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Multiphysics Modeling
with Application to
Biomedical Engineering
Multiphysics Modeling
with Application to
Biomedical Engineering
Z. Yang
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been
acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Yang, Z., author.

Title: Multiphysics modeling with application to biomedical engineering /
Z. Yang.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical
references and index. | Summary: “The aim of this book is to introduce
the simulation of various physical fields and their applications for
biomedical engineering, which will provide a base for researchers in the
biomedical field to conduct further investigation. The entire book is
classified into three levels. It starts with the first level, which
presents the single physical fields including structural analysis, fluid
simulation, thermal analysis, and acoustic modeling. Then, the second
level consists of various couplings between two physical fields covering
structural thermal coupling, porous media, fluid structural interaction
(FSI), and acoustic FSI. The third level focuses on multi-coupling that
coupling with more than two physical fields in the model. Each part in
all levels is organized as the physical feature, finite element
implementation, modeling procedure in ANSYS, and the specific
applications for biomedical engineering like the FSI study of Abdominal
Aortic Aneurysm (AAA), acoustic wave transmission in the ear, and heat
generation of the breast tumor. The book should help for the researchers
and graduate students conduct numerical simulation of various biomedical
coupling problems. It should also provide all readers with a better
understanding of various couplings”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020009270 (print) | LCCN 2020009271 (ebook) | ISBN
9780367509767 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367510800 (ebook)
Subjects: MESH: Physical Phenomena | Biomedical Engineering | Finite
Element Analysis
Classification: LCC R857.M3 (print) | LCC R857.M3 (ebook) | NLM QT 36 |
DDC 610.28--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020009270
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020009271
ISBN: 978-0-367-50976-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-51080-0 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by Lumina Datamatics Limited
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................xi
Author�� xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................................... 1
Section I Single Physics Phases
Chapter 2 Structural Analysis................................................................................7

2.1 General Characteristic of Solid State.........................................7
2.2 Governing Equation of Solid and Finite Element
Implementation...........................................................................7
2.2.1 Lagrangian Description.................................................7
2.2.2 Constitutive Equation....................................................8
2.2.3 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions
for Structural Analysis��8
2.2.4 Finite Element Implementation..................................... 9
2.3 Finite Element Procedure of Structural Analysis in ANSYS...... 12
2.4 Deformation of Intervertebral Disc under Compression.......... 13
2.4.1 Finite Element Model.................................................. 13
2.4.2 Material Properties...................................................... 14
2.4.3 Boundary Conditions and Loadings............................ 14
2.4.4 Solution Setting........................................................... 15
2.4.5 Results......................................................................... 15
2.4.6 Discussion................................................................... 17
2.4.7 Summary..................................................................... 17
References........................................................................................... 18
Chapter 3 Fluid Analysis..................................................................................... 19

3.1 Nature of Fluids........................................................................ 19
3.2 Governing Equations of Fluids and Their Numerical
Simulation�� 19
3.2.1 Eulerian Description................................................... 19
3.2.2 Governing Equations................................................... 21
3.3 Modeling Procedure in ANSYS Fluent.................................... 22
3.4 Study of Blood Flow through a Stenotic Artery by CFD......... 22
3.4.2 Results.........................................................................24
3.4.3 Summary..................................................................... 27
References........................................................................................... 27
v
vi Contents
Chapter 4 Acoustic Analysis................................................................................ 29

4.1 Sound Waves............................................................................ 29
4.2 Governing Equation and Finite Element Implementation........ 29
4.3 Finite Element Procedure in ANSYS....................................... 32
4.4 Acoustic Analysis of a Body under a Blast in an Open Area......32
4.4.3 Loadings and Boundary Conditions............................ 33
4.4.4 Solution Setting...........................................................34
4.4.5 Results.........................................................................34
4.4.6 Discussion...................................................................34
4.4.7 Summary..................................................................... 36
References........................................................................................... 36
Chapter 5 Thermal Analysis................................................................................ 39

5.1 Modes of Heat Transfer............................................................ 39
5.2 Governing Equations and Finite Element Implementation...... 39
5.3 Finite Element Procedure of Heat Transfer in ANSYS............ 43
5.4 Thermal Analysis of Breast Tumors......................................... 43
5.4.1 Bio-Heat Equation.......................................................44
5.4.2 Finite Element Model..................................................44
5.4.3 Material Properties......................................................44
5.4.4 Boundary Conditions..................................................46
5.4.6 Results.........................................................................46
5.4.7 Summary..................................................................... 47
References........................................................................................... 47
Section II Coupling Between Two Physics Phases
Chapter 6 Introduction of Coupling Problems..................................................... 51

References........................................................................................... 53
Chapter 7 Fluid-Structure Interaction.................................................................. 55

7.1 FSI in ANSYS.......................................................................... 55
7.1.1 Two-Way FSI Coupling in ANSYS............................. 55
7.1.2 One-Way FSI Coupling in ANSYS............................. 55
7.2 Study of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Two-Way FSI........ 57
7.2.1 System Coupling Implementation............................... 58
7.2.1.1 Structural Analysis...................................... 59
7.2.1.2 CFD Fluent Analysis...................................60
Contents vii
7.2.1.3 System Coupling.......................................... 62

7.2.2 Results......................................................................... 62
7.2.3 Discussion...................................................................64
7.2.4 Summary..................................................................... 68
7.3 Study of AAA by One-Way Coupling...................................... 68
7.3.1 One-Way Coupling Implementation............................ 68
7.3.1.1 CFD Fluent Analysis................................... 68
7.3.1.2 Static Structural Analysis............................ 69
7.3.2 Results......................................................................... 69
7.3.3 Discussion................................................................... 70
7.3.4 Summary..................................................................... 72
References........................................................................................... 72
Chapter 8 Modeling of Porous Media.................................................................. 75

8.1 Governing Equations for Porous Media................................... 75
8.2 Finite Element Procedure of Porous Media in ANSYS........... 77
8.3 Finite Element Analysis of Biological Tissue in the
Confined Compression Test...................................................... 78
8.3.3 Boundary Conditions and Loadings............................ 79
8.3.5 Results.........................................................................80
8.3.6 Discussion................................................................... 82
8.3.7 Summary..................................................................... 82
References........................................................................................... 82
Chapter 9 Acoustic-Structural Coupling............................................................. 85

9.1 Finite Element Matrix of Acoustic-Structural Coupling.......... 85
9.2 Finite Element Procedure of Acoustic FSI in ANSYS............. 87
9.3 Finite Element Analysis of Blast Wave Transmission
through Human Ear.................................................................. 88
9.3.3 Loadings and Boundary Conditions............................ 89
9.3.5 Results......................................................................... 91
9.3.6 Discussion................................................................... 95
9.3.7 Summary..................................................................... 95
References...........................................................................................96
viii Contents
Chapter 10 Thermal-Structural Coupling..............................................................99

10.1 Thermal-Stress Coupling.........................................................99
10.2 Finite Element Procedure of Thermal-Structural
Analysis in ANSYS�� 100
10.3 Simulation of Heating Generation of Biological Tissues
under Cyclic Loading�� 101
10.3.1 Finite Element Model................................................ 101
10.3.2 Material Properties.................................................... 102
10.3.3 Boundary Conditions and Loadings.......................... 103
10.3.4 Solution Setting......................................................... 103
10.3.5 Results....................................................................... 103
10.3.6 Discussion................................................................. 105
10.3.7 Summary................................................................... 106
References......................................................................................... 106
Section III Coupling among More Than

Two Physics Phases
Chapter 11 Thermal Analysis of Porous Media.................................................. 109

11.1 Governing Equations for Heat Transfer in Porous Media...... 109
11.2 Finite Element Procedure for CPT Thermal Model............... 112
11.3 Application of CPT Thermal Elements for Study of
Arterial Tissue Fusion�� 112
11.3.3 Boundary and Loadings............................................ 114
11.3.5 Results....................................................................... 116
11.3.6 Discussion................................................................. 119
11.3.7 Summary................................................................... 120
References......................................................................................... 120
Chapter 12 A CFD-FEA Coupling Study of Blood Flow in the Abnormal

Cardiovascular System...................................................................... 121
12.1 Double Couplings................................................................... 121
12.2 Blood Flow in the Blood Vessel............................................. 123
12.3 Coupled Acoustic Analysis of Blood Vessel and Tissues....... 124
12.3.3 Boundary Conditions and Loadings.......................... 124
Contents ix

12.3.5 Results....................................................................... 124
12.4 Summary................................................................................ 126
References......................................................................................... 126
Section IV Retrospective
Chapter 13 Retrospective..................................................................................... 129
Appendix 1............................................................................................................. 131

Appendix 2............................................................................................................. 135
Appendix 3............................................................................................................. 137
Appendix 4............................................................................................................. 141
Appendix 5............................................................................................................. 143
Appendix 6............................................................................................................. 145
Appendix 7............................................................................................................. 147
Appendix 8............................................................................................................. 149
Appendix 9............................................................................................................. 153
Index....................................................................................................................... 157
Preface
In 2002, when I started my PhD research at the University of Pittsburgh, my advi-
sor, Dr. Patrick Smolinski, asked me to develop the finite element program to simu-
late soft tissues in the dynamic state, which incorporates the coupling of solid and
fluid phases, large deformation, and viscoelasticity of soft tissues. This request
began my research in the field of multiphysics. After my graduation, I worked with
Dr. Smolinski on a DOE project to simulate the gas flow in the gas reservoir. For the
past twelve years, I have been working in the research & development department
in big companies; I have gained significant experiences in the area of finite element
development and application, especially the application of multiphysics for biomedi-
cal engineering. This book reflects my understanding of coupling simulation that
paves a path for the biomedical researchers to conduct further studies. Since the cou-
pling problems involving different physics fields are very complicated, some errors
may exist in the book. I ask the readers to point out the errors so that I can correct
them.
During the writing and publication of the book, many individuals, including
Dr. Patrick Smolinski, Dr. Jeen-Shang Lin, Frank Marx, Dr. Zhi-Hong Mao, Dr. Li
Zhao, Dr. Krystyna Gielo-Perczak, and Ronna Edelstein, have helped me deal with
various challenges and obstacles. I deeply appreciate their encouragement and assis-
tance. I am also grateful to the CRC Press staff, especially Marc Gutierrez and Nick
Mould, for their hard work. Finally, I thank my wife and my two children for their
constant patience and support.
xi
Author
Z. Yang obtained his PhD degree in mechanical engineering from the University of
Pittsburgh in 2004. Since 2001, he has been engaged in the field of finite element
analysis for more than 18 years and has completed many projects in both academia
and industry. So far, he has published 30 papers in refereed journals and confer-
ence proceedings, including two books (Finite Element Analysis for Biomedical
Engineering Applications and Material Modeling in Finite Element Analysis) by
CRC Press.
xiii
1 Introduction
Various physical phenomena exist in the human body: cartilages contacting menis-
cus in the knee; blood flowing in the vessel; air going in and out of the lung; acoustic
wave transiting in the ear; and muscle becoming warm after cyclic tension. Clinical
studies have found that some diseases have a close association with physical phe-
nomena. Knee pain is linked with the contact pressures in the knee, and back pain is
probably caused by the big mechanical loads on the spine. Abdominal aortic aneu-
rysm is a condition in which the terminal aorta deforms to dangerous proportions
under blood pressure. The blasts in a military battle often cause tympanic membrane
injuries of the ear. Because these diseases are very common—millions of people are
struggling with them—great effort has been taken to study them. One of the keys
to ending these diseases is to understand the physical states, including stress and
deformation of structure, acoustic pressure in the acoustic problems, temperature in
the thermal problems, and velocity and pressure in the fluid field. Many studies have
addressed these issues by experimental study and numerical simulation. This book
focuses on numerical simulation, covering structural analysis, thermal analysis, fluid
analysis, and acoustic analysis, and their couplings, such as fluid structural interac-
tion (FSI), porous media, acoustic FSI, and thermal structural coupling.
Recently, numerical simulation has been extensively applied in the fields of aca-
demic research and industry. To meet this rising use of numerical simulation, a great
deal of commercial software, including ANSYS, Marc, ABAQUS, and Nastran has
been developed in the last 50 years. Among them, ANSYS Fluent is the most widely
used computational fluid dynamics software, and mechanical analysis in ANSYS
is very powerful in structural/thermal/acoustic analysis. Thus, all examples in this
book are implemented in ANSYS, and all input files are attached in the appendixes.
The book is divided into four parts. The first part focuses on single physics phases.
After Chapter 1 introduces the subject, Chapter 2 describes the structural analysis.
It starts with the nature of solid and the Lagrangian description. This is followed
by the equilibrium equation and the corresponding finite element matrix form, as
well as the modeling procedure in ANSYS. Chapter 2 ends with a simulation of the
deformation of the intervertebral disc under pressure.
Fluid dynamics is briefly discussed in Chapter 3. Because fluid flows freely under
loading, the Eulerian description is applied for the fluid field. After describing the
governing equations and general modeling procedure in ANSYS Fluent, the blood
flow through a stenotic artery is simulated in ANSYS Fluent.
Chapter 4 introduces acoustics, including its wave characteristics, the wave gov-
erning equation and corresponding finite element matrix form, and harmonic analy-
sis of a body under a blast in the open area.
1
2 Multiphysics Modeling with Application to Biomedical Engineering
Thermal analysis is the focus of Chapter 5. After introducing the governing equa-
tion and finite element matrix form, as well as the finite element procedure of the
thermal analysis, the heat generation of the breast tumor is modeled and verified by
the reference results.
Part I introduces the single physics fields, and Part II turns to the couplings
between them. After a short introduction of the general coupling methods and
classification in Chapter 6, Chapter 7 presents FSI and its simulation procedure in
ANSYS. In the last part of Chapter 7, a FSI study of abdominal aortic aneurysm is
performed by two-way coupling and one-way coupling, and then compared against
the results of the static analysis.
Biological soft tissues are biphasic with the coupling of the solid and fluid phases,
which can be modeled by coupled pore-pressure thermal (CPT) elements in ANSYS.
Chapter 8 introduces the governing equations and general modeling procedure of
CPT elements. Then, it shows a simulation of biological tissues in the confined com-
pression test.
Compared with FSI, acoustic FSI is relatively simple due to the linear acoustic
governing equations. After listing the governing equations and simulation procedure
in ANSYS in the first two parts of Chapter 9, the acoustic wave transmission in the
ear is studied using acoustic FSI.
Chapter 10 presents the thermal structural analysis, which starts with thermal-
structural coupling equations and modeling procedures in ANSYS, and it follows the
study of temperature change of biological tissues under cycle loadings.
Part III discusses models with more than two physical fields. With more physi-
cal fields, the coupling problems become more complicated, and it is more difficult
to reach convergence. Two cases are presented in Chapters 11 and 12, respectively.
Chapter 11 focuses on the thermal problem of soft tissues, in which the thermal analy-
sis works with CPT elements. The thermal analysis of porous media is implemented in
ANSYS using CPT elements with keyopt(11) = 1 and applied for modeling the tissue
fusion in the last part of Chapter 11. Another case in Chapter 12 studies the murmur
detected in the skin surface due to blocking in the blood vessel. This case is solved with
two couplings: (1) one coupling between the blood flow and wall of the vessel and (2)
another acoustic FSI between the vessel (solid) and the soft tissues (fluid).
The last part is retrospective. Based on the above three parts, Chapter 13 describes
the influence of physics natures on physical modeling, problem-dependent coupling
methods, special meshing requirements for various physical models, and units for
coupling problems.
Multiphysics is a big field. Besides the couplings mentioned in the book, it also
includes piezoelectric analysis, electrostatic-structure coupling, magneto-structure
coupling, magneto-fluid coupling, electrothermal coupling, and magnetic-thermal
coupling. These couplings are not covered in the book because they occur rarely
in biomedical engineering. If the readers are interested in these couplings, they
may read the relevant part of the ANSYS theory manual and other reference books,
Introduction 3
such as Chapter 22 in Material Modeling in Finite Element Analysis (CRC Press,

2019), Chapter 2 in Multiphysics Modeling: Numerical Methods and Engineering
Applications (Elsevier, 2015), and Multiphysics Modeling with Finite Element
Methods (World Scientific Publishing, 2006).
Most examples in the book have been implemented using ANSYS Parametric
Design Language. Reading this book requires knowledge of the ANSYS Parametric
Design Language. I suggest the readers to study the ANSYS help documentation, and
then practice some problems in Finite Element Analysis for Biomedical Engineering
Applications (CRC Press, 2019).
Section I
Single Physics Phases
The first section focuses on single physics phases, including structural analysis, fluid
analysis, thermal analysis, and acoustic analysis. These single physics phases have
their unique features and corresponding modeling procedure in ANSYS, which
Chapter 2 through Chapter 5 discuss.
Chapter 2 presents structural analysis. After briefly introducing the finite defor-
mation of the solid and the corresponding balance equations, as well as the ANSYS
modeling procedure, the intervertebral disc under pressure is simulated in ANSYS.
Fluid analysis is the topic of Chapter 3. Unlike a solid, fluid is easily deformed.
The governing equation of the fluid and modeling procedure in ANSYS Fluent are
presented along with one example of blood flowing through a stenotic artery.
Sound is a wave controlled by the wave equation. Chapter 4 introduces the gov-
erning equation of acoustic, finite element procedure, and its application for studying
a body under a blast in an open area.
Heat transfer occurs whenever the temperature gradient exists. The thermal con-
ductivity equation and finite element modeling are discussed in the first section of
Chapter 5. That is followed by the thermal analysis of a breast tumor.
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without first having taken the oath of loyalty. But he, too, like Nathan
W. Perkins, failed to set forth the time or place.
“The warrants to arrest and bring before him or some other justice
of the peace the said Duval and Odell were placed in Constable Sisk’s
hands to execute, so he deputized Joshua Smart to execute them.
Deputy Smart arrested Elder Odell, and came to my house June 12th
and arrested me in like manner, and took us to Richmond, before D.
H. Quesenberry, J. P. Here we were, like criminals, arraigned in open
court to answer the charge—for preaching.
Mr. E. F. Estebb, Prosecuting Attorney, appeared against us. Our
mutual friends, Hon. G. W. Dunn and C. F. Garner, Esq., appeared in
our behalf before the court without charge. We had quite a contest
over the case. Several speeches for and against were made, but as the
charges were not very criminal and the information very indefinite
upon the allegation—a poor thing at best—the prosecuting attorney
failed to convict us, and the unfortunate informers had the costs to
pay.
“After the decision of the ‘Cummings case’ we were all discharged
from custody, and are still engaged in trying to preach Christ—the
Way, the Truth, the Life—to sinners. ‘But if our gospel be hid, it is hid
to them that are lost.’
“Only think of the age of the world in which we live, with all the
teaching and preaching, and laws to restrain men from doing
violence and wrong to their fellow-men. Yet if men are so wicked and
demoralized, and are living in our midst, is it not right and just to
hold them to strict responsibility for what they have done? ‘Let us
not be weary in well doing, for in due season we shall reap if we faint
not.’
“Before I close I will mention one other case that took place under
these stringent laws of the State that required ministers of the gospel
to take a prescribed conventional oath, or they could not perform
their ministerial functions without laying themselves liable to law.
“In the county of Ray there is a regular Baptist Church called New
Garden. This Church had erected a comfortable building for a place
of worship. There were, and had been for some time, political
differences of opinion among the brethren, and finally, in the
summer of 1866, the Radical or law-abiding party, as they styled
themselves, arraigned their pastor, Elder Isaac Odell, a man of
exemplary Christian character, as they themselves then admitted,
before the Church for ‘violating the new Constitution.’ Elder Odell
denied the charge. This was at their June meeting for business. The
case was now brought before the Church, Judge Joseph Thorp,
Moderator. The case was argued before the Church for some time,
both for and against the charge, and finally the Moderator put the
question to the Church, and the Church sustained their pastor.
“The Church considered the question now settled and were remiss
in prompt attention at the next monthly meeting; so those who
brought the charge took advantage of the absentees and again raised
the question, and, having the majority then present, moved to
rescind what was done at the last Church meeting.
“The Church assumed the right and jurisdiction of a court, and sat
in the capacity of a jury, and found, in their way of deciding things,
Elder Odell guilty of the charge, and excluded him from their pulpit.
“The opposite party, or those who remained with the Association,
tried to convince the complainers that this was a political offense,
and that they should have nothing to do with it until the courts of the
State, which alone had jurisdiction of the case, had convicted Elder
Odell of a misdemeanor, and then it would be time enough for them
to take cognizance of the case.
“These complainers admitted to the Church while the case was
pending that they had no charges whatever against Elder Odell; that
his practice was good as a Christian, his faith correct, he observed
their Church rules properly, but he must obey the laws of his State.
“Elder Odell, with others, as I have already stated, was at that
time, upon information furnished, under an indictment by the grand
jury for preaching without first taking the oath prescribed. But these
Radical friends would not wait until a conviction was had in open
court, but must now execute judgment, which they did, with the
following consequences:
“The Church now divided upon the propriety and legality of such
procedure, and each party appealed to the Association by sending
letters and messengers. The party that remained with the Association
sent up the following question: ‘Is it wise or scriptural to arraign a
brother and exercise Church discipline when the offense is purely
political?’ To which the Association answered negatively—‘neither
wise nor scriptural.’ So the Radical party was now dropped from the
fellowship of the Church and the Association. The former clerk went
with the Radicals and kept, by force, the Church records.
“The Radicals locked the church doors and still keep it, and
unkindly refuse to allow their former brethren a day in the house,
although the latter had paid most in building the house. Each party
remains separate and has no Christian fellowship or intercourse
whatever, religiously, with each other.
“The indictment against Elder Odell in court failed, consequently
the charge was false; and now who is to acknowledge the wrong done
in the case?
“I have here stated that this division was political, and not
religious, for there was no question concerning the faith ever
involved in the controversy. As proof in the case, every Radical
member that cried, ‘obey the law,’ left the Church proper and went
with the disaffected ones. Every Conservative member remained with
the Church. It is, therefore, apparent to all that this division was on a
political question—a thing heretofore not known in our Churches.
“The Regular Baptists have never introduced in their Churches any
political tests as terms of membership or Christian communion. Not
so with some who have separated from us; ‘they went out from us
because they were not of us; for if they had been of us they would, no
doubt, have continued with us; but they went out that they might be
made manifest that they were not all of us.’ 1 John ii. 19.
“We allow our brethren to hold whatever political opinions they
may think are right and just, provided they do not introduce them
into the Church, to the annoyance and disturbance of the peace and
fellowship of the brethren. We have always, as a religious body of
people, carefully avoided the mixing of Church and State together in
our religious devotions.
“Christ says, ‘My kingdom is not of this world.’ We consider that
Christ has given us in his Word a sufficient code of laws to govern us
here in this world: ‘If ye love me keep my commandments.’ And
whensoever we disregard the written Word of God and attempt to
supply supposed deficiencies by the legislation of men, we greatly err
to our own hurt. This is a reflection upon the wisdom of God and
denies the doctrine of inspiration; from which may God deliver his
people.
“I have written these sketches mostly from memory, but I know in
the main they are true, and submit them to your discretion and
farther disposal, hoping that whatever may be done may tend to the
glory of God and the instruction of his people in establishing them in
the truth.
“Respectfully, I hope, your brother in gospel bonds for the truth’s
sake,
James Duval.”
CHAPTER XVIII.
WOOLDRIDGE, MARQUIS, PUGH AND
BREEDING.
Exceptional Distinction—Revs. J. B. H. Wooldrige, D. J. Marquis

and Geo. W. Johnson Arrested, Abused and Imprisoned for
Associating Together—Rev. M. M. Pugh Arrested and
Imprisoned—Arrested Three Times—Indicted—Northern
Methodists Implicated in his Persecutions—Flags over Pulpits by
Military Orders—Efforts to Force the Consciences of Ministers—
A Caustic Note—“Der Union Vlag on Der Secesh Church”—A
Minister’s Wife Ordered to Make a Shroud for a Dead Union
Soldier—Keen Retort—An Old Minister in a Rebel Camp—How
he “Went Dead” and “Saved his Bacon” and Potatoes—Rev. J. M.
Breeding—Armed Men Visit him at Midnight—Order him to
Leave the Country in Six Days because he was a Southern
Methodist Preacher—Arrested at Church by Lieutenant Combs—
A Parley—Men said if They were not Permitted to Shoot They
would Egg Him—Waylaid by Soldiers to Assassinate Him—
Providential Escape—Waylaid the Second Time, and Providential
Escape—Move to Macon County—Further Troubles—Reflections.
If to suffer for righteousness’ sake entitles men to exclusive

privileges in the kingdom of heaven, the ministers of Missouri will
have pre-eminence among those who suffer for the word of God and
the testimony of Jesus. Exceptional honors among the sanctified will
distinguish many of the humblest ministers of this State. And if the
instigators of persecution are to be put in the category of the
excluded, some of the most notorious ministers of the State will, in
the final award, be rejected, disowned and dishonored.
Rev. Geo. W. Johnson, Rev. D. J. Marquis
and Rev. J. B. H. Wooldridge.
Among the first to feel the crushing power of the persecutor were
Revs. D. J. Marquis and J. B. H. Wooldridge, of the St. Louis
Conference, M. E. Church, South, and Rev. George W. Johnson, of
the Baptist Church.
The first two have for many years been zealous, earnest and
successful itinerant ministers, and Mr. Johnson is a Baptist minister
of high standing and unblemished character, and Principal of the
Tipton High School.
In 1861, soon after the occupation of Jefferson City by the Federal
forces, these three men were arrested by Col. Boernstein’s order, or
by his officers, at Tipton, in Moniteau county, taken to Jefferson City,
abused by the officers, kept in the dungeon under the State Capitol
over twenty-four hours without a mouthful of food, taken out,
abused, put on board a steamer and sent up to Boonville. They fell
into the hands of Col. Stevenson, who had them closely guarded in
the fair grounds for ten days, and then sent to St. Louis. Here they
were kept for two days in the guard-house, in the old arsenal, and
then released unconditionally, by order of Major-General Fremont.
The only charge against Marquis was that he was a minister of the
Southern Methodist Church, and kept company with Wooldridge.
They charged Wooldridge with keeping company with Southern
Methodist Ministers who were known to be disloyal; and Johnson
had associated with Marquis and Wooldridge, and had even aided
them in a protracted meeting.
The old adage, that “evil communications corrupt good manners,”
is scarcely a criminal law, and the associations of ministers of the
gospel in their legitimate work can hardly be considered a criminal
offense involving the safety of the Federal Government. And yet
these humble ministers were subjected to arrest, insult,
imprisonment, hunger, abuse and various tortures of mind and body,
for no other reason than their ecclesiastical connection and
ministerial association.
While Mr. Marquis was attending the Warrensburg-Arrow Rock-
Waverly Conference, in the fall of 1861, his home was taken and used
for a hospital, and literally stripped of everything of any value—even
the clothing of himself and family—leaving not a single change of
raiment for any of them. A suit of thin summer cloth which Mr.
Marquis had on at the time was everything he had to wear, and with
which to start again in life. This act of plunder and robbery was done
by General Fremont’s men, upon the charge that Marquis was a
Southern Methodist minister and had no rights.
Believing that his life was not safe in Moniteau, he removed to
Jefferson county, where he was still subject to persecution during the
war, and where he had the honor of an indictment from the grand
jury, after the war closed, for preaching the gospel without taking the
oath proscribed by the new Constitution of the State.
Rev. M. M. Pugh.
The St. Louis Conference of the M. E. Church, South, has few
better men than the Rev. M. M. Pugh, at this time (1869) Presiding
Elder of the Boonville district.
He is a faithful, zealous, able minister of the gospel, and well
reported of in all the Churches for his amiable spirit, ardent zeal,
self-denying consecration to his work, and successful labors in the
pulpit.
In 1861 the Conference appointed him to Kansas City station. The
war had then been raging fiercely along the Missouri-Kansas border
for several months, and the ministers of the M. E. Church, South,
had come in for a large share of persecution, and a number of them
had already fled for safety. Mr. Pugh was placed by this appointment
in the lines of some of the meanest men who wore the Federal
uniform during the war. He had but a few years before left the
Northern Methodist Church for the Southern, and he appreciated
fully the delicacy of the situation and the danger of the surroundings.
He was prudent, cautious and circumspect in the pulpit and out of it;
gave utterance to no sentiment that would afford even a pretext for
his arrest and punishment. He could not approve of the outrages
committed in the name of the Union on the innocent and
defenseless, but kept his disapprobation to himself. His extreme
caution, however, did not long exempt him from annoyance and
trouble. He modestly writes:
“I was first arrested in Kansas City, in the latter part of 1861, at the
instance of a Northern Methodist, and confined in Fort Union for a
short time, perhaps not more than one hour, then released on parole
and granted city limits.
“In the summer of 1862 I was greatly annoyed and frequently
threatened by a Northern Methodist preacher who had command of
a company in Kansas City at that time.
“To avoid the relentless opposition and persecution of this man, I
left home two or three weeks. He said his Church was largely
represented in the Federal army, and to a considerable extent
influenced the U. S. forces, and that Southern Methodist preachers
should be hunted and punished. I mention this to show that we were
not persecuted for evil-doing, but simply because we were Southern
Methodists. This, in their eyes, was a crime of the greatest
magnitude.
“In the fall of 1862 I was ordered to pray for the President of the
United States by name, for the U. S. Congress, and for the success of
the Union army, ‘so-called.’ This I refused to do; and said, among
other things, that no man, or class of men, should dictate my prayers.
“In the winter of 1863 I was assessed as a Southern sympathizer. I
refused to pay the unjust assessment. For this refusal I was arrested
and put in the guard-house in Kansas City. Here I was kept in close
confinement about twenty-four hours, when, in company with nine
others imprisoned for the same offense, I was sent to Independence
in a greasy wagon guarded by twenty men and lodged in an
exceedingly filthy prison. Col. W. R. Penick, then in command,
refused to let us have our meals from the hotel or from our friends.
We were kept in this filthy place about twenty-four hours, when we
were unconditionally released by order of Governor Gamble.
“Believing that I could do no good, opposed as we were, and that
cruel men were seeking my life, I left Kansas City in April, 1863.
Soon after I left the Northern Methodists took possession of our
church.
“In March, 1866, I was indicted in Independence for preaching
without taking the oath of the new Constitution.
“I was arrested by the Deputy Sheriff, a man who before the war
would not have been thought of in connection with that office. I gave
bond for my appearance at the next term of the court. W. L. Bone
and J. B. Henry, Esqs., went on my bond. Judge Tutt was on the
bench, and Mr.——Johnson, State’s Attorney.
“In the fall I appeared in court, when the case was continued. The
next spring, the U. S. Supreme Court having decided the so-called
‘test oath’ unconstitutional my case was dismissed.
“I was an ordained Elder in the Church, and had been preaching
ten years when I went to Kansas City.”
Before Mr. Pugh left Kansas City he was not only informed that his
life was in danger, but the Northern Methodist preacher, of whom he
speaks, informed him and others that such was the feeling of his men
toward Mr. Pugh that he feared assassination every night—that Mr.
Pugh could not walk the streets any time, day or night, in safety.
It was no uncommon thing for military commanders to send
special orders to ministers of the Southern Methodist Church,
ordering prayers for specific persons or things, and requiring flags to
be displayed from the pulpit or church door.
It will answer the purposes of history merely to sample these
orders. Petty tyranny no where surpasses it:
“[Special Orders, No. 10.]
“Headquarters, Westport, Mo., }

“January 31, 1863. }
“I. It being proper that in all our supplications for the blessings of
Deity the condition of our beloved but distracted country should not
be overlooked; therefore, it is ordered—to the end that should any
prove forgetful they may be reminded that they have a government to
pray for—that during the quarterly meeting of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, South, now in session in this city, the Stars and
Stripes be conspicuously displayed in front of the pulpit of the
church where said meeting is held.
“II. The pastor of said church will cause this order to be published
from the pulpit of his church.
“By order of W. C. Ransom, Major, commanding U. S. forces at
Westport, Mo.”
Rev. John A. Murphy was pastor, and Messrs. H. Houck and A. P.
Warfield “executed the order to save the property.”
The following note explains the following order. The order gave
rise to many reflections, doubtless, that are not in the note. The note
is given verbatim:
“Bro. P.—On the opposite page you will observe an item of history
which may be worthy a place in your forthcoming book. The
occasion of this order was the anniversary of the ‘Camp Jackson
Victory,’ which was celebrated hugely by the St. Charles ‘Loilists,’
especially by the Teutonic portion of them.
“Ours was the only Church in the city honored (?) by Colonel
Emmons with an official order to display the National colors. The
order was obeyed, of course; and on the return of our ‘Super Stupid
Union Savers’ from their day of bacchanalian revelry in the suburbs
of the city, our church was again honored (?) by a halt in front of it,
and ‘three cheers for der yunion flag on der Secesh Church.’
“Col. Emmons and his ‘Home Guards’ ought to be immortalized.
Could you not help it on? They will certainly live while St. Charles
Methodism can remember
“Truly, —— ——.”
The order is as follows:

“Headquarters, St. Charles, Mo., }
“May 9, 1863. }
“Messrs. Dennis McDonald, Benjamin R. Shores, Dr. Evans and

John S. McDowell, Trustees M. E. Church, South, at St. Charles, Mo.,
will cause the National Flag to be raised over their church in this city
without delay.
“Ben. Emmons, Jr.,
“Colonel and Provost-Marshal.”
At Kansas City, St. Joseph, Jefferson City and many other places
similar orders were issued, and in some instances orders were sent
up to the pulpit commanding special and public prayers to be offered
for specific persons and things, either to test the loyalty of ministers,
or, more truthfully, to trifle with the consciences of men in the
solemn matters of divine worship.
In some instances military commanders would order the strongest
Southern sympathizers to make Union flags, or shrouds for dead
Union soldiers. Not a few amusing incidents occurred from this
cause, only one of which must suffice now, as it occurred with a
minister’s wife, and is a fine specimen of ready retort and genuine
wit upon a solemn subject.
In the winter of 1862 Major Oliver, in command of about four
companies of U. S. troops, entered Independence, Mo., and
established his winter quarters in the Female College buildings.
When his command had approached within two miles of the city they
were fired on from the brush by Quantrell’s “bushwhackers.” One
man was killed and several severely wounded.
Major Oliver was much exasperated, and made many threats that
were never carried into execution. Amongst other things he made
inquiry for the strongest female secessionist, or as he termed it, “she-
rebel,” in the city, vowing that he would order her to make a shroud
for the dead soldier. Several ladies were mentioned whose
sympathies with the South were very strong, and, amongst the
number, Mrs. Wallace, the wife of the Rev. T. Wallace, a Southern
Methodist preacher. The fact that she was a minister’s wife gave her
Southern proclivities pre-eminence in his mind, and he sent his
orderly with the goods and about the following message:
“Madam, Major Oliver, commanding this post, has learned that
you are the strongest secesh woman in this city, and has sent me with
these goods and an order that you make forthwith a shroud for a
Union soldier killed by the bushwhackers this morning. He hopes
that you will in this way compensate, in part, for the work of your
bushwhacker friends.”
This last sentence was uttered in a tone and with an emphasis that
did not permit her to doubt its import. She instantly and politely
replied:
“Present my respects to Major Oliver, and tell him the shroud will
be ready in two hours; and say to him that it would afford me the
greatest pleasure to make shrouds for his whole command.”
It is needless to say that Mrs. Wallace was not troubled with any
more shroud making for Maj. Oliver’s command.
During this same winter, and while Major Oliver was in command
at Independence, in the many skirmishes and fights between the
Federal soldiers and “Quantrell’s bushwhackers,” as they were called,
many rich incidents occurred, amongst them the following, in which
one of the oldest ministers in the State was the hero:
Rev. S. S. Colburn, for many long years a traveling preacher in the
itinerant ranks of the M. E. Church, South, and then living in Cass
county, in a superannuated condition, had been so much annoyed, so
often robbed, and his life so repeatedly threatened, that he concluded
to leave his home and place himself under the protection of friendly
bayonets as his only means of safety. He happened one day upon the
camp of Quantrell and his men, some of whom he knew very well as
his “neighbor boys.” They prevailed on him to remain with them a
few days and they would protect him. He was too old to bear arms
and do the kind of fighting they had to do, but he could keep camp
for them and stay with his old friends sometimes at night. They
offered the best they had, with their most vigilant protection, which
the old man concluded to accept for a few days.
He had not been long with them when their supplies were about to
give out, and a consultation was had as to the best method of
replenishing the stock. It was soon agreed that Mr. Colburn should
go to the house of an old friend not far off, stay all night, and bring in
a sack of potatoes the next morning. With this intent he left the camp
late in the evening, and soon found himself in the comfortable home
of his friend, and in the most agreeable family intercourse around a
cheerful fire. Old times were talked over and present events
canvassed till a late hour, when the “family Bible,” the worship, the
good night and the downy bed closed the scene. A refreshing sleep
brought the old man to an early start, and the friendship of other
years filled his sack with fine potatoes; and, as the sun arose upon
the world, he hailed the smoke of the early camp fire, and pressed on
toward his hungry protectors.
Just at daylight the camp had been surprised and attacked by a
squad of Federal soldiers. The rebels fled in confusion, leaving the
camp in possession of the enemy, while they formed in the adjacent
brush and prepared to re-take the camp. Just as Mr. Colburn rode
into camp, all ignorant of what had occurred, Quantrell opened fire
on the enemy, which was promptly returned. The preacher
comprehended the situation in an instant, and, wheeling his horse,
started to retreat. He was followed by a volley of whistling minnie
balls from the new occupants of the camp, and fell from his horse
instantly, by his sack of potatoes, and “went dead.” The rebels re-
took their camp, and in the precipitate retreat of the enemy they rode
over the sack of potatoes and the body of the preacher, the horses
every time clearing both at a bound. When the preacher was assured
of safety, he got up, shouldered his potatoes and walked into camp
with a broad smile on his face, to the great joy of his friends. By a
timely ruse he saved both his bacon and potatoes.
Rev. J. M. Breeding.
The following account of the persecution of this excellent and
faithful local preacher of the M. E. Church, South, is quite an
abridgement of the statement furnished, but is amply sufficient to
show that very few men in these perilous times suffered more, and
escaped more frequently, as “with the skin of his teeth.” How
wonderful that special Providence which so often interposes to save
the lives of his chosen servants!
In March, 1863, Mr. Breeding was residing on Barker’s creek, in
Henry county, Mo. His wife was very ill—not able to raise her head
from her pillow. When they were alone, and at midnight, three
armed men opened the yard gate, rode rapidly up to the house, and
called for Mr. B. to come out. This he declined to do, telling them
that he could hear what they had to say where he was. He saw from
the door, which he held ajar, that they held their pistols well in hand,
as if awaiting an object to shoot. They ordered him to come out a
second time, and in no genteel language. He refused, saying to them
that if they would come to see him in the day time he would see and
talk with them like neighbors.
They asked him if he was armed. He told them that he was a civil
man, and had some plows with which he expected to cultivate the
ground in the summer; and did not let them know that he was wholly
unarmed. They asked his politics, and were informed that he never
meddled with the politics of the country; that his only platform was
“Repentance toward God, and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ.”
“You are a preacher, then?”
“Yes, I try to preach sometimes.”
“A Southern Methodist preacher?”
“Yes, I belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church, South?”
“Well, that is just what we have understood, and we don’t intend to
let any such man live in this country. We have come with authority to
order you to leave in six days, and if you are here at the expiration of
that time it will not be well with you. We want to know whether you
intend to leave or not.”
Mr. B. asked for their authority, which they declined to give;
whereupon he told them as he had not meddled in any way with their
political strife he did not think any sane officer would send them at
such a time on such business. They remarked that he could either
obey or risk the consequences, and turned and rode off.
The excitement and alarm of this midnight interview proved well
nigh fatal to his wife. As soon as they were gone, and he could renew
his attentions to his wife, he thought that she was already passing
down into the shadow of death. The anxiety and agony of the
remaining part of that dreadful night no tongue can tell, no pen
describe. About daylight she began to revive, and then to rest. On his
knees, at her bedside, he determined that he would not leave her,
though they should kill him.
A few days after this occurrence, Mr. B. learned from the nearest
military post, through a friend, that no such order had been issued;
but that the commander of the post, Captain Gallihar, would not be
responsible for what his men did from under his eye.
During the following summer there were very few nights when one
or more of these lawless men was not seen prowling about the
premises and keeping the preacher in constant dread of arson or
assassination. He had no peace and felt no security.
They, doubtless, meditated midnight mischief, but had not the
courage to attempt it. They changed their plans, and began to report
to the military officers various things on Mr. Breeding, to influence
them to interfere for them and have him put out of the way.
In July his appointment in Calhoun was attended one Sabbath by a
Lieut. Combs, with his company of men, whom he stationed at
convenient places about the church and along the road near the
church, as though they expected to encounter a desperate enemy.
As he approached the church and began to comprehend the
situation, he discovered what he afterward learned were signals.
When these signals were made the whole force moved out to the road
and advanced rapidly toward the preacher; he was halted and his
name demanded.
“You pray for ‘Bushwhackers,’ I learn,” said the officer.
“No more than for other sinners,” the preacher answered.
“But,” said the officer, “some of the boys tell me they have heard
you pray for the success of Bushwhackers. They say they have known
you long, and that you are an original secessionist; that you have
always believed in secession,” &c.
The preacher appealed to those who had known him the longest, if
they ever heard him utter disloyal sentiments or knew him to attend
a political meeting of any kind. He was no political partisan, and
never had been. They finally told him that he was a Southern
Methodist preacher and that was enough, as they were all rebels.
While this conversation was going on and the most of the company
were in disorder, a squad of men were drawn up in line in front of
the preacher with their guns ready for use. Lieut. Combs stepped up
in front of these men, when the conversation closed with the
preacher, and talked to them for some time in a subdued tone of
voice. At the close of the interview one of the men said, in a low
voice: “Well, if you will not let us shoot him, we will egg him,” and
started off to a barn near by from which he soon returned with his
hands full of eggs. The officer would not let him use the eggs, and
after some further conversation he dismissed the preacher and took
his company back to headquarters.
A few days after this Mr. Breeding had occasion to go to Windsor
for medicine for his afflicted wife. There he again met these Calhoun
soldiers. They were very annoying and insulting. A mounted squad of
them started off before Mr. B. was ready and took the road leading to
his house. When the preacher started home and had reached the
forks of the road, he was minded to take the plainest and best road,
but his horse pulled so obstinately for the other that he finally
yielded and reached his home in safety. The next day a friend came
to see if he was safe, and informed him that the squad of soldiers that
left Windsor before him, waylaid the road to assassinate him. What a
providential deliverance!
The next Sabbath Mr. Breeding had a regular appointment to
preach at Windsor. With the Sabbath morning came a foraging party
to his house demanding breakfast. They stayed and detained the
preacher until it was too late to reach his appointment, and he had to
remain at home. This detention saved him further trouble, and
probably his life. He afterward learned that a band of twenty men
were all that morning on the road that he was expected to pass.
When it became so late that they supposed he had gone by some
other way, they went to the church, surrounded it and entered, but to
discover again their disappointment. The preacher was nowhere to
be found; and in consultation some wanted to go immediately to his
house and inflict summary punishment, but other counsels
prevailed, and they determined to try him again the next Sabbath at
his appointment at Moffat’s School house.
The Sabbath came, and with its earliest rays came a messenger
from a Mr. Owen, a Baptist friend, requesting Mr. Breeding to come
to his house immediately as his son was at the point of death. Mr. B.
went without delay several miles in a direction from the church. After
detaining him as long as he could, Mr. Owen informed him of a trap
set for him that day, and that he must remain at his house all day.
The preacher was not aware of any evil designs, and only yielded to
much earnest solicitation to keep out of harm’s way.
After having so often and so narrowly escaped, Mr. Breeding
thought it best to seek greater safety elsewhere. Accordingly he
disposed of his effects, packed up and journeyed to Macon county, in
North Missouri, and settled down near the old Hebron Church. This
move was attended with much privation, suffering, danger and
pecuniary loss. He found at his new home a faithful little band of
men and women who met every Sabbath where prayer was wont to
be made. To these he gladly joined himself.
By this time religious privileges were few and religious liberty
greatly abridged by the operation of the “new Constitution.”
Ministers were afraid to preach, and the membership discouraged
and depressed. The party in power were very vigilant in hunting out
and dragging before the civil courts all non-juring ministers.
Mr. Breeding could not take the oath, and he contented himself for
some time with an occasional exhortation to the faithful few who still
kept the altar fires burning in a quiet way.
The meetings for prayer began to attract the attention of those in
authority. They concluded that Mr. B. must be preaching, as the
meetings were so regular and so well attended. The super-loyalists
determined if such was the case they would take the law into their
own hands and see what virtue there was in powder and ball.
The next Sabbath found eight armed men on the front seat to
enforce the authority of the new Constitution. There appeared an
equal number of orderly citizens prepared to protect the peaceful
worship of the congregation. For a time matters wore quite a
menacing aspect.
The usual prayer meeting exercises were had, and Mr. Breeding
closed up with a warm and an earnest exhortation. The services were
somewhat abbreviated, that the unfriendly parties might the sooner
be separated.
The next Sabbath the same armed super-loyalists were present,
but the friends of peace and order were absent. The preacher had
great liberty in the service, and felt in no way intimidated by the
presence of armed men on the front bench. During his earnest
exhortation, founded upon a favorite text, the men became
somewhat excited, but they had either not chosen a leader or the
leader showed the white feather. They kept calling one upon the
other to start—“You start, and I will follow.” “No, you start, and I will
follow,” were expressions, though whispered, that could be distinctly
heard by those near them. Such things did not deter the preacher.
They could not browbeat him down, and finally, in their shame, they
vented their pique on a luckless dog that lay stretched out on the
floor near them.
After this fruitless attempt to frighten these faithful and devout
men and women, and to get some pretext for adding another name to
the list of Missouri Martyrs, they surceased their persecutions,
modified their prejudices, toned down their spirit, and from enemies
some of them have become the fast friends and even the zealous
converts of the sect that was “everywhere spoken against.”
Such scenes of suffering, trial and danger, simply because the
victim was a minister of the gospel, recalls the persecutions of other
times, and re-enacts a history which we had vainly hoped would not
darken the annals of the nineteenth century.
While the details of these dark scenes are stripped of all extra
coloring that the naked facts may appear, the ever active imagination
will, despite our soberest efforts, supply the want, and memory will
be busy with the history of other times and other countries until
Missouri is forgotten; the finest model of human government ever
devised by man crumbles into dust; the much vaunted religious
liberty expires upon its own desecrated altars; the light of a boasted
civilization fades into darkness; the noblest and freest institutions go
down in hopeless barbarism; a pure, non-political Christianity, with
a non-juring ministry, are called upon to reproduce the agony of the
Garden and the tragedy of Calvary without repeating the work and
grace of atonement, and in memory we are living over the times of
Charles the Fifth, Montmorenci and the Duke of Alva. The spirits of
the French Huguenots, the Waldenses, Vaudois Martyrs and
Bohemian Protestants have been reproduced in the ministry of
Missouri. “Why do the heathen rage and the people imagine a vain
thing? The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take
counsel together against the Lord and against his annointed, saying,
‘Let us break their bands asunder and cast away their cords from
us.’”
CHAPTER XIX.
REVS. R. N. T. HOLLIDAY AND GREEN
WOODS.
Rev. R. N. T. Holliday—Statement of his Persecutions Furnished

by Dr. Richmond, a Federal Officer—Could not War upon the
Institutions of Heaven—Mr. Holliday aloof from Politics—
Misconstrued—General W. P. Hall and his Militia Proclamation—
General Hall and Mr. Holliday—General Bassett—Rev. Wm.
Toole, Provost-Marshal, and Mr. Holliday—A Renegade—Platte
City Burned by Jennison and Mr. H. Ordered to be Shot on Sight
—He Escapes—Is Arrested in Clinton County—Again Ordered to
be Shot—Escapes to Illinois—Returns in 1865—Goes to
Shelbyville and is Indicted for Preaching Without Taking the
Oath—Crimes of the War—Common Law Maxim Reversed—
Prominent Ministers of the M. E. Church, South, Assumed to be
Guilty of Treason—Murder of Rev. Green Woods—Birth, Early
Ministry and General Character—Gives up his District—Retires
to his Farm in Dent County—Affecting Account of his Murder
given by his Daughter—Extract from a Letter Written by his Wife
—Details Published in the St. Louis Advocate of June 13, 1866—
Reflections.
Rev. R. N. T. Holliday.
The following account of the persecutions of this good and useful
minister of the gospel is furnished by Dr. Oregon Richmond, “who
was an officer in the Federal army, and always anxious for the
triumph of the Union forces.” Upon that ground he properly claims
the absence of undue bias from his statement. The whole case is so
fully and minutely reported that it needs neither introduction nor
comment to aid in a due appreciation of the facts:
“Canton, Mo., March 8, 1869.
“At the request of Rev. R. N. T. Holliday, I have consented to put

together and transmit the somewhat remarkable events of that
period of his life connected with the late war troubles. This request is
the result of an antipathy on his part to acting the part of a self-
eulogist. In my judgment no greater eulogy can be written of a
minister of the gospel than that of a calm, unvarnished recital of the
persecution to which that class of our citizens was subjected during
the prevalence of, and immediately subsequent to, the late war.
“And perhaps, after all, it is but simple justice that these facts
should be written by one who was an officer in the Federal army, and
always anxious for the triumph of the Union forces. Though an
officer in the Union army, he can thank God that his military life is
unstained by a single act of cruelty or persecution; and, above all, is
he thankful that he never made use of his military power to war
against the institutions of Heaven or the chosen instruments
ordained for their establishment amongst men. In other words, he
was not attached to a Missouri regiment, is not a son of Missouri,
and hence has never been instructed in the mysteries of that
department of military tactics that teaches the wonderful doctrine
that the truest patriotism consists in the abuse of defenseless women
and children, and the subversion of the sublimest precepts of religion
by the persecution and murder of its chosen apostles.
“In September, 1860, Rev. R. N. T. Holliday, the subject of this
sketch, was appointed by the Missouri Conference of the M. E.
Church, South, of which he has long been a member, to Rushville, in
Buchanan county, Mo. In the ensuing spring the war commenced,
but it was not until May, 1861, that he received the first intimation of
the approaching trouble that would draw him into its clutches, and
ultimately make him a wanderer and an exile from his chosen field of
usefulness.
“About that time a Union meeting was held near Rushville, and
addressed by Hon. Willard P. Hall and others from St. Joseph. Mr.
Holliday was urged to be present and reply on behalf of the South;
this he declined to do. He was not even present at the meeting,
believing that ministers of the gospel should keep themselves
unspotted from the political strifes of men. Yet his enemies said that
he stayed away through personal fear, and he was henceforth the
subject of various kinds of annoyances and petty persecutions.
“The Conference of September, 1861, returned Mr. Holliday to
Rushville. He was not molested until March, 1862, when Brig.-
General W. P. Hall issued a proclamation requiring all men subject
to military duty to enroll themselves in the State militia. Mr. Holliday
refused to enroll, upon the ground that ministers were exempt from
military duty. Gen. Hall sent him word at once, that if he did not
enroll he would have him arrested. Mr. Holliday replied that, being
exempt from military duty by the laws of the State, he could but
consider the demand extra-official, and if an arrest must be the
result of non-compliance with an illegal demand, he preferred to be
arrested. Upon this General Hall addressed a note to Mr. H. in the
politest terms, requesting an interview to arrange the difficulty.
Trusting the General’s honor, Mr. Holliday complied; but, upon
presenting himself at headquarters, the General refused to see him,
and ordered him taken to the Provost-Marshal’s office for
enrollment. Gen. Bassett, the Provost-Marshal, had the entrance to
his office securely guarded after Mr. H. was admitted, and informed
him that he must enroll under Order 19, as a Union man, and submit
to a physical examination, or under Order 24, as a rebel sympathize;
and pay a commutation fee of $30. Finding submission inevitable, or
something worse, Mr. H. registered under Order 24, but refused to
pay the commutation as an unlawful and an unauthorized exaction,
and demanded his exemption papers as a minister of the gospel, at
the same time producing his ordination parchments. General
Bassett, after some delay, gave him exemption papers, and, after
considerable annoyance, he gave him a pass also, which enabled him
to travel back and forth and fill his appointments without further
molestation than an occasional petty persecution, the instigation of
malice, and an occasional threat of being shot.
“During the summer of 1862 Mr. Bassett was superseded in the
office of Provost-Marshal by a Mr. W. Tool, who had been up to that
period a minister in the M. E. Church, South. He had, however,
apostatized, and joined the M. E. Church, North.
“Mr. Bassett’s brief apprenticeship in villainy fitted him for, and he
was appointed to, a higher office. Mr. Holliday was requested to fill
the pulpit made vacant by the military prohibition upon Rev. W. M.
Rush, of St. Joseph, and the ladies of the church in which Mr. Rush
had been silenced waited on Provost-Marshal Tool and requested
permission for Mr. Holliday to fill the silent pulpit. Mr. Tool, who
was acting in the interest of the North Methodists, refused to permit
Mr. H. to come to St. Joseph to preach the gospel.
“In September, 1862, Mr. Holliday was sent to Platte City, and
there remained unmolested until the following June, when soldiers
from Kansas took his horse, which he never saw afterward. He
borrowed another, which was also stolen and carried off. He thus lost
two horses in as many weeks.
“About the middle of July, 1863, Col. Jennison, of Kansas, went to
Platte City and burned the town. His men were ordered to shoot Mr.
Holliday down at sight. Knowing the character of Jennison’s men,
and being apprised of the order by a Union man, Mr. H. made good
his escape, leaving his family at Mr. Redman’s. On the evening of his
flight his house, containing all that he had in the world, except what
the family had on, was given to the flames. His family were thus
made destitute and reduced to beggary.
“The next day, at 3 P. M., Mr. Holliday was arrested, by order of a
Clinton county militia captain, and taken to Plattsburg. He was there
subject to some indignities, until Mr. Cockrell informed Captain
Irvine, commander of the post, of the facts, who, being a gentleman
and a Mason, ordered the instant release of Mr. Holliday.
“The next day Capt. Irvine was killed in an engagement with the
rebels. This very much enraged the militia, and an order was issued
again to shoot Mr. H. on sight. He again made his escape by flight
and concealment. He remained ten days at the residence of Mr.
Powell, of Clinton county, but upon hearing of the order to shoot
him, he, with two other ministers, Messrs. Tarwater and Jones, took
refuge in the woods, and made their way on foot to Osborn, where
Mr. Holliday met his family, and all took the train to Quincy, Ill.
They remained in Illinois until the war closed, in 1864, doing the best
he could as a minister of the gospel. Returning to Missouri in 1865,
he met the Conference at Hannibal, and was appointed to the
Shelbyville circuit.
“By this time the New Constitution had been declared the
fundamental law of the State, and under it all ministers of the gospel
were required to take the iron-clad ‘test oath’ as a qualification for
the work of the ministry, or subject themselves to arrest, indictment,
fine or imprisonment.
“Actuated by the same motives of conscience that impelled all true
ministers of the gospel, he promptly refused to take and subscribe
said oath. He was, therefore, arrested and indicted by the grand jury
of Shelby county for preaching and teaching as a minister of the
gospel without having, under oath, attested his past and present
loyalty to the Government of the United States. The said indictment
bore the signatures of Wm. M. Boulware, Circuit Attorney, E. S.
Holliday, Foreman of Grand Jury, and James Ralph, C. R. Colton
and Wm. Colton as witnesses. A copy of the indictment is in Mr.
Holliday’s possession, to be handed down to his children as a
memento of his sufferings and triumphs in the cause of his Master. It
will doubtless make their faith doubly strong in the principles of that
holy religion for which he endured so much privation, persecution
and personal danger.
“Mr. Holliday was subsequently indicted for the same offense, and
held in a bond of $500 for appearance at the November term of the
Shelby Court. Mr. M. C. Hawkins, a lawyer of Canton, made an able
argument on a motion to quash the indictment, which motion was
not sustained, and the case was continued to the ensuing May term,
when a nolle pros equi was entered and Mr. Holliday released.
“The facts above narrated I have received from Mr. Holliday’s own
lips. He was so reticent of matters concerning himself personally that
I can not but regard this as a very meagre epitome of all that he was
required to do and to suffer in the performance of the work his
Master gave him to do. He evidently is already richly rewarded in the
depths of his own consciousness, and justly decided that nothing
man may say for him can serve in the smallest degree to increase that
reward.
“[Signed] Oregon Richmond.”
The persecutions in the early part of the war were not without a
sharp discrimination in favor of the prominent ministers of the M. E.
Church, South. Few were exempt. The exceptional cases were either
in the large cities or under the protection of partisan loyalty. For
some reason the leading ministers of the Church, South, were looked
upon as the very ringleaders of the Southern revolt against the
Government. So general was this belief amongst the officers of the
Union army, that whoever escaped their surveillance had to prove a
negative in the face of the most unwarranted and unfounded
presumptions of guilt, supported and flanked by the deepest rooted
prejudices and the most blinded passion. Nor is this putting the case
too strongly. It is not in excess of the facts.
No matter how guarded, how prudent, how cautious in public or
private life, the tongue of the accuser always reached the official ear
before the accused was aware of his summons to the official bar.
That good old maxim of the English common law, that assumed a
man to be innocent until he was proven to be guilty, was reversed.
Men were assumed to be guilty, and they had to prove their
innocence if they could, or suffer the penalty of assumed guilt.
And, indeed, the right of trial was granted to but few. Many, very
many, suffered imprisonment and death without ever being so much
as informed of the crime for which they suffered.
The day of eternity alone will reveal the nameless crimes which
men in authority, and men without authority, committed during the
late civil war. May a merciful Providence forever spare the country a
repetition of the horrible scenes through which it has so recently
passed. These reflections are suggested by the murder of the
Rev. Green Woods.
The subject of this sketch was born in Bellevue, Washington
county, Missouri, Feb. 27, 1814, where he grew up on a farm in sight
of Caledonia.
He was received on trial in the Missouri Annual Conference M. E.
Church in the fall of 1836, when the Conference was held in St. Louis,
and was appointed by Bishop Roberts, junior preacher on the
Farmington Circuit, with George Smith as his senior.
The next year he was returned by Bishop Soule to Farmington,
with Alvin Baird as his senior.
The next year his name does not appear in the minutes, nor does it
appear again until the year 1853, when he rejoined the St. Louis
Conference and was appointed by Bishop Andrew to Cape Girardeau
and Jackson.
In 1854 he was appointed to Ste. Genevieve Circuit, and at the
Conference of 1855, at Springfield, he was received into full
connection, and returned to Ste. Genevieve Circuit, with J. H.
Cumming as junior preacher.
It is needless to follow his appointments in the Conference further
than to say that everywhere he was well received and always well
reported of for good works. He was a diligent and faithful laborer in
his Master’s vineyard, and few men stood higher in the estimation of
the people or was more securely enthroned in their affections. He
was a man of unblemished character, unswerving integrity,
unwavering fidelity, deep and fervent piety, and of good preaching
ability. He was unobtrusive, unostentatious, civil, courteous, gentle
and kind to all; had many friends and few enemies—lived for his
work, and attended strictly to his own business. The last man who
would ever intermeddle with politics or make himself officious or
offensive to any man or party of men. He had charity for all, and
malice for none. This is written by one who knew him well, and loved
him much, and was a member of the same class of undergraduates in
the Conference.
When the war broke out Mr. Woods was Presiding Elder on the
Greenville District, St. Louis Conference; was extensively known in
Southern and Southeastern Missouri, and had been just as
extensively useful. But the troubles thickened so fast and the country
was so generally disturbed and distracted that with a heavy heart he
gave up his regular work on the district and contented himself with
such preaching as he could do near his home in Dent county, while
he attended to the cultivation of his little farm.
The following account of the events of 1862, furnished by his eldest
daughter, will be read with deep interest, as they culminate in the
awful tragedy of his murder:
“In the spring of 1862 the excitement in the country became so
intense that my father could no longer travel his district, so he
thought he would stay at home and try to make enough to support
his family on his farm. As the people in the neighborhood desired
him to preach to them, he made an appointment to preach, about
three miles from home, the second Sunday in May. He filled this
appointment, and announced another at the same place for the
second Sunday in June. Before that time arrived he was advised by
some of his friends not to go to his appointment, as they believed
that he would be taken prisoner, and perhaps killed, that day by the
soldiers if he attempted to preach. But he told them that he would go
and preach, and if the soldiers wished to arrest him they could do so;
that if necessary he could go to jail. He said that he did not believe
that they would kill him, as he had not done anything to be killed for.
A man by the name of Silas Hamby, a member of the Methodist
Church, North, had said some time before that no Southern
Methodist preacher should preach at Mount Pleasant again. But my
father thought it was an idle threat, as he had heard of no preacher
being killed because he was a preacher.
“When Sunday morning came, father and my sister, younger than
myself, went to Mount Pleasant, and he preached to a small
congregation—the people being afraid to turn out on account of the
soldiers—and returned home the same evening unmolested. The next
morning he took my sister—just thirteen—and two little boys he had
hired, and went out to a field one mile from home to finish planting
corn. While they were at work the mother of the boys came by the
field on her way to our house. She saw that they were nearly done, so
she thought she would wait till they finished and come along with
them. By this means there was one grown person present to witness
his arrest. I think it was about the middle of the forenoon of that
Monday, June 9, 1862, when sixteen men, armed and uniformed as
Federal soldiers, came to our house and surrounded it. They inquired
for father. Mother told them that he was not at home, but out in the
field (father told her if they came and called for him, to tell them
where he was). They made a general search, and then huddled up out
in the yard and held a council a few minutes. Five of them were sent
to the field, and while they were gone those at the house were
stealing everything they could get their hands on that belonged to
father, leaving very few things behind.
“When the five soldiers got to the field father was not quite done
planting. They rode up and asked if his name was Green Woods; he
told them it was. They told him that he was the man they were after,
and ordered him to alight over the fence. He asked them if they
would not wait until he could finish planting, as he had then but a
few short rows; but they told him, with an oath, that they were in a
hurry, and kept hurrying him while he was getting his horse ready to
start. When they started from the field my sister asked them what
they intended to do with father. They told her, with an oath, that it
was uncertain where he would get to before he came back. They
brought him to the house and allowed him to eat his dinner. But
when he went to dress himself, he could not find a change of clothes,
as the soldiers had taken all that he had, and would not even give
him his pants and hat. They took him about three miles from home,
to a man’s house by the name of Jones, and pretended to get
evidence against him. (This was northwest from where we live). They
then took him about three miles from home, to where a man lived
named Peter Skiles, who kept a blacksmith’s shop. They stopped and
staid there awhile, and searched the house, as Skiles was a Southern
man. They then took father about half a mile and killed him, and left
him lying out in the woods away from the road—no one knew where
except those who placed him there. Two guns were heard after the
soldiers left Skiles’.
“This was done on Monday, and his body was not found till the
next Monday. We did not know that he was killed until his body was
found. When found he was lying on his back with his overcoat spread
on the ground under him; one arm was stretched out one way, and
the other stretched out the other way, his hat drawn down over his
face, his coat and vest and left glove lying on the ground near him,
his right glove on, his left shirt sleeve torn off, and his left hand off
and gone. He seemed to have been dragged some two or three
hundred yards before he was shot, as there was but little blood along
the trail, and was found as above described near a large tree and
among some low bushes.
“We have heard several times that the Northern Methodist
presiding elder, by the name of Ing, sent the men to kill my father. I
have given you the substance of what we know of father’s death.
(Signed) “Josephine M. A. M. Woods,
“Eldest Daughter,
“E. A. Woods, Wife, and
“Mary Louisa, Daughter of
“Rev. Green Woods.”
Mrs. Woods furnishes the following additional particulars:

“While eating his dinner the soldiers asked him if he did not think
he ought to have taken the oath—meaning the oath of allegiance
which all citizens were required to take. He replied that he would be
candid with them, as he tried to be with all men; that it afforded no
protection, as only the day before the soldiers had been taking the
property and breaking the guns of those who had taken the oath, and
he could not see that the oath had profited them any. They hurried
him much to finish his dinner. He asked them for his hat, which they
refused to give him. He said that he would then wear his old one, and
be with his equals—meaning that he was about as near worn out as
his hat.
“Thinking that it might have some good effect upon the soldiers, I
reminded him, in their presence, that the meal was out, and asked
what I must do, now that he was going away. He replied, ‘the Lord
will provide.’ And, so far, it is literally true; the Lord has been
merciful to give us our daily bread, as we have never had a single
meal without bread.
“When he started he told me to do the best I could, and seemed to
have a presentment that he would never return.
“On the way that evening he was stopped at the house of Dr. Boyd.
While there he said to Mrs. Boyd, ‘Tell Mrs. Woods that you saw me
here.’ Mrs. Boyd also heard him tell the soldiers to hurry up and take
him wherever they intended to take him; that they would keep him in
the hot sun till he would be down sick. They replied that they had a
good doctor. He had been very sick only a short time before. It was
his custom to hold family worship night and morning, no matter
what else was to do. The last day of his life he read for the morning
lesson the thirty-seventh Psalm.”
Strenuous efforts have been made to obtain the names of the guilty
parties, with but little success. The following statement is the latest
and most reliable:
“A man by the name of Dennis was the pilot, and it is said helped
do the shooting. A man named Wells was in the company. We can
not give the first names of either of these men now, but have the
promise of them.
“A young man named Bill Fudge, the son of North Methodists who
were once members of the Southern Methodist Church, and another
named Harrison Ratliff, it is said, helped commit the murder.”
To the question, “What evidence have you that Ing, the North
Methodist presiding elder, sent the men to commit the murder?” the
following reply was furnished:
“All the evidence we have that Ing sent the men is, that he was
their commander at the time; and it has been told, by those who said
they saw it, that father’s hand was carried to Ing as proof that they
had killed him, and that he still had it in his possession a year or two
ago.
“Respectfully, Josie M. A. M. Woods.”
When Mr. Woods’ dead body was found, “his left hand was off and
gone.” Common rumor in the community, and the statement of
several reliable gentlemen—which may hereafter be given—go to
confirm this horrible and savage report about the hand.
The following account of the affair was published in the St. Louis
Christian Advocate, of June 18, 1866, and signed “R.,” of Crawford
county:

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Names: Yang, Z., author.

ISBN: 978-0-367-50976-7 (hbk)

Section I Single Physics Phases

Chapter 2 Structural Analysis................................................................................7

Chapter 3 Fluid Analysis..................................................................................... 19

Chapter 4 Acoustic Analysis................................................................................ 29

Chapter 5 Thermal Analysis................................................................................ 39

Section II Coupling Between Two Physics Phases

Chapter 6 Introduction of Coupling Problems..................................................... 51

Chapter 7 Fluid-Structure Interaction.................................................................. 55

7.2.1.3 System Coupling.......................................... 62

Chapter 8 Modeling of Porous Media.................................................................. 75

Chapter 9 Acoustic-Structural Coupling............................................................. 85

Chapter 10 Thermal-Structural Coupling..............................................................99

Section III Coupling among More Than

Chapter 11 Thermal Analysis of Porous Media.................................................. 109

Chapter 12 A CFD-FEA Coupling Study of Blood Flow in the Abnormal

12.3.4 Solution Setting......................................................... 124

Chapter 13 Retrospective..................................................................................... 129

Appendix 1............................................................................................................. 131

such as Chapter 22 in Material Modeling in Finite Element Analysis (CRC Press,

Exceptional Distinction—Revs. J. B. H. Wooldrige, D. J. Marquis

If to suffer for righteousness’ sake entitles men to exclusive

“Headquarters, Westport, Mo., }

The order is as follows:

“Messrs. Dennis McDonald, Benjamin R. Shores, Dr. Evans and

Rev. R. N. T. Holliday—Statement of his Persecutions Furnished

“At the request of Rev. R. N. T. Holliday, I have consented to put

Mrs. Woods furnishes the following additional particulars:

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Section III Coupling among More Than