the first
● Is a unique structural element of permanent capital in Nara.
interlocking wooden brackets, one of the
most important elements in traditional HISTORY
Chinese architecture.
● To distribute the weight of the roof on the ● Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors
supporting wooden posts and allow the roof of the present emperor
to spread beyond the area of the building ● 7th century, was divided into provinces
itself, the dougong was created which is a each with a ruler
bracket joining the top of the post and ● Feudalism, with a caste system of
horizontal roof beam. emperor and nobles, military, people
● It is likely that the design of roofs which ● In 1400-1500 marks the hundred years war
projected beyond the walls of the building - a (Sengoku Jidai), this is bloodiest epoch in
feature so typical of Asian architecture - was Japanese history. The Sengoku Jidai or in
first intended to protect the wooden English the hundred years ‘Civil War’
columns and their bases from wherein Bushi (Samurai – Warlords) fight
deterioration by exposure to rain.
 for dominion and dominance to become the acknowledge as superior. From agricultural
Shogun (Military Dictator) technology to architecture and construction
● Shogun is the proxy leader of the Emperor
wherein the emperor still holds his divine
right to rule Japan, however in reality the
shogun (2nd in command) actually hold the
power to rule Japan.
● In 1603 AD, under the shogun Tokugawa
Ieyasu, Japan was united and brought to
peace
● The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years

MORE ABOUT NIHON KENKUCHI

● Due to the lack of tools and materials at
● Japanese architecture has been typified by the time, most houses were very small and
wooden structures, elevated slightly off made our of very poor material, however
the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. this contributed a lot to the plant growth, and
Sliding doors (fusuma) were used in place the house had many ways of saving
of walls, allowing the internal configuration of “energy” and the environment.
a space to be customized for different ● Also during this time, which was specifically
occasions. the Yayoi period, Japan and China started
● Influence from Han Dynasty China via to talk more, and from this the knowledge
Korea saw the introduction of more complex and technical skills towards architecture
design in residential, forts, palaces. from the Han dynasty started to influence
Castles where introduced during the rise of the Japanese.
bushi which their aim is to rule over the
country as the supreme leader but lesser to B. Asuka And Nara Era
the emperor.
● The Japanese elevated everything that ● Shinto (Kami-no-Machi) is the indigenous
they hold. Every action must be graceful and religion of Japan wherein the worshipped
must have art and elegance in every the Kami (Deity) of the natural force like the
stroke. That’s why most Japanese treat their sea, air, land, tools and grain.
everyday work with elegance and precision. ● Kami were not gods in the eyes of Shinto, but
a spiritual sheriff that guides the mortals
CULTURE AND SOCIETY OF JAPAN to prosperous plain or guides the mortals
to consequential bad luck.
A. Prehistoric Japan

● Japanese where a scattered group of

people who lives in tribes. Hunting was
the means of food source. Game gathering
was highly considered in order to survive,
Thus the idea of bow and arrow was the
common weapon of choice of these
gatherers. Early Japanese tribes’ lives in
caves, however they soon learn to build
huts which made this nomad gatherers
into a community. ● During the asuka period was the period
● The Chinese influence the Japanese to build when Japan showed much transformation
for the Chinese was the first civilization that through their architecture and finearts. This
emerges in the east. To the early Japanese, period was mainly influenced by Buddhism
everything Chinese-made was deemed from China and Korean Peninsula. This
period took place from 552 AD -710 AD. The
 term "asuka" was first used to describe a meant to protect it as well as ware away evil
time in Japan of their fine-arts and spirits. Typically these will come as a pair, one with
architecture. its mouth open, the other with its mouth closed.
● Japan's main religion at that time was the
Shinto religion. So during this time not only 5. Motifs in Shinto shrines - Shintoism often
the architecture was changed, but also the associated the Kitsune (Fox) and Shika (Deer) as
fundamental base of their religion; important sacred animals. Kitsune are considered a
Buddhism. sacred by the people of Japan because kitsune are
● Jinja and Taisha (Shinto shrine) are the inner guardians of kamis wherein kitsune are
different to Jiin (Buddhist temple). By great importance especially to the shrine dedicated
architecture they motif they differed from to Inari no kami. Notably all jinja dedicated to inari
each other. has kitsune statues and motif as decoration. Often
● Kami-no-Machi Jinja (Shinto shrine) were found in pairs.
also used during this time to "protect" the
Gods, as well as providing a place of - Unlike with Shika (Deer), this animal serves as the
worship. Here were the most popular direct messenger to Amaterasu Omikami and to
shrines. Shrines are often set within gardens, the upper echelon deity of the Shinto conglomerate.
even in cities You can find deers mingling with everyday people
(locals and tourist) in Nara
ELEMENTS OF SHINTO JINJA
- Buddhism in Japan has been practiced since its
1. Often Shinto vicinities and shrines have official introduction in 552 CE according to the Nihon
distinctive reddish motif in their architecture and Shoki from Baekje, Korea, by Buddhist monks
most of which begin with an entrance to a torii and (Bowring, 2005). Buddhism has had a major
greeted by the chozuya for purification before influence on the development of Japanese
praying to a shrine. Shrines are managed by shrine society.
personnel: Kannushi (Male priest) most of the time
his is the head of the shrine from management to - Unfortunately many of these stunning traditional
activities. The Miku (Shrine Maidens) are the temples have been burnt down due to the primary
assistants of the Kannushi in performing rites and material being wood. Only a few of these temples
managing the shrine remain today, such as the example picture.

2. Torii - This was a gate to most shrines. It - The structures of many buildings were also
represents the division of the normal world represented and symbolized many different things.
towards the divine world. Usually before passing An example of this was the five storey Pagoda The
through the gates of the torii, there are a flight of five stories represented the five elements: Earth,
stairs symbolizing God's high mark and heaven. Water, Fire, Wind, Sky.
Traditionally, The Torii gates were made out of
wood and stone, but now, modern day Torii's are PAGODA OF YAKUSHI—JI IN NARA
made our of stainless steel, copper and other
modern day materials to help them last longer for
tourists.

3. Chozuya - This is a small pavilion near the main

hall where it is accessible to ladies and men. Before
praying, people come in to wash their hands and
mouth before praying. They do this to wash away
all evil spirits and thoughts and words, and to start
praying with a pure and fresh mind.

4. Komainu [koma-inu] Koma = Guardian; Inu =

Dog These dogs like statue's made out of stone
are places by an entrance of a shrine, which was
Todaiji (Tōdaiji, "Great Eastern Temple") is one of as if the building complex had arms, and
Japan's most famous and historically significant embracing the garden in front of it. This
temples and a landmark of Nara. definitely showed people's respect for
nature and how simplicity is also
beautiful.

Todaiji's main hall, the Daibutsuden (Big Buddha

Hall), held the record as the world's largest
wooden building, despite the fact that the present
reconstruction of 1692is only two thirds of the HEIAN TASHIA IN KYOTO
original temple hall's size.
● Heian was the old name of Kyoto, ancient
Along the approach to Todaiji stands the capital of Heian was rename to Kyoto when
Nandaimon Gate, a large wooden gate watched the Kamakura shoganate assumed total
over by two fierce looking statues. Representing control of Japan
the Nio Guardian Kings, the statues are designated
national treasures together with the gate itself
D. Kamakura Period (Age of the Bushii
C. The Heian Era (Age of the Emperor of the [Samurai])
Heian Dynasty)
● The Kamakura period took place during 1185
● Despite the fact that China and Korea had a -1333. This was when technology was
big impact and influence on the architecture becoming more involved with architecture,
in the Asuka period, the Heian period was a and this is how technological advances
time when Japanese started to develop were made through building. Also due to
more of their own style. Their inspirations the During the native requirements like
towards their buildings were their country earthquake resistance many architecture
itself. Due to Japan being a tight island, designs were unique, new and quite
distant from other countries, they thought experimental.
their buildings had to reflect of this as well, ● The Genpei War that took place from 1180
being completely unique. –1185, also had a big impact on the
architecture. The damage the war cost,
During this era, the temple layout was predominantly made the people have to re -build shrines,
based on the landscape of nature, such as which came out to be much simpler and
gardens and ponds, which were usually found in down to earth, like the Hein period, but it
villas, but were adapted for use in the temples. This was even simpler than the buildings then!
new style of temple building attracted many people, This was also because their top priorities
as it was more focused on their religion, rather were military orders and not buildings.
than the money that were put into the buildings nor ● Castles are not yet introduced in this era.
the intricate designing on the temples However, this is the period were dojo
(training hall) and schools of the art
● The style of the building were also designed where flourishing
symmetrically and in a way that it was seen
NOTABLE ARCHITECTURE DURING Traditional Japanese houses have the same
KAMAKURA ERA element from elevated floor. An alcove, big sliding
doors and windows. Most of the time traditional
1. CHASITSU Japanese architecture are made of very intricate
wood working wherein Japanese master
● Chashitsu (tea room) in Japanese tradition carpenters never use iron nails in constructing such
is an architectural space designed to be used architecture. They mastered the art of carpentry
for tea ceremony (chanoyu) gatherings. joinery in connecting wood to another wood.
● The architectural style that developed for
chashitsu is referred to as the sukiya style
(sukiya -zukuri), and the term sukiya may
be used as a synonym for chashitsu. Related ELEMENTS OF TRADITIONAL JAPANESE
Japanese terms are chaseki, broadly INTERIOR
meaning "place for tea", and implying any
sort of space where people are seated to Traditional Japanese-style rooms (washitsu)
participate in tea ceremony, and chabana, come with a unique interior design that includes
"tea flowers", the style of flower tatami mats as flooring. Consequently, they are
arrangement associated with the tea also known as tatami rooms. Their style dates back
ceremony. to the Muromachi Period when they originally
● Tea houses also became popular during this served as study rooms for the wealthy before
period, to reduce the tension and stress. gradually becoming more commonplace as
They were very small spaces, held up by reception and living quarters.
pillars and conservative materials. It was
said that tea houses were always supposed 1. Tatami - Tatami mats are thick, woven straw
to be around an atmosphere of calmness mats that measure about one by two meters in size.
and meditation. The only decorations that Originally a luxury that only the wealthy could
would usually be in the tea house were afford, tatami gradually became more common and
calligraphy scrolls or flowers. can now be found in virtually all traditional Japanese
homes. Tatami mats have been so integral to
Japanese homes, that the size of rooms in Japan
is commonly measured by the number of mats
that would fit it, e.g. an 8-mat room. Note that
footwear - even slippers - should be removed before
stepping onto tatami.

2. Fusuma (Sliding Doors) - Fusuma are sliding

doors made up of wooden frames covered in
thick, opaque paper. The doors are typically used
between adjoining rooms akin to large removable
walls, allowing one to partition off areas or open up
space as needed. Historically, fusuma have been
the canvases of famous painters, and some
elaborately painted examples can be seen at
temples and palaces. Fusuma in regular homes
and Ryokan tend to be more simply adorned.

3. Shoji (Translucent Sliding Doors) - another type

of sliding door or partition are shoji, which are made
up of wooden lattices covered in translucent
paper. Shoji are typically found along the perimeter
of the building, allowing light to filter in. Some
shoji doors incorporate sliding panels that move up
and down like small windows to allow more light
or air to enter the room. Occasionally shoji may tables (kotatsu) are popular. They are covered by
have a sheet of glass covering one side of the door a blanket and heated underneath

4. Ranma (Transom) - Ranma are wooden 3. ZABUTON (CUSHIONS)

transoms that are typically found above fusuma in
traditional Japanese-style rooms. They may be Large cushions are used for sitting on the floor in
intricately designed and carved, and serve to tatami rooms. In some cases, the cushions are put
allow air and light to move between rooms. onto low chairs without legs (zaisu) that provide
some support for the back. Note that it is
5. Tokonoma (Alcove) - Tokonoma are recessed considered impolite to step on cushions other than
alcoves and are typically decorated by a hanging your own
scroll in addition to a vase or flower arrangement. .
The decorations are typically changed to reflect the 4. KAMIDANA (GOD/SPIRIT-SHELF)
season. Traditionally, the most important guest is
seated in front of the tokonoma. A miniature household altar provided to enshrine
a Shinto kami. They are most commonly found in
6. Tenjo (Ceiling) - There are a variety of ceiling Japan, the home of kami worship
types in traditional Japanese-style rooms. In
regular rooms the ceiling tends to be flat and E. AZUCHI-MOMOYAMA ERA
simple. But in rooms of importance, such as a
lord's grand reception hall or a temple's worship hall, The Azuchi–Momoyama period took place from
the ceilings may be raised, coffered and 1568–1600, which is when Japan was going through
decorated with paintings, as shown on the image. a process of unification after just being over a
long period of civil war. This period brought out the
7. Tsukeshoin (Built-In Desk) - Tsukeshoin are style of castles in Japan. It became so advanced,
study desks that are typically built into one side of by this time in Japan, each domain was allowed to
the room below a window. keep and own a castle. Each castle had a central
tower, Tenshu as the Japanese call it, which
COMMON FURNISHINGS OF A TRADITIONAL surrounded the gardens and assigned buildings.
JAPANESE INTERIOR The castle’s were made with huge stone walls, and
was secured my a surrounding moat filled with
1. BYOBU / TSUITATE (PARTITIONS) water. The interior was designed with paintings
from artists, and instead of doors, spaces were
Byobu (shown on the image) are portable folding separated by folding screens.
partitions that are arranged in a zigzag fashion for
the panels to stand without extra support. Verandas were used to join the interiors of homes
and residential buildings, with extravagant gardens.
Another type of free-standing partition, called The folding screens called byōbu, were starting to
tsuitate, are single panels supported by legs. become highly decorated with paintings, and there
Both types of partitions are available in varying sizes would also be a room with shelves to place artworks,
to divide up a room, enhance privacy or block drafts which were at the time calligraphic scrolls.
of wind.
This is the era castles dominate the whole
Partitions come in various designs from simple ones landscape of Japan. Because of the strengthen
to highly priced collector items that adorn celebrated turmoil of the senguko jidai. However, during this
paintings. period, the hundred years war is in its final timeline
as peace will be restored by Tokogawa Ieyasu after
2. KOTATSU (LOW TABLE) the battle of sekigahara in mid 1600.

Low tables are used in traditional Japanese rooms, With the introduction of firearms from the
as sitting on the floor is common practice there. Portuguese, castles became a demand to keep
During the colder months of the year, heatable low strongholds and armies in safe and working
condition.
 4. Washi (Japanese Paper)
Traditional Japanese paper. The word "washi"
comes from wa meaning 'Japanese' and shi
meaning 'paper'. The term is used to describe paper
that uses local fiber, processed by hand and made
in the traditional manner. Washi is made using
fibers from the inner bark of the gampi tree, the
mitsumata shrub (Edgeworthia chrysantha), or
the paper mulberry (kōzo) bush.
One good property of Washi is that, washi is more
durable than western paper because of the many
whole fiber of the pulp that creates the whole paper.

OTHER JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

1. Sentoo (Bathhouse) - Type of Japanese

communal bathhouse where customers pay for
entrance. Traditionally these bathhouses have been
quite utilitarian, with a tall barrier separating the
sexes within one large room, a minimum of lined up
faucets on both sides and a single large bath for the
already washed bathers to sit in among others.
Since the second half of the 20th century

Basic construction materials of a typical castle 2. Ryokan (Inn) - A type of traditional

and housing Japanese inn that typically feature tatami-matted
rooms, communal baths, and other public areas
1. Plaster - Traditional Japanese plaster had 4 where visitors may wear yukata and talk with the
main ingredients, plaster, sand, straws, and owner. Most ryokan are located near Onsen
kumbu (Kelp seaweed) (hotspring) and typically most ryokan are found
near mountains and springs.
2. Bamboo - Short stalk bamboo was use as
reinforcement of walls. Earth wall form was used
in creating wall then layered the other shell of the
wall with a finish of white sturdy plaster

3. Hard Wood and Soft Wood

Woods used in Japanese carpentry and woodwork,

as well as tool construction, include sugi,
akamatsu, hinoki, Camphor Laurel, Magnolia
obovata, keyaki and kiri.

Sugi = Japanese cedar

Akamatsu = Japanese / Korean red pine
Hinoki = Japanese cypress
Camphor Laurel = camphor tree (evergreen tree)
Magnolia obovata = Japanese whitebark magnolia
Keyaki = Japanese elm
Kiri = Paulownia
 ● Ethnic groups in Indonesia are often
INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE associated with their own distinctive form of
rumah adat. The houses are at the centre
HISTORY of a web of customs, social relations,
traditional laws, taboos, myths and
● ruled and colonized by west European religions that bind the villagers together.
countries. Indonesia was under the The house provides the main focus for the
influence of the Deutches (Netherlands) family and its community, and is the point of
departure for many activities of its residents.
SOCIETY

● Southeast Asian countries values family

ties thus the concept of community work
holds ground. People treat each other as
part of the family even though they are not
blood related.

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATOLOGY

● Traditional dwellings have developed to
● Indonesia lies along the equator, and its respond to Indonesia's hot and wet
climate tends to be relatively even year- monsoon climate. As is common
round. Indonesia has two seasons—a wet throughout South East Asia and the South
season and a dry season—with no West Pacific, most rumah adat are built on
extremes of summer or winter. stilts, with the exception of Java and Bali.
● For most of Indonesia, the dry season falls Building houses off the ground allows
between May and October with the wet breezes to moderate the hot tropical
season between November and April. temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above
Indonesia's climate is almost entirely stormwater runoff and mud; it allows
tropical, dominated by the tropical houses to be built on rivers and wetland
rainforest climate found in every large margins; it keeps people, goods and food
island of Indonesia. from dampness and moisture; lifts living
● Tectonically, Indonesia is highly unstable, quarters above malaria-carrying mosquitoes;
making it a site of numerous volcanoes and and reduces the risk of dry rot and
frequent earthquakes. It lies on the Pacific termites
Ring of Fire where the Indo-Australian Plate ● Rumoh Aceh: the grandest traditional
and the Pacific Plate are pushed under the houses of Aceh.
Eurasian plate where they melt at about 100 ● Batak architecture (North Sumatra)
kilometers (62 miles) deep. includes the boat-shaped jabu homes of
the Toba Batak people, with dominating
EXAMPLE OF INDONESIAN ARCHITECTURE carved gables and dramatic oversized roof,
and is based on an ancient model.
1. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ● Minangkabau (West Sumatra) build the
Rumah Gadang, distinctive for their
● Numbers of Indonesian vernacular houses multiple gables with dramatically up
have been developed throughout the sweeping ridge ends.
archipelago. The traditional houses and ● The homes of Nias peoples include the omo
settlements of the several hundred ethnic sebua chiefs' houses built on massive
groups of Indonesia are extremely varied ironwood pillars with towering roofs.
and all have their own specific history. ● Rumah Melayu (Malay) traditional houses
The houses hold social significance in built on stilts of Sumatra, Borneo and
society and demonstrate local ingenuity Malay Peninsula.
in their relations to environment and ● Riau region is characterized by villages built
spatial organization. on stilts over waterways.
 ● Unlike most South East Asian vernacular
homes, Javanese traditional houses are
not built on piles, and have become the
Indonesian vernacular style most
influenced by European architectural
elements.
● Bubungan Tinggi, with their steeply
pitched roofs, is the large homes of
Banjarese royalty and aristocrats in South 3. House in Nias North Sumatra
Kalimantan.
● Traditional Balinese homes are a
collection of individual; largely open
structures (including separate structures for
the kitchen, sleeping areas, bathing areas
and shrine) within a high-walled garden
compound.
● The Sasak people of Lombok build
2. NON-VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Lumbung, pile-built bonnetroofed rice
barns, that are often more distinctive and
i. Hindu-Buddhist Architecture
elaborate than their houses (Sasak
architecture). ● A number of often large and sophisticated
● Dayak people traditionally live in communal religious structures (known as candi in
longhouses that are built on piles. The Indonesian) were built in Java during the
houses can exceed 300 m in length, in some peak of Indonesia's great Hindu-Buddhist
cases forming a whole village. kingdoms between the 8th and 14th
● The Toraja of the Sulawesi highlands are centuries (Ancient temples of Java).
renowned for their Tongkonan, houses built ● The earliest surviving Hindu temples in
on piles and dwarfed by massive Java are at the Dieng Plateau. Thought to
exaggerated-pitch saddle roofs. have originally numbered as many as 400,
● Rumah adat on Sumba have distinctive only 8 remain today
thatched "high hat" roofs and are
wrapped with sheltered verandahs. Example of Hindu-Buddhist Architecture
● The Papuan Dani traditionally live in small
family compounds composed of several 1. Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi
circular huts known as honay with Borobudur), a 9th century Mahayana Buddhist
thatched dome roofs. temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town
of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia. It is the
EXAMPLES OF TRADITIONAL INDONESIAN world's largest Buddhist temple. It is decorated
ARCHITECTURE with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues.
The central dome is surrounded by 72 Buddha
1. Traditional Toraja House statues, each seated inside a perforated stupa.

2. Batak Toba House

2. Prambanan or Rara Jonggrang, a 9th-century
Hindu temple compound in Special Region of
THAILAND ARCHITECTURE
Yogyakarta, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimūrti, the
expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the
Preserver (Vishnu) and the Transformer (Shiva).
The temple compound, a UNESCO World Heritage SIAMESE ARCHITECTURE (THAILAND)
Site, is the largest Hindu temple site in Indonesia
A major part of the country's cultural legacy
and the second-largest in Southeast Asia. It is
and reflects both the challenges of living in
characterized by its tall and pointed architecture,
Thailand's sometimes extreme climate as well as,
typical of Hindu architecture, and by the towering 47-
historically, the importance of architecture to the
metre-high (154 ft) central building inside a large
Thai people's sense of community and religious
complex of individual temples.
beliefs. Influenced by the architectural traditions of
many of Thailand's neighbors, it has also developed
significant regional variation within its vernacular
and religious buildings. Thailand's ruling elite
gravitated toward selective Modernization to avoid
the undesired Western influence.

HISTORY

● Age of Tawaravadee (B.E. 12-16): The

architecture of Tawaravadee appears in the
central region of Thailand. It used clay
bricks and sometimes laterite. The
construction of pagodas had a square base
3. Balinese architecture contains many elements
and an inverted-bell shape topped with a
of ancient HinduBuddhist architecture, mostly
spire.
are the heritage from Majapahit architectural
● Age of Sriwichai (B.E. 13-18): The
influences. Among others are the bale pavilion,
architecture of Sriwichai is notable for the
Meru tower, paduraksa and candi bentar gates.
stupa-style Buddha which has a square
Hindu-Buddhist architecture mostly was constructed
base and an octagonal top
between 8th to 15th-century, with subsequent
● Age of Lopburi (B.E. 12-18): The
tradition in Balinese architecture. However, typical
architecture of Lopburi adopted the style of
ancient Javanese Hindu-Buddhist architecture has
the Khmer and can be seen in the Shrines
been the source of inspiration and recreated in
of Ganesh. This style preferred to use brick,
contemporary architecture
sandstone, and laterite. Originally brick
and sandstone were used to build houses
or castles and laterite for bases.
● Age of Chiang Saen (B.E. 16-23): Most
religious places were built during the age of
Chiang Saen. The builders received and
integrated art and culture from other
territories such as Sukhothai, Tawaravadee,
Sriwichai, and Burma.
● Age of Sukhothai (B.E. 19-20): The art of
Sukhothai began in B.E. 1780 when King
Indraditya established the Sukhothai
Kingdom. The identity of the architecture in
Sukhothai is decorations in order to
display the Buddhist faith by building the
buildings in symbolic shapes.
 ● Age of Authong (B.E. 17-20): The EXAMPLE OF THAILAND ARCHITECTURE
architecture of Authong integrated the art of
Tawaravadee and Khmer civilization such 1. Traditional Thai houses
as the building style of Phra Prang in Wat Sri
Rattana Mahathat, Lopburi. As the phrase "Thai stilt house" suggests, one
● Age of Ayutthaya (B.E. 20-23): The identity universal aspect of Thailand's traditional
of architecture in this period is designed to architecture is the elevation of its buildings on
display might and riches so it has great size stilts, most commonly to around head height.
and appearance. The temples in Ayutthaya The area beneath the house is used for storage,
seldom built eaves stretching from the crafts, lounging in the daytime, and sometimes
masthead. The dominant feature of this style for livestock such as chickens or ducks. many
is sunlight shining into buildings. During Thai villages are centered on rivers and canals,
the latter part of the Ayutthaya period, which are subject to flooding during the rainy
architecture was regarded as a peak season
achievement that responded to the
requirements of people and expressed the Kuti - A kuti is a small structure, built on
gracefulness of Thainess. stilts, designed to house a monk. Its
proper size is defined in the Sanghathisep,
SOCIETY and RELIGION Rule 6, to be 12 by 7 keub (or 4.013 by 2.343
meters). This tiny footprint is intended to aid
● Thailand is nearly 95 percent Buddhist, the monk's spiritual journey by discouraging
mainly of the Theravada school (which the accumulation of material goods. Typically
includes the Thai Forest Tradition and the a monastery consists of a number of
Dhammayuttika Nikaya and Santi Asoke these buildings grouped together on a
sects) and an unknown minority belonging shared terrace, either in an inward facing
to the Mahayana school. cluster or aligned in a row. Often these
● Buddhism in Thailand is strongly structures included a separate building,
influenced by traditional beliefs regarding called a hor trai, used to store scriptures.
ancestral and natural spirits, which have
been incorporated into Buddhist 2. Religious Architecture
cosmology.
● Most Thai people install spirit houses (san Lak Mueang - Lak Mueang or city pillar is
phra phum), miniature houses outside their a shrine which is also believed to house
dwellings, where they believe household Chao Pho Lak Mueang, the city spirit
spirits live. deity. It was constructed because the
continuation of ancient traditions and
GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Brahman's customs believed that it has
something to do with the Held, the single
● The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River city pillar ceremony (Held “Lak Muang”)
are the indispensable water courses of which is made of an Acacia wood
rural Thailand. (Chaiyaphreuk) before the construction of
● The centre of the country is dominated by the the city for a major goal to build a city and to
predominantly flat Chao be the centre of soul for the citizens.
● Phraya river valley, which runs into the Gulf
of Thailand. 3. Utility / Recreational Architecture

Sala Thai - A sala Thai is an open pavilion

used as a meeting place and to protect
people from sun and rain. Most are open
on all four sides. Which is more alike the
western pavilion (Gazebo) the only
difference is that Gazebo are usually located
in parks and big courtyards.
4. Marketplace (Community Architecture)
CAMBODIAN ARCHITECTURE
Floating market - Floating market is a
marketplace where goods are sold from KHMER ARCHITECTURE
boats. It was constructed to connect the
rivers. The floating market riverbank Khmer architecture also known as
adjoined a Buddhist temple and Thai stilt Angkorian architecture is the architecture
house produced by the Khmers during the Angkor period of
the Khmer Empire from approximately the latter half
5. Palace of the 8th century CE to the first half of the 15th
century CE.
Phra Borom Maha Ratcha Wang is a complex of
buildings at the heart of Bangkok, Thailand. The KHMER CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
palace has been the official residence of the Kings
of Siam (and later Thailand) since 1782 1. Brick - The earliest Angkorian temples
were made mainly of brick. Good
examples are the temple towers of Preah Ko,
Lolei and Bakong at Hariharalaya.
Decorations were usually carved into
stucco applied to the brick, rather than into
the brick itself.
2. Sandstone - The earliest Angkorian
temples were made mainly of brick. Good
examples are the temple towers of Preah Ko,
Lolei and Bakong at Hariharalaya.
3. Laterite - Angkorian builders used laterite, a
clay that is soft when taken from the
ground but that hardens when exposed to
the sun, for foundations and other hidden
Wat Phra Kaew (Temple beside the grand palace) parts of buildings. Because the surface of
- Commonly known in English as the Temple of the laterite is uneven, it was not suitable for
Emerald Buddha and officially as Wat Phra Si decorative carvings, unless first dressed
Rattana Satsadaram, is regarded as the most with stucco. Laterite was more commonly
sacred Buddhist temple in Thailand. The complex used in the Khmer provinces than at
consists of a number of buildings within the precincts Angkor itself.
of the Grand Palace in the historical centre of
Bangkok. EXAMPLES KHMER ARCHITECTURE

A. Central sanctuary - The central sanctuary of an

Angkorian temple was home to the temple's
primary deity, the one to whom the site was
dedicated: typically Shiva or Vishnu in the case of a
Hindu temple, Buddha or a bodhisattva in the case
of a Buddhist temple

B. Prang - The prang is the tall finger-like spire,

usually richly carved, common to much Khmer
religious architecture.

C. Enclosure - Khmer temples were typically

enclosed by a concentric series of walls, with the
central sanctuary in the middle; this arrangement
represented the mountain ranges surrounding
Mount Meru, the mythical home of the gods. the ocean. The temple itself took shape as a
Enclosures are the spaces between these walls, pyramid of several levels, and the home of the
and between the innermost wall and the temple gods was represented by the elevated sanctuary at
itself. the center of the temple

D. Gallery - A gallery is a passageway running J. Sarah and baray - Srahs and barays were
along the wall of an enclosure or along the axis reservoirs, generally created by excavation and
of a temple, often open to one or both sides. embankment, respectively. It is not clear whether
Historically, the form of the gallery evolved during the significance of these reservoirs was religious,
the 10th century from the increasingly long agricultural, or a combination of the two
hallways which had earlier been used to surround
the central sanctuary of a temple
NEPAL AND TIBET
E. Gopura - A gopura is an entrance building. At ARCHITECTURE
Angkor, passage through the enclosure walls
surrounding a temple compound is frequently GEOGRAPHY OF TIBET
accomplished by means of an impressive gopura,
rather than just an aperture in the wall or a doorway. Tibet is located in East Asia, covering about
Enclosures surrounding a temple are often 2,500,000 km² of the Tibetan Plateau. It is
constructed with a gopura at each of the four considered the highest region on Earth, with an
cardinal points elevation of 4,380m or (14,000 ft.); Situated on the
Himalayan Mountains, the highest elevation of this
F. Hall of Dancers - A Hall of Dancers is a structure plateau is the well known Mount Everest which has
of a type found in certain late 12thcentury an average of 8,848.86 m (29,032 ft.) above sea
temples constructed under King Jayavarman VII: Ta level.
Prohm, Preah Khan, Banteay Kdei and Banteay
Chhmar. It is a rectangular building elongated 3 Regions of Tibet:
along the temple's east axis and divided into four
courtyards by galleries 1. Ü-Tsang
2. Kham
G. House of Fire - House of Fire, or Dharmasala, is 3. Amdo
the name given to a type of building found only in
temples constructed during the reign of late TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS
12thcentury monarch Jayavarman VII: Preah Khan,
1. Special Construction Materials - Tibetan
Ta Prohm and Banteay Chhmar. A House of Fire has
houses are usually made out of a mixture
thick walls, a tower at the west end and south-
of rocks, wood, cement, and earth for Tibet
facing windows.
is very rich in these materials. And it is easy
H. Library - Structures conventionally known as to distinguish from the exterior. Unlike
"libraries" are a common feature of Khmer temple modern houses, Tibetan structures can be
architecture, but their true purpose remains told almost by their appearance what
unknown. Most likely they functioned broadly as materials they are made of. Different
religious shrines rather than strictly as repositories materials also give Tibetan architecture a
of manuscripts different look.
2. Specific Colors - Red, white, and black are
I. Temple Mountain - The dominant scheme for the predominant colors in Tibetan
the construction of state temples in the Angkorian architecture. All three colors are derived
period was that of the Temple Mountain, an from the local soil and are purely natural
architectural representation of Mount Meru, the pigments. In Tibetan culture, these three
home of the gods in Hinduism. The style was colors also represent the three spirits that
influenced by South Indian temple architecture. are in Heaven, on the earth, and below the
Enclosures represented the mountain chains ground. The Tibetans built their buildings
surrounding Mount Meru, while a moat represented with these colors in the hope that they would
 be protected by the spirits and that they temple and over time, become known as
would be safe Lhasa, a holy land.
3. Roofs - The roof of Tibetan houses is flat so
that it is easier to remove frequent snow. GEOGRAPHY OF NEPAL
The flat roof is also built to conserve heat
as little fuel is available for heat or lighting in Nepal is located in South Asia, between
Tibet. China and India, and is surrounded by the
4. Featured Window Treatment - Windows of Himalayan Mountains. Its territory stretches
Tibetan houses are generally small roughly 500 miles (800 kilometers) east to west and
because the Tibetan plateau is very sunny 90 to 150 miles north to south. Kathmandu is the
and there are large temperature differences, capital city.
so smaller windows can be used to
regulate the lighting and temperature. 3 Geographical Areas Of Nepal:
5. Decorations - The Tibetan people love and
are adept at decoration. The decoration of 1. Upper Himalaya
Tibetan architecture is mainly related to 2. Middle Hills and Lower Hiwalaya
religious culture. Both religious buildings 3. Tarai (Terai) Area
and ordinary houses in Tibet are carved and
NEPAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
decorated with religious motifs and
paintings on their pillars and balustrades. 1. The Pagoda Style - This style refers to
multi-roofed structures with wide eaves
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
supported by carved wooden struts.
Windows, either latticed or grilled, are
usually projecting, while the roof is generally
1. The Kumbum Stupa - The Tibetan chorten
topped off by triangular spires enclosing an
or stupa is an important religious monument
inverted bell of stucco or burnished gold.
that expresses the symbolism of the
2. The Stupa Style - This style is purely
Buddhist religion and shows the presence
Buddhist in concept and execution. The
of the Buddha in the region. Typically, they
outstanding feature of stupas is a
are a round structure with a dome-like roof,
hemispherical mound topped by a square
many of which contain relics of Buddha
base supporting a series of thirteen
and his disciples. The stupa traditionally
circular rings. Narrowing towards the top
consists of three parts, the base, the dome
these are crowned by parasols. The four
or cylinder, and the spire or shaft at the
sides of the square base or the harmika, as
top
it is called, are painted with pairs of mystic
2. Samye Monastery - Laying in Dranang,
"all-seeing eyes." The Swayambhu and
Samye Monastery was the first monastery
Baudhanath Shrines are Nepal's first
built in Tibet. It was probably founded in 767
examples of stupa or Chaitya style
under the patronage of King Trisong Detsen,
3. The Shikhara Style - The superstructure of
with the work being directed by Indian
this style is a tall curvilinear or pyramidal
masters Padmasambhava and
tower whose surface is broken up
Shantarakshita. Construction was completed
vertically into five or nine sections. The
in 779.
final section consists of a bell-shaped part
3. Jokhang Temple - Included on UNESCO's
at the top.
World Heritage list in 2000 as part of the
Potala Palace, the Jokhang Temple is the
ultimate pilgrimage destination for Tibetan
Pilgrims. The Jokhang Temple brought
Buddhism into this land and became an
inseparable part of Tibetan history and
culture. The city of Ra-Sa grew around the
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

1. The Boudhanath Stupa (Kathmandu,

Nepal) - Boudha stupa is semicircle
shaped and contains the relics and
remains of Buddha. The huge mandala
makes it one of the largest spherical
stupas in the world. Stupa in Sanskrit refers
to a dome shaped architecture which is
called Chorten in Tibetan and now adopted
in English too.

2. The Gompa Buddhist Temple - A Gompa

or Gönpa also known as ling is a Buddhist
ecclesiastical fortification of learning,
lineage and sādhanā that may be
understood as a conflation of a
fortification, a vihara and a university
associated with Tibetan Buddhism and thus
common in historical Tibetan regions
including parts of China, India, Nepal, and
Bhutan. Bhutanese dzong architecture is a
subset of traditional gompa design.
 HISTORY OF • The terrace network spans the provinces of
Cordillera’s mountain province, including Ifugao,
ARCHITECTURE 04 Bontoc, Kalinga, and areas of Abra
• Some walls can reach from 6 to 16 meters in a
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE: range of shape and gradient
HOA 4 Episode 1: Early Philippine Shelters and • Every construction in the Ifugao highlands
Vernacular Heritage contain three basic elements: Terrace Base,
Embankment, and Soil Body

The earliest dwellers of the caves were the Pleistocene Cultures of Southeast Asia are descended from a
people (offsprings of the Ice Age) common ancestry based on affiliation with the
Tabon Cave (Southern Palawan) Austronesian family of language. Austronesian culture is
• The largest cave dwelt in by prehistoric families characterized by a worldview defined by a waterborne
periodically for 30,000 years lifestyle which manifests itself in the vernacular
• 138 hectares of rugged cliffs and deep slopes architecture. In the Philippines, this architecture
with more than 200 caverns professes a strong allegiance to a greater Austronesian
Other examples of cave shelters and rock hewn building heritage.
architecture that were once inhabited by early Filipinos: Archetypal Austronesian House
Petroglyphs (Angono, Rizal) • Consists of an architectural system of a raised
• The petroglyphs in a rock shelter in Angono, Rizal wooden structure typically consisting of a
provides evidence of the ancient Filipinos effort rectangular structure elevated on posts with a
to embellish their habitation thatched pitched roof - these architectural
Idjang (Savidug, Batanes) features are contingent on a monsoonal and
• Is a testimony to the sophisticated defensive aquatic-based way of life as settlement patterns
engineering of the early Ivatan settlers who have a direct connection to bodies of water
carved the hard limestone formation to create Communities are sheltered along bays, coastal areas,
vertical walls and mouths of rivers, therefore, boats were a means of
transportation.
Emerging from the caves, our ancestors initiated the first Bahay Kubo
architectural revolution with the invention of stone tools • Literally translates to Cube House, suggesting
for cutting fibrous materials, plant stems, and wood that the height of the wall is equal to its width
- fibro-constructive technology. This technology helped • The features of Austronesian dwelling are best
develop the tent-like shelters made of wooden skeleton embodied by the Bahay Kubo
and vegetative or animal skin. • The linear dimension is 3-4 meters
Lean-to Shelter (Portable Architecture and • Is constructed using wooden structural
Nomadism) components configured in the post and lintel
• Temporary shelters using readily available framework supporting a steeply pitched
materials, essentially a nomadic lifestyle thatched roof - this feature provides a solution
• Are structurally anchored by a pole or stick at an to the humid tropical climate with seasonal
angle on the ground (windbreakers) monsoon rains
• Is the early dwelling of the Aetas Pile foundations have several advantages in a tropical
Tree House (Arboreal Shelter) climate. Piles raise the floor above the mud and flood
• First shelters to be constructed using waters which occur during seasonal monsoon rains,
interlocking branches while providing excellent underfloor ventilation in hot
• Are found in places where violent intertribal weather. The underfloor space known as “Silong” is often
conflict and nocturnal raids are frequent used for storage or as a corral for domestic animals. It
• Are perched in the forked branches of the trees can also provide shaded daytime workspace for tasks
20, 40, or 60 feet above the ground to protect such as weaving and basketry.
residents from animal and human enemies
Rice Terraces (Megalithic Architecture) In many areas, house posts simply rest on top of
• Is a man-made structure created to foundation stones rather than being driven directly into
accommodate pond field architecture the ground to ensure that the building has enough
flexibility to withstand earthquakes. Furthermore, this
design makes a structure much easier to be picked up the saddleback roofs of the architecture of the
and carried to a new site. These buildings are entirely Minangkabau in Sumatra, their hip roofs are closely
made of botanic building materials such as timber, related to the saddleback type. In an Ifugao dwelling, a
bamboo, thatch, and fibers, which are assembled house mostly consists of just a roof with its pyramidal
without the use of nails. A quintessential method of roof, and an older bahay kubo.
construction is exemplified by vertical house posts and
horizontal tie beams that provide a load-bearing Vernacular dwellings are thatched - a generic name for
structure to which floors, walls, and roofs are later any roof covering that uses dead plant materials other
attached. The main framework, usually a box frame, is than wood. Grasses and palm leaves are the most widely
fabricated using sophisticated jointing techniques, while used traditional materials. Despite its combustibility,
the walls, roof, and other non-load-bearing elements are thatch is watertight and may last more than a century
secured with wooden pegs and vegetative fiber lashing. when effectively laid out so that the water runs off the
entire surface consistently.
The walls of vernacular structures are made of light
windscreen which provide protection from the elements, Cross gable finials which hold the rafters together at the
and secures privacy for the residents. The walls may ridge are an ever-present feature of southeast asian
consist of matting, palm leaves folded around a lath and roofs. The ornamented ones are made by crossed poles
stitched together with a strip of rattan, flattened or that meet at the apex of the roof. Although the Tausug
planted bamboo panels, as well as wooden boards, and Sullan roof is decorated at either end of the house by a
panels depending on the use and status of the building. horn or crescent-shaped Taujuk Pasong which is usually
a stylized Manuk-Manuk or bird or naga or dragon design
In the Bahay Kubo, wall sliding may be of nipa or sawali. with swirling fern-like ukil carving. The naga sanskrit for
The sawali uses bamboo that has been split, flattened, serpent represents the Austronesian cosmological model
and cut into strips that are woven together in in many Philippine Islamic artifacts as well as the
herringbone design which makes the house like a basket. universality of water in the daily life of Asia pacific.
Windows of the awning type have a nipa or palm window
lid that can either slide from side to side or be pushed Sinadumparan (Ivatan House)
out by a pole. • In the Batanes islands, the dwellings are
Bahay Kubo features designed and built not only to withstand the
• Usually have no ceilings or room divisions. battering of the most severe of storms, sea
• Sawali walls may divide the interior space into sprays, gusts, and rains, they are also built to
rooms with open doorways overcome devastating earthquakes
• Internally, the raised floor consists of the most • The Ivatan are able to construct houses made of
essential compartments, a single multi- stone and mortar known as Calicanto with their
functional space whose use transforms knowledge of processing lime for building
throughout the day to fit the daily routine of the • The most common type is a one-storey house
household, or a 2-3 unit consisting of a living and with a partially submerged basement used as
sleeping area, a kitchen or storage room, and an storage known as Sinadumparan or Maituab
open gallery at the front or rear of the house depending on the roof configuration
called balcon or batalan • Two-storey houses are called Raku with very
• The gallery serves as an anteroom or lounging thick stone and lime masonry topped with gable
area, when located at a rear, it is used for or hip roof, and elaborately crafted truss system
keeping water jars or used as a place for bathing with a combination of bamboo, reed, rattan, and
• In the kitchen area, a batalan which has a kogan roof cover
separate roof and window with a hanging slatted • Wooden post and lintel framework are
rack called bangera is used for drying dishes and implanted in the walls
kitchen utensils • A meter thick cogon thatch sharply slopes down
and is heavily fastened onto a ceiling
The most distinctive feature of a Austronesian • The fourth windowless wall faces the direction of
Vernacular architectural form is the extended line of the the strongest typhoon winds as the house is
roof often with outward sloping gables forming elegant oriented North-South
saddleback curves. Although Philippine vernacular • A big roof called Panpe made of strong ropes
houses generally lack the graceful curve characteristic of fastened securely to the ground via strong pegs
 or large stone anchors is thrown over the entire • Originally a multi-tiered wooden structure
roof during typhoons reminiscent of the chinese pagoda or the
javanese temple with a roof consisting of three
Binuron (Isneg House) ascending layers of flared pyramidal roofs
• Characterized by a rectangular plan covered by a separated by gaps to allow direct air and light
high gable roof, the roof framing is independent into the building
of the floor framework and the floor and all of its • Later mosques are built in a style approximating
legs can be removed leaving the roof still upright middle eastern models - this mosque style built
or vice versa of reinforced concrete features an onion-shaped
• Its floor and roof is supported by completed dome on squinches and tall minarets
different sets of posts • Arabic geometric designs and quranic inscription
• Its roof is bowed into the shape of a boat turned have replaced the traditional Ukil design in some
upside down, the adaption of boat architecture mosques
in the design of a house may be attributed to the Langal
fact that the Isneg’s domain is the only region in • A larger and more permanent structure built on
the Cordillera’s with a navigable river and a boat stone foundations often to be found near a river
building tradition or a body of water
• Langal which means “to meet” refers to a small
Kalinga prayer house built with light and semi-
• Characterized with octagonal houses having permanent materials
three divided floorings, the center being the • Mostly found in rural areas
lowest
• Is the only Philippine vernacular form that Samal House (Terrestrial and Naval Architecture)
assumes an eight-sided plan • Categorized into three: land-based stilted
dwellings situated along the shoreline, oceanic
Fale (Ifugao House) stilt dwellings built completely over the sea and
• Has a square plan with pyramidal or conical roof entirely detached from the shoreline, and the
resting on top of the walls of the house houseboat which is both home and fishing boat
• The house is a box supported by posts reaching • Supported by piles driven deep enough for
no higher than the floor joints structural anchorage into the reef floor
• Externally, this house may appear to be a • Houses are linked together by catwalks and
pyramid of thatch resting on four posts bridges of timber and split bamboo
• Internally, the interior walls incline to give a • The elevation of the house depends on the
spherical dimension maximum high-tide level to allow the storage of
• It is a three-level structure, the first level is the the outrigger boat underneath of the house
stone pavement whose perimeters coincides when not in use
with the eaves, posts, and girders, the second
level is the house cage - consisting of the room, Bay Sinug (Tausug House)
frame, walls, and floor, and encloses a floor area • Construction of the house entails the Genesis
of about 12-15 sq. mt., the third level is the thick, myth, the erection of 9 posts is sequenced
pyramidal thatch roof according to the order of how the human body
• The halipan or rat guard are the wooden was supposedly created
cylindrical disk which is fitted on each of the four • Adherence to such sequence are believed to
posts rising 1.2-1.8 meters from the ground guarantee the sturdiness of the house and the
safety of its occupants
Mosque • Single room partitionless structure equipped
Two types of Mosque developed in the Philippines: the with a porch and a separate kitchen
Masjid and the smaller Langal in Tausug or Yacan or • A distinct feature of the house is the carved
Rangar in Maranaw wooden finials the Tajuk Pasung, placed at one
Masjid or both ends of the ridge of the gable or hipped
• Associated with any place of worship that roof
includes a bulbous dome and a minaret as an
architectural element Lumah (Yakan House)
 • Rectangular, ridge roofed, single room pile • The lower central space is thus integrated with
structure raised 2 meters from the ground the elevated side areas: the area of honor, the
• Has 3 parts: the Kokan or Tindakan - the main sleeping areas, and the vestibule
house, the Kusina or kitchen, the Pantan or • Capped by a thatched gable roof which is not
Simpay or porch, very steep
• The steep pitch roof Sapyaw is concave and is
thatched with either cogon or nipa

House Boat (Sama de Laut) HOA 4 Episode 2: Days of Cross and Sword
• Has a lifespan of 10-15 years
• A single beam forms the bottom, and wooden
boards form the body Miguel Lopez de Legazpi took possession of the
• The interior is divided into 3 major zones - for Philippine Islands in 1565, and founded settlements in
sleeping, cooking, and fishing tools Cebu and Panay, but moved Northward to Luzon. In
• The boat is balanced by an outrigger or “Katig” 1571, the Spaniards successfully occupied the charred
which is anchored to the main structure by a remains of a settlement abandoned by Rajah Soliman,
bow-like wooden frame called “Batangan” Chieftain of Manila. Reconstruction immediately
• With the death of the family head, the boat is commenced, they bordered the city quarters with long
transformed into a coffin palisades, and inside they built civic and secular
structures of wood, bamboo, and thatch. In time the
Torogan (Maranao House) settlement of light materials gave way to a stone fortified
• The ornate residence of the Datu and its metropolis - Intramuros. It is spread out in a point of a
extended family triangle bordered out by the bay and the river.
• Raised 2 meters above ground by posts,
numbering as many as 25 some of which are In 1583, the city was consumed by fire that required all
non-load bearing new buildings to be built in stone and tile. The discovery
• At the facade, huge tree trunks are used as posts of volcanic tile and adobe deposits in Guadalupe, Makati
• With the existence of earthquakes, posts are not ensured the supply of stone materials. Due to the
buried into the ground but stood on rounded flourishing of stone materials, businesses in producing
boulders which act as rollers that allow the certain materials that were established are the following:
structure to sway with the earth’s movements Cut stone - Cal y Canto
• The posts at the facade are decorated with Okir Bricks - Ladrillos
motifs and occasionally contoured like chess Roofing tile - Tejas
pieces Floor tile - Baldosas
• The decorative feature Panolong is a wing-like
triangular house beam elaborated by Paco As the Philippine experienced devastating earthquake, it
Rabong or fern designs or naga motif evoking the resulted in a hybrid form of construction called:
buoyant appearance of a royal vessel, the motif Arquitectura Mestiza
is chiseled in high relief and painted with bright • Combined wooden frame and stone that had a
hues, the side strips and window panels are better chance of surviving an earthquake
lavished in the same fashion • Instead of nails, wooden pegs were used to
connect the structure altogether allowing some
Gunu Bong (T’boli House) sort of flexibility that prevents splitting or
• Found in the Lake Cebu area in South Cotabato breaking
• Home to an extended family averaging from 8-
16 persons Reduccion
• Bamboo stilts or timber poles support the house • The small, scattered clusters of native
2 meters from the ground with additional poles settlement were forced to consolidate into
on the sides to keep it stable compact villages
• Tree stumps are also used as post for the inner • Some natives resented the resettlement policy
portion of the house, these are laid out in a and fled to the mountains, others remained
rectangular plan approximately 14 meters long Laws of the Indies
by 8-9 meters wide
 • Following the establishment of new towns which skirting Cortinas on both ends with 4 sided
followed the urban masterplan prescribed by the bullworks (?) were also known as Baluartes or
1573 royal ordinance by King Philip II, this (??)
encapsulated the building regulations and • Resting on other corners were little turrets called
zoning stipulations developed from Spain's Garitas where sentinels kept watch
urban planning’s experience in the Americas, as • The moat or fossil - a deep and wide ditch filled
well as theories of Classical and Renaissance with water surrounded the whole fortification as
urban design a form of defense
• It decreed that a town should have a plaza, • One side of the entrance was sometimes
streets would be laid out in a grid pattern, constructed with a massive structure known as
surrounding the plaza was a complex of (?!?!!)
prominent buildings of colonial governments • When fortress could not be built watchtowers
• The marketplace, and residents of various social were erected, and some churches doubled as a
classes would also be distributed by hierarchy fortress - the bell towers served as lookout and
around this complex the tolling of bells warned the community of
• The plaza complex expressed the centralization impending danger
of political power and colonial omnipresence
• The Spanish building program involved the Ecclesiastical Edifices
construction of forts , churches, government • The religious orders initiated the building of
buildings, domestic structures, and other ecclesiastical edifices in newly founded parishes,
colonial infrastructures often times a cemetery or a funeral chapel was
built within the grounds of a church complex
Maestro de Obras • The earliest churches were rendered in a
• New structures would be constructed under the vernacular idiom - simple in plan and fashioned
direction of Architects or Maestro de Obras in light materials with a high pitched roof; inside,
(Master Builders) many of whom were priests the floor was either raised or of compacted earth
• Builders (largely Chinese) were often employed defining a rectangular nave
under a contractual system called Pakyaw • They were later on expanded, and was made in
• The colonial government also used the tax adobe stone, limestone, or brick, reinforced with
system of Polo y Servicio which compelled every buttresses to ensure their strength during
able-bodied male to render labor for public earthquakes
construction for a period of 40 days annually, • Ultimately, the churches evolved into
thus assuring the continuous supply of labor to monumental stone sanctuaries that allowed
sustain the building activities indigenous motifs to coexist with European
styles
Fortress Architecture • The Chinese and native artisans interpreted and
• The building of (inaudible), Naval constructions, executed the ornaments from Classical,
and fortresses was a military strategy to Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, and
safeguard the colonial territories - fortifications Mudejar sources according to their own
protected the harbors and strategic coastlines aesthetic discretion often in simplified form and
• Intramuros was the foremost fortification built incorporated with local tropical motifs such as
by the Spanish Crown, other major defenses are flowers, fruits, fauna, and Chinese decorative
Fuerza de San Pedro in Cebu and Fuerza de elements such as fu dogs, lions, stylized clouds,
Nuestra Del Pilar in Zamboanga dragon-like scrollwork, and geometric lattice
• Was designed according to the principles of the screens
Bastion System of medieval citadels of Europe - • The facade exemplified the tendency of Filipino
characterized by a long stretch of polygonal walls ornamentation towards horror vacui, the
connected by protruding precincts called external composition was loaded over 1 or 2 bell
bastions at every corner of the polygon towers or campanario
• The typical forts were 3 sided or more with 3-10 • Bell towers of churches can be as simple as a
meter thick walls called Cortinas, on top of some four-posted structure, or can be grand as an
of these walls were stone landings called Casa elaborate detached stone tower, bell towers
(??) on which artillery weapons were put up,
 attached to churches were usually provided with
baptistry at the ground floor Arrabales (area on the periphery of a city or large town,
• Some bell towers like the ones in Ilocos are built a suburb)
at a considerable distance from the main church • By the last quarter of the 19th century, Manila
so that it may not topple and fall over it during experienced an urban expansion that spilled
an earthquake over the walls into the various arrabales of
• The rectangular and crucifix form is the basic Binondo, San Nicolas, Sta. Ana, San Miguel, Paco,
plan of Philippine colonial churches Ermita, and Malate
• The interior of colonial churches have 2 focal • The installation of railways facilitated the
points: the Altar Mayor or main altar, and the unimpeded influx of labor force from the nearby
Pulpito or pulpit provinces to partake in Manila’s industrial
progress
Bahay na Bato
• Merged the features of indigenous and hispanic Accesoria (Apartment Dwellings)
building traditions • Answered the migrant laborers need for cheap
• Outcome of profound social change following housing in commercial and industrial areas
the ascendancy of the native aristocracy or • Either single or two-storey high and is sparsely
Ilustrados, who demanded a new kind of decorated
dwelling that expressed their wealth, cultural • Has multiple units each defined by a common
attainment, social status, even European party wall shared with the adjoining unit and by
pretentions a separate door or access by the facade
• Descended from the Bahay Kubo and resembled
the Arquitectura Mestiza of the 17th century Civic Architecture
• Typically a two-storey house with the ground • Epitomized the Spanish administrative
floor made of masonry cut stones or brick walls, institutions
and the upper level built of hardwood • Emanating from a Bahay na Bato architype, civic
• Grillwork protected the ground floor windows, buildings were architecturally indistinguishable
while second storey windows were broad with from one another
sliding capris shutters or glass panels • The missionary tasks bringing education,
• Beneath the window sill were auxiliary windows healthcare, and social welfare to the indigenous
called Ventanillas or small windows protected subjects were undertaken by the various
with iron grills or wooden Barandillas or religious orders
balusters, and had sliding wooden shutters • Permanent buildings were generally constructed
• The house was capped by a hip or gabled tiled based on the atrium’s scheme, usually a
roof with a steep slope reaching a 45 degree structure of buildings in rectangular
angle to repel rain and oust warm air within configuration with a central courtyard extending
• Roof tiles were set in 3 or more layers which the full height or several storeys of a building
added a considerable weight to the structure • The Spaniards built ports, roads, bridges,
• Since roof tiles could easily be displaced and fall lighthouses, waterways, piped water systems,
apart during earthquakes, Yero or galvanized railway, and streetcar system employing the
iron sheets took place beginning in the 1880s leading technology available at that time
• Hardwood posts would oftentimes carry the
weight of the roof system Estacion de Ferrocarril (Railway Station)
• Resonating the living quarters of the Bahay • In 1892, the 192 km. locomotive driven railroad
Kubo, sleeping quarters would often be found on system between Manila and Dagupan was
the upper floor opened
• Room partitions did not reach the ceiling, ending • The most outstanding works carried out on the
instead in Calados or fretwork that enhanced railway system were the bridge over Pampanga
cross ventilation inside the house river, and the Tutuban station designed by Juan
• In Mindanao and Sulu archipelago where Hervas
Spanish influences were minimal, stone houses • Every railway station was built of brick masonry
developed artistic features more reflective of and concord following the British design
local aesthetic traditions
Puentes (Bridges) • The earliest theaters in the Philippines were
• Puente de España erected in 1875 over the Pasig known as Open Air Theaters which were made
river was an outstanding example of Spanish up of a temporary podium surrounded by an
bridge engineering, it had 8 arches - the 2 central open space for spectators
arches were built of iron trusses and the other 6
were of quarried stone Sabungan
• The Puente Colgante consisted of a tall concrete • The persistence of cock-fighting led to the
pier, strands of cables attached to their piers was building of cock-fighting arenas
slung across the river which in turn carried a • Illegitimate forms of leisure also persisted in the
steel truss bridge urban precincts and were fitted into existing
Bahay na Bato
Farolas (Lighthouses) • Opium den consisted of rooms provided with
• Were built to guide maritime traffic approaching benches and mats for the smokers to lie on
the coast
• Could be polygonal or cylindrical in plan
• The oldest lighthouse was built in 1642 at the
mouth of Pasig HOA 4 Episode 3: Building the Imperial
Imagination
Parian
• Commercial buildings during the Spanish
colonial era varied from small sidewalk stalls to At the closing of the 19th century, the United States
huge factories, and large municipalities such as suddenly became a colonial power. Victorious in the
Manila, Cebu, Vigan, and Malolos were special Spanish-American war, the United States got the
commercial districts for Chinese merchants and Philippines among its colonial possessions. The American
traders were called (???) forces rebuilt the war-torn archipelago and sought to
• The very first large commercial building was the reshape the city of Manila after an imperial image of a
Real Alcaiceria de San Fernando, a silk market well-ordered, helpful, and beautiful tropical city. With
established in 1758 in the Chinese district of the advent of civil rule, the American regime deployed its
Binondo - it is notable for its octagonal plan, a resources to rebuild public architecture, and sanitary
design which had no president in Spanish facilities that signify the American democratic and
colonial architecture civilizing mission.
• In the 19th century, the colonial administration
initiated an infrastructure network for Public Architecture and Sanitary Facilities
manufacturing and export, the Alamacenes or • The early years of American occupation was
warehouses, Fabrica or factories, and (??) or lingered by a succession of epidemic diseases
storage houses attributed to unhygienic domestic practices of
• With the influx of European commercial houses the natives
in 1809, the Bahay na Bato on Escolta and • The use of the toilet was introduced in 1902
adjacent streets were retro-fitted, here the among dwellers of the Bahay Kubo in Manila
ground floor was occupied with offices and through the pail conservancy system or Kubeta
shops, while the upper storey functioned as the • In the absence of a metropolitan sewer, the
resident of the proprietor of the company system provided each household with wooden
• It was also in this period that the ubiquitous buckets which were collected daily by the
neighborhood retail institution - the sari–sari municipal excrement wagons
store, and ready-to-eat restaurant sheds or • Public toilets were built in congested districts
carinderia came into being • Authorities banned the use of esteros for
bathing and washing, and established a new type
Teatros of communal architecture that combined the
• The colonial amusement and public diversions functions of toilet, bath, and laundry - supplied
were few and often dominated by theater, cock- continuously with clean water
fighting, and horse racing • The first public bath and laundry is a one-storey
• A structure specifically designed for theatrical, structure made of concrete was built in 1913
dance, and musical performances
Sanitary Barrios • Bourne’s ice plant and cold storage built on the
• In 1908, the Americans introduced the southern side of Pasig river, was the first large
neighborhood concept known as Sanitary building to be erected by the Americans, its
Barrios which permitted Nipa houses to be built massive brick masonry was fashioned in the
on subdivided lots with a built-in system of revivalist style with low relief false arches,
surface drainage, public bathhouses, and pedimented portal, and a series of mirador
laundry, and public hydrants to be availed by the towers
residents free of charge • Bourne also designed Manila’s first city hall from
• Imprints of these barrios can still be seen in Bahay na Bato, but with an old wood
Sampaloc, San Lazaro, and Vito Cruz construction using Oregon pine executed in
• With the success of the sanitary barrios, the American clap boarding technique
American authorities focused their efforts to • Bourne’s government laboratory - a lime and
modernize the Philippine house cement mortared structure was dominated by a
central portal defined by a scalloped parapet, its
Tsalet height was achieved by two mirador towers
• A single-storey structure constructed either flanking the entrance
entirely of wood or a combination of concrete • Bourne designed the cottages and other
and wood buildings in the hill station of Baguio
• The living areas were maintained at an elevation • One of the priorities of the colonial
a meter above ground, lower than the Bahay administrators was the development of master
Kubo to discourage the placement of domestic plan for the Manila and the hill station in Baguio,
animals in the underfloor area their aim was to install a sense of cosmopolitan
• The extended porch or veranda in front which arrangement to Manila’s chaotic patchwork of
could be accessed by either an L-shaped or T- communities and create an upland health resort
shaped stair was another improvement in Baguio, the designer of choice was Frederick
• Unlike the Bahay Kubo, the interior space was Law Olmsted Jr. - America’s famous landscape
defined by wall partitions which divided it into architect, at the last minute he backed out due
rooms to scheduling problems, and an equally famous
• In 1912, the Bureau of Health drew up the architect Daniel H. Burnham was chosen
schemes for sanitary urban house - single
detached, semi-detached, row house Daniel H. Burnham
apartments, and one-storey concrete houses • Father of the City Beautiful Movement
• Came to the Philippines with Pierce Anderson in
Ideal Sanitary House 1904 and surveyed Manila and Baguio
• After the great fire of Manila in 1903, the • His master plan aims to reconfigure Manila and
experiment on materials yielded the ideal Baguio as the testimony to American imperial
sanitary house of 1917 presence and technological modernity
• This house introduced a fire-resistive roofing Master Plan for Manila
material composed of diamond-shaped shingles • Development of the waterfront and location of
molded from concrete mixture and rice husk, parks, playfields, and parkways
and reinforced by woven bamboo • Establishment for street systems which would
• Its modular components - cement floor and wall connect every part of the city
slabs were implanted with sawali or woven • Zoning for building sites for various functions
bamboo • Development of waterways or esteros for
transportation
Spanish Mission Revival • Provision of summer resorts with an accessible
• Ar. Edgar K. Bourne, Chief of the Bureau of distance from the city
Architecture, designed set pieces that mimicked • It had a central civic core - radials emanating
the styles of Spanish colonial buildings from this core were laid over a grid pattern and
• The government laboratory, municipal building large parks were interconnected by parkways
of Manila, the insular ice-plant and cold storage, • The centerpiece of the Burnham plan was a civic
government printing office, and customs house core with a grand concourse from the bay to an
exhibited the Pseudo-Spanish entry arc further inland
 • Burnham envisioned a national capital complex • Parsons’ came up with 15 prototypes for a
where colonnaded buildings were formally variety of site conditions and adopted ferrous
arranged around a rectangular plaza concrete with a vernacular style
• Burnham provided a perspective rendering of • Materials, forms, windows, doors, and even
the future buildings - a domed classical structure blackboards were standardized to bring down
resembling the American capital, radiating from cost and maximize construction efficiency
this civic core was a series of tree line boulevards • Most school houses were one-storey high,
that divided the city into 5 sections and elevated several feet above ground by square
produced a street system that erected traffic reinforced concrete piers
efficiently • Capiz windows were reinvented as pivoted
Master Plan for Baguio windows rotating about a horizontal axis
• Burnham’s plan for Baguio was dominated by an Capitol
elliptical space approximately 1 mile in length 3 and Municipal Complexes
quarters of a mile in width, along with the per • Parsons situated the capitol and municipal
• rimeter of the ellipse, he sighted a commercial complexes in a park-like setting
district, and a government center, and a broad • Parsons’ neo-classic design for the capitols
residential zone became the archetype for all succeeding capitols
• The central portion of the area was reserved for built before and after the war
a public park
• Overlaid on this elliptical core was a street Sanitary Markets and Tiendas
system that conformed to the contours of the • Plans of Sanitary Markets and Tiendas were
hilly terrain likewise standardized beginning in 1912
William Parsons • Parsons recommended concrete floors and steel
• Responsible for the design of all the public truss roofs in all of his 4 market prototypes and
buildings and parks for the entire colony 2 standard tiendas
• Followed Burnham’s advice to learn from the • In these plans, Parsons provided for maximum
external Philippine-Spanish sources and light and air and placed them whenever possible
consciously orchestrated the fusion of locally near an estero or riverbank to encourage
derived architectural forms and neo-classical waterborne commerce
idiom to dramatize the encounter and
coexistence of two cultures Neoclassicism
• Recognized the supremacy of large windows, • Ar. George Fenhagen, and Ar. Ralph Doane at
shaded from the harsh tropical sun and excessive Bureau of Public Works contributed in the
glare either by metal canopies or by arches and propagation of neoclassicism both in
colonnades government and private practice
• His plans call for open spatial arrangements that George Fenhagen
permitted maximum cross ventilation • Best remembered for designing the unbuilt
• His contribution to local architecture was the capital building in Manila
improvement of quality of construction • He also designed one of the first multi-storeyed
materials and techniques such as reinforced concrete buildings in the Philippines - The
concrete, concrete hollow blocks, and the Kahn Masonic Temple in the renaissance style
Truss System Ralph Doane
Neo- • Drafted the plans for the Pangasinan Provincial
Classical Forms Capitol, the Malacanang Executive Building, and
• Under the guidance of the master plan, neo- the preliminary plans for the Legislative Building
classical forms slowly rose in the landscape, the
plan also stipulated the adaption of beaux arts as Multi-storey structures in this period did not exceed
the official style of the colony for the next 3 more than 30 meters. In the absence of air conditioning
decades technology - high ceilings, courtyards, large windows and
• The embodiment of the American Republican arcaded ground floors were the norm in such building
ideals rose in every provincial urban center types. In 1913, Manila’s first reinforced concrete multi-
Model storeyed structure (??) Building was completed. New
School Houses technologies like telephones, lifts, and plumbing were
first integrated in the Manila Hotel in 1912. Tall • The most prolific architect in the first generation
corporate buildings like the neo-classic El Hogar Filipino, • His mastery of neoclassicism assumed
Pacific Commercial Company, Filipinas Insurance international stature when he received world
Company, the French renaissance Luneta Hotel, and the acclaim in a competition held in New York for his
art nouveau Mariano Uy Chaco Building altered Manila’s design of the Bank of the Philippine Islands
skyline in the 1910s and the early 1920s. • Through his monumental works such as the
Legislative Building, Jones Bridge, and Post Office
Pensionado System - the American colonial presence was palpable
• Deserving Filipinos who aspire to be architects • He also designed other notable buildings such as
were given scholarships by the government the Chamber of Commerce Building, Villamor,
under this system beginning in 1903 and the Benitez and Malcolm Halls of the
• The majority of Pensionado architects received University of the Philippines
their academic training on the East coast • He also excelled in the art deco style through his
• Their homecoming propelled the establishment work in the Metropolitan Theater - he deployed
of architectural schools where they were local details such as bamboo baluster railings,
recruited as faculty and consultants carved banana and mango relief, and (patik?)
• Their influence both in education and practice mosaic patterns
signaled the remarkable surge in the number of • His romantic nativist stance was further
structures in the neoclassical style exemplified by his proposal for government
• When Parsons left the bureau, the Pensionados buildings in Banaue, Ifugao, Aklan, and Cotabato
took over its key positions as the government
launched its Filipinization policy “Second Generation” Architects
“First Generation” Architects • The dominance of neoclassicism was challenged
• This batch of architects, together with the by the second generation of Filipino architects
Maestro de Obras like Arcadio Arellano, and who returned from overseas studies and
Thomas Arguelles earned a place in Philippine European trips
architecture as the first generation architects • The most notable architects during this time
• Some of them ventured in other architectural were Andres Luna de San Pedro, Fernando
styles such as art nouveau, neo-kastila, and a Ocampo, Pablo Antonio, and Juan F. Nakpil they
variety of historical revivalism introduced innovative ideas and novel ways of
Arcadio Arellano utilizing non-classical ornaments and steered
• First Filipino to be employed by the Americans as Filipino architecture to a new direction - Art Deco
one of their architectural advisors Art Deco
• His works contains renaissance features (Gota de • This originated in the 1925 International
Leche Building), touches of neo-gothic style Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial
(Hidalgo House), classical elements (Mausoleum Arts held in Paris
of the Veterans of the Revolution), and art • Buildings in this style were given to profuse
nouveau decorative motifs (Ariston Bautista’s abstraction and stylization, rich ornamentation,
residence) colorist effects, dramatic massing, and simplified
Antonio Toledo geometric forms, as well as exotic imagery
• A master of the neo-classicist style who designed derived from non-western sources
the grand edifices like the twin corinthian • The later manifestation of art deco was
buildings in Leyte Capitol, Department of streamline deco that evokes the imagery of
Tourism, Cebu Capitol, Manila City Hall, and machine and mass production - rounded
Manila Customs House corners, semi-circular bays, mechanically
Tomas Mapua smooth building skin, punctured portal windows,
• First registered architect in the Philippines tubular steel railings, projecting thin roof slabs
• Established the Mapua Institute of Technology, were called the yachts and ocean liners of the
the first architectural school in 1925 period
• Established the PGH Nurses Home, De La Salle • The craze for art deco coincided with the
College, and Centro Escolar University building establishment of movie-going as a national
were example of his revivalist bent pastime
Juan Arellano
 • It provided a fascinating escape which common advancing Japanese imperial army. The political
Filipinos found in the architecture of cinema instability and economic difficulty spurred by the 3 year
palaces for a mere price of a ticket Japanese occupation was detrimental to architectural
• Islamic and Mudejar art deco features appeared production. What happened was a takeover of private
in theaters such as Lyric Theater, and Bellevue and public buildings for military and political purposes.
Theater Part of the American military logistics during the war
• Cafe Theater included Chinese elements in its art campaign in the Philippines was the prefabricated
deco facade quonset hut made of galvanized corrugated steel
• Times Theater and Pines Theater were sheeting over a frame of lightweight steel ribs.
streamline art deco
In February 1945, the Americans were set to reclaim
Andres Luna de San Pedro Manila. The last days of war witnessed the large- scale
• Initially worked in revivalist styles like that of the destruction of Manila’s built heritage, and the
french renaissance inspired Legarda Elementary irreplaceable treasures of colonial architecture.
School, and neo-kastilan residences Alfonso Paradoxically, American bombs turned Manila into the
Zobel House second-most devastated allied city in the world. What
• He switched to art deco in his (??) Building using had been built in almost half a century to cultivate the
vertical pipe modems, (??) arches, octagonal American imperial imagination was reduced to rubble in
tableau precast, and low relief medallions a matter of days.
• His most celebrated work is the Crystal Arcade
which features a continuous band of concrete
and glass panes sweeping boldly inward at the
central mall, it was the structure to introduce a HOA 4 Episode 4: Out of the Ashes: Modernism
mall-type commercial space and Contemporary Architecture
Fernando Ocampo
• The central seminary building of UST, and
Paterno Building were specimens of his art deco In 1946, the war-torn Manila rose again. In response to
manipulation housing shortage and destitution, makeshift structures
Pablo Antonio and shanty towns built from debris itself emerged as the
• Some of his works include the Manila Polo Club, period’s symbol of survival. Out of the ashes, Filipinos
Ideal Theater, the residence of Ramon Roces, moved on to rebuild their lives and found a modernism -
and early buildings of Far Eastern University the foundation of which could build a new nation.
Juan Nakpil
• Is both an engineer and architect Manila’s pre-war neoclassical splendor was resurrected -
• Designed and built the most number of large the Manila City Hall, the Post Office building, Agriculture
structures among the group and Finance buildings, Legislative building, and a group
• Some of his exemplary works include Geronimo of buildings of the University of the Philippines in Manila
Reyes Building, the World Eucharistic Monument were rebuilt approximating their original plans.
of 1937, Quezon Institute Administration
building and pavilions, and the Manila Jockey “Form Follows Function” - Modern Architecture
Club • This design philosophy was the new doctrine
proclaimed by the “Third Generation” Filipino
In 1934, the US Congress mandated the establishment of Architects namely: Cesar Concio, Angel Nakpil,
Philippine Independence within 12 years. The Alfredo Luz, Otilio Arellano, Felipe Mendoza,
commonwealth of the Philippines was established in Gabriel Formoso, and Carlos Arguelles
1935 as a transitional government with Manuel L. • Modern architecture’s simplified geometries
Quezon as president. Manuel L. Quezon contemplated a were in accordance with the demands of
new city and national capital for the new commonwealth honesty in materials, structure, and form -
reminiscent of Washington, D.C., but the Pacific War maneuvered in restraint, valuing simplicity over
would temporarily frustrate Quezon’s urban vision. complexity
• The utilization of reinforced concrete, steel, and
In December 1941, Manila was declared an open city to glass; the predominance in cubic forms,
spare the city from damage that might be caused by the geometric shapes, cartesian grids, and the
 absence of applied decoration were the essential facade was complemented by a dome structure
features of modern architecture over the circular vestibule
• The brise soleil or sunbreaker, glass walls, • The old capitol site in Diliman, Quezon City in
pierced screens, and thin concrete shells were 1950s played host to several government
staple architectural elements in the 1950s and agencies that boasted of hard-edged modern
1960s architecture (People’s Homesite and Housing
Tropical Modernism Corporation,Department of Agriculture and
• In 1947, the Philippine government sent a core Natural Resources, and the Agricultural
of architects (Juan Arellano, Cesar Concio, extension buildings)
Manuel Manosa, and Juan Nakpil) on a mission • The centerpiece of this elliptical core was the 66
to study the modern capitals of the United meter high art deco Quezon Memorial
States, and Latin America and on their return to Monument composed of 3 pylons topped by
formulate the master plan for the modern female winged figures representing islands of
capital city, the mission acquainted the Filipino Luzon, Vizayas, and Mindanao
delegation with South American modernism • Roberto (??!)’s Rizal Provincial Capitol was one
particularly in the works of Oscar Niemeyer of the important post-war capitol edifices that
• The tropical modernism of South America deviated from beaux art’s formalism - it was
became the Philippine paradigm remarkable for its diamond-shaped concrete
Cesar Concio supports, and the wraparound louvers and sun
• Was a part of the delegation who later worked baffles
as architect of the University of the Philippines • Roberto also created an illusion of
• Borrowed Niemeyer’s massing and sunbreakers weightlessness in the QC Assembly Hall as a
for his Palma and Melchor Halls massive elongated, octagonal structure appear
• His saddle-shaped Church of the Risen Lord was to be lifted by two angled stilts
imitative of Niemeyer’s St. Francis Church in • Juan F. Nakpil’s SSS Building was a low podium
Pampulha, Brazil and 60 meter slab tower clad in a curtain wall
Capital City Master Plan Space Age
• The government declared Quezon City as the • This period found expression in a visual language
Philippine capital and created a capital city of long and lean horizontal lines, soaring upright
planning commission to prepare its master plan structures, and parabolic arches, and sharply
• In 1949, the commission chair by Juan Arellano contrasted angles all alluding to space
submitted the master plan which provided the exploration
detailed urban framework for the creation of • Innovations on shorter reinforced concrete,
Capital City plastics, and steel made it possible for architects
• Using the scheme of Washington, the plan to manipulate materials to the point where
endorsed a government center situated at a building became sculptures
high plateau called Constitution Hill • Complex mathematical computations, and
• In 1956, the proposed design and scale model of advanced engineering techniques allowed new
the Brazillia inspired capital complex was shapes and structural configurations to be
presented to the public, despite much criticism, performed in the thin concrete shells and
its construction commenced in 1958, but as the concrete folded plates such as Church of the
funds dwindled the project was ultimately Risen Lord in Diliman and the UP Chapel
abandoned Thin Shell
New Government Buildings • In 1955, the first venture into thin shell
• The need for new government buildings was experimentation was spearheaded by the
greatly felt in the 1950s and the GSIS Building in collaboration of Architect Leandro Locsin, and
Arroceros was completed in 1957, it belonged to Engineers Alfredo Juinio, and David Consunji
the first batch of new government buildings which resulted in the Church of Holy Sacrifice
programmed for the new republic - it Church of Holy
demonstrated the shift from classical to modern Sacrifice
• The Veterans Memorial Building was decidedly • This revolutionary structure was molded in its
modern with its semi-circular convex facade entirety using mere plywood forms
flanked by two massive vertical walls, the curved
 • The main concrete shell was 3 and a half inches • Explored new and dynamic forms mostly in
thick and was supported by a 4 inch thick ring concrete
beam that in turn was supported by 32 curved Cathedral of the Holy Child
reinforced columns • Possessed a suspended block with sloping
• The composition seemed to defy gravity with its trapezoidal walls and textured horizontal
flying saucer imagery grooves all throughout
Philippine Atomic Research Center • The side of the suspended block sloped beyond
• Designed by Cresenciano De Castro the walls of the lower block to form wide
• Comprised an arc-shaped nuclear laboratory overhangs
building, and an egg-shaped reactor building Iglesia ni Cristo
• The reactor building was an airtight concrete • Were mid-20th century interpretations of gothic
shell structure which connected to a semi- architecture
circular laboratory roofed by a serrated folded Brise Soleil, Sun Baffles
plate • Are simple devices applied externally to
Araneta Coliseum tropicalize and tame the climate in sensitive
• Reigned until 1963 as the world’s largest dome designs of the international style
coliseum • Some notable buildings are the World Health
• It was a reinforced concrete cylinder with an Organization Building, Ermita Center, Insular Life
aluminum dome structure Building, Philam Life Building, Meralco Building
Folded Plate UST Engineering and Architecture Building
• Folded plate on one hand was a roof structure • Designed by Julio Victor Rocha
whose strength and stiffness was derived from • The use of brise soleil was initiated successfully
pleated or folded geometry in this design
• A special class of shell structure formed by • This launched a wave of imitation and a craze for
joining flat, thin slabs along their edges so as to the sunbreaker which some architects used
create a 3D structure without proper solar orientation
• Became the signature element in the works of Pierced Screens
National Artist Juan Nakpil in the 1960s such as • As a sort of improvement over the brise soleil,
in the Rufino Building, Commercial Bank and the pierced screen was extensively adopted in
Trust Building, and SSS Building Manila during the 1960s
UP International Center • It functioned mainly as a diffuser of light, and
• Designed by Victor Tiotuyco doubled as a decorative layer for the exterior
• Built with a large-span folded plate which rested • Fabricated from perforated concrete or ceramic
on four radiating beams rising at an acute angle blocks, precast concrete, or aluminum bars with
from a triangular ornamental pool various ornamental punctures
Rizal Theater US Embassy Building
• A building revived from Nakpil’s stillborn • Has the most noteworthy applications of pierced
National Theater project in Luneta screen in Manila
• Distinguished from its slightly convex facade
with 14 pilasters tapering downwards and its Department of Agriculture
cantilevered canopy Building
Union Church • A cubist carabao head motif was employed in the
• Notable for its anahaw-like cantilevered folded concrete pierced screen was used in this design
plate roof
Following the oil crisis of 1973, architects began to
National Press Club realize the failure of modern buildings in the tropical
Building climate. The cubic glass tower that operated on high
• Utilized crystalline surfaces for modern edifices energy consumption typified the international style.
was best captured in Angel Nakpil’s design in this Filipino architects were compelled to backtrack and
building reevaluate vernacular building traditions as sources of
• A cylindrical glass tower became the focal point energy efficient design. This gave rise to a modernist
of this bauhaus volumetric manipulation trend known as Tropical Regionalism.
Modern Places of Worship
Tropical Regionalism • For middle income households, residential units
• Advocated the philosophy of energy efficient in Philam Life Homes (one of the best planned
buildings through designs that were both subdivisions at the time) were designed on a
responsive to local climate and culture modular system with 24 schemes for a
San Miguel Corporation Headquarters bungalow-derived from a single typical floor plan
• Designed by the Manoza brothers, and designed by Arguelles
landscape architect IP Santos • In upscale subdivisions designed by the Ayala
Development Academy of the and the Ortigas families, homes were designed
Philippines not by company architects but by architects
• Designed by Felipe Mendoza commissioned by individual homeowners - this
Benguet Corporation Building allowed a great variety of domestic architecture
• Designed by Leandro Locsin to develop
GSIS Building • The sprawling California bungalow with a lanai
• Designed by Jorge Ramos and a two car garage became the 1950s symbol
High Rise Fever of domestic affluence
• In the 1950s, the height of buildings was limited • Tall and multi-storeyed apartments played a new
by law to 30 meters, with the amendment of role in providing Filipinos with modern housing
Manila ordinance no. 4131 • Monterey apartments, and Carmen apartments
Picache Building epitomized the modernist high rise apartments
• Designed by Angel Nakpil of the period, these works had high and
• Was considered the first skyscraper of the continuous cantilevered balconies
Philippines Neo Vernacular Architecture
• Reached 12 storeys • Local architects adapted Maranaw and southern
Insular Life Building Philippine motifs exploiting vinta colors and roof
• First office building to surpass the old height silhouettes resonating with ambiguous Malayan
restriction in the Makati CBD figurations
• Some notable buildings are the Manoza
Ramon Magsaysay Center brother’s Sulu Hotel, Francisco Fajardo’s Max
• Designed by Alfredo Luz Restaurant, and Luau Restaurant which
• Supported by 12 travertine clad reinforced exaggerated the vernacular’s sloping roofs,
columns like tree trunks flaring out Felipe Mendoza’s Holiday Hills Golf Clubhouse
• In reality, the main support was a cast-in-place liberally applied the Naga’s head in ornately
concrete shear wall with a core of deeply carved beam ends
embedded concrete piles Philippine Pavilions
• It began when Manila hosted the International
Cresenciano De Castro Fair in 1953
• Introduced the use of exposed aggregate finish • In the 1958 Brussels Universal Exposition, the
which eliminated the need to paint the exteriors country was represented by a pavilion no
• An excellent example of this brutalist tendency is different from the Bahay Kubo, except that its
the Asian Development Bank, Cultural Center of high pitched roof was transparent plastic and its
the Philippines, Central Bank of the Philippines walls were simulated sawali sidings
• For the 1962 Seattle World Exposition, the
Subdivision Development Philippine Pavilion designed by Luis Araneta took
• These plan satellite communities were on less literal interpretation of vernacular
patterned after American suburbia through the architecture via a cuboidal pavilion with exotic
People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation ornaments
which is now National Housing Authority • For the 1964 New York World’s Fair, the
• New suburban communities were developed in Philippine Pavilion designed by Otillo Arellano
Quezon City - these projects offered 3 types of demonstrated the interaction of native design
low cost concrete bungalow units: the 3-storey and space age aesthetics, the roof assumed a
dwelling, the single detached house, and the form of a wide-brimmed Salakot lifted above
twin or duplex, the bungalow thus became the ground by stilts - a composition that alluded to a
convenient model for post-war housing levitating space craft
 • In the 1970 World Exposition in Osaka, Japan, Parish Church, Aquino Center, Bamboo Mansion,
Locsin created a national pavilion with an and his own residence
exaggeratedly protruding form which could be
variously interpreted as a bird in flight - a prow Post Modernism
of a Muslim’s vinta or as a metaphor on the • Modernism in the Philippines was beginning to
nation’s progressive aspirations lose its grounds by the 1980s and many came to
realize that the modernized buildings were
Bagong Lipunan (Marcos Architecture EWWW boring and lack character
!) • Stimulated the resurgence of ornament in
• The regime’s extravagant building program was buildings as an antidote for modernism’s
legitimized by the search for national identity renunciation of tradition
and nation building • This design tolerated every imaginable
• The colossal building project of the Marcoses, architectural expression from Classical
cultural buildings, finance complexes, medical Revivalism to Visionary Deconstructivism
centers, police, hotels, convention centers, • Adopted a populist aesthetic language heavily
airports, official residences, and the Nayong influenced by Classical architecture, this work
Pilipino projected an image of a progressive and like a decorative packaging that reanimated
modern nation state otherwise uninteresting facades by juxtaposing
• The essential characteristics of a Bahay Kubo symbolic elements and enveloping it with irony
were reinterpreted by means of crisp modernist and metaphor
masses and cantilevered projections in Leandro • As a way to break its vertical monotony, the Post
Locsin's buildings at the Cultural Center of the Modern skyscraper adopted a the tripartite
Philippines complex - the CCP Main Theater, Folk division of calendar architecture, partitioning the
Arts Theater, Philippine International wall structure into vertical segments - podium,
Convention Center, and the Philippine Center for shaft, and crown, this formula called Tower on
International Trade and Exhibitions the Podium was predominantly adapted for
demonstrated Locsin’s application of abstract commercial and corporate towers because of
cubist principles to distill the essential and their mix use potential
floating qualities of the Bahay Kubo into • The theme park techniques of image-making
sculptural edifices seductively layered the complexity of urban life
• The regime’s mass housing program used the with marketable and alluring imagery resulting in
vernacular paradigm to develop its prototype a place of manufacture and controlled
houses like those found in Kapitbahayan, and imagination
Maharlika villages • The once neglected sections of Manila were
• In 1981, Geronimo Manahan collaborated with reborn and now teeming with urban activity
the ministry of energy to develop a prototype • This period reinvented the cityscape with
house known as the passively cooled urban potential illusion and perpetuate escapist
house fantasy environments that are now as common
Francisco Manoza as the master plan micro cities like Eastwood
• used an imitative and straightforward approach City, Fort Bonifacio Global City, and Rockwell
for his Tahanan Filipino or Coconut Palace which Center, the retail environment of Megamall, and
showcased a double roof reminiscent of a native Greenbelt, and gated communities, upcoming
farmer’s wide-brimmed hat or Salakot, and a exclusive gated neighborhoods are planned in
swing-out Tukod-styled window borrowed from the principles of new urbanism
the Bahay Kubo - its hexagonal design plans were
taken from the hexagonal cross-sectional
pattern of lumberyard cut coconut trunk
• Through the Coconut Palace, he began to align
practice more firmly towards the advocacy of
climate responsive vernacular architecture
• His other works include: Ateneo Professional
Schools, Pearl Farm Resort, Mary Immaculate