Proscan Herb Drug Interactions 1
Proscan Herb Drug Interactions 1
Proscan Herb Drug Interactions 1
Herbal Supplement Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Leaf Dosage 250mg, 2 times a day, standardized to contain 15% chlorogenic acid, or 2-5% cynarin Clinical Usage
Used to stimulate the flow of bile (choleretic)1 Useful in eczema and skin disorders; a hepatoprotectant2,3 Adjunctive agent in hyperlipidemia4 Used as an adaptogen to enhance mental and physical performance, improve learning ability, and decrease stress and fatigue6 General tonic in stressful situations, especially insomnia, overwork, nervousness, and restlessness7 Chemotherapy and radiation protection and therapeutic enhancement of these agents8,9
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Do not use if allergic to members of the daisy (chrysanthemum) family. 5 Do not use if bile obstruction is present.
May be an abortifacient. Use with caution in pregnancy and lactation. Use with caution while taking sedatives such as barbiturates (reported to increase the effects of these drugs). Use with caution in individuals with hyperthyroidism; ashwagandha has been reported in an animal study to increase T4 activity and subsequently thyroid function.10 An animal study reported that constituents contained in ashwagandha root may alter the effects of thyroid medications, possibly altering the effects of these medications and possibly the dose(s) needed for therapy.11
Dosage
Clinical Usage Used as an adaptogen to increase stamina and energy12 Adjunct support for chemotherapy and radiation13 Improves resistance to disease and immune function14 Used in oxygen deprivation of tissues15 Antioxidant; used in eye disorders including myopia, diminished visual acuity, dark adaptation, day and night blindness, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts16 Used in cardiovascular health to help maintain capillary integrity and reduce hyperpermeability17 Hypoglycemic19,20 Used as an antidiabetic agent and for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); antiviral21
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with caution if currently taking immunosuppressive medications.
80mg, 2-3 times a day, standardized to contain 25% anthocyanosides (calculated as anthocyanidins)
Use with caution in pregnancy and lactation.18 Use with caution in individuals taking anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications.
Do not use in pregnancy (emmenagogue and abortifacient). May alter insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic needs in diabetic individuals due to pharmacology; monitoring of blood sugar levels is recommended..22
Clinical Usage
200-400mg, 3 times a day, standardized to contain 65-75% organic acids and/or 20-25% boswellic acids
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Phytoestrogenic action; used Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation in menopausal complaints and (uterine stimulation reported).27,28 PMS; rheumatic complaints; Caution if individual is taking hormonal mild depression23,24,25,26 drugs such as estrogen or birth control pills; may alter hormonal therapy. May cause nausea, vomiting, and headache in high doses. Rich source of iodine, Use with caution in individuals taking potassium, magnesium, thyroid agents. calcium and iron; used in Use with caution in hyperthyroidism. hypothyroidism and Caution for individuals with kidney failure fibrocystic breast disease29 (may alter potassium levels). 30,31 Anti-inflammatory Use with caution in individuals taking anti-inflammatory medications such as Used in arthritis and other NSAIDs. inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis32,33
Dosage Digestive enzyme: 1 tablet, 3 times a day with meals, standardized to contain at least 2000mcu/gram Other uses: 1 tablet, 3 times a day between meals (either 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals) 250-1000mg, 3 times a day, standardized to contain 3% alkaloids and 15% total phenols; some supplements are standardized to not less than 1.3% pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids and not more than 0.06% tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids.38
Clinical Usage Proteolytic agent from the pineapple plant; used as an anti-inflammatory agent in arthritis34 Used as a digestive enzyme35
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with caution if taking anticoagulants.36 Use with caution in GI ulceration. Use with caution in individuals with hypertension or other cardiovascular disorders.37
Should not be used by organ transplant patients. Do not use during pregnancy. Do not use in individuals on the following:
44
Use with caution in individuals on the following medications: Anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications (may increase the chance of bleeding due to PAF inhibition) ; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (may increase the chance of GI bleeding).45
Dosage
Clinical Usage May stimulate digestion46 Circulatory support for cardiovascular system47 Used topically in inflammation and pain48,49,50
400mg, 3 times a day, standardized to contain 0.25% or greater capsaicin content; may also be standardized to heat units, with 150,000 being average Topical: Apply topically as directed by manufacturer.
200mg, 2 times a day, either 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals, standardized to at least 0.5% agnuside or 0.6% aucubin
Progesterone-like action with uses in PMS, menopause, corpus luteum insufficiency, and other menstrual irregularities53,54 Insufficient lactation and hyperprolactinemia55,56
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Do not use with GI ulceration. Use with caution in individuals taking anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications due to platelet aggregating inhibition. May interfere with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and antihypertensive therapies due to increased catecholamine secretion.51 An animal study reported that constituents contained in cayenne may increase the effects of the theophylline and possibly the dose needed for treatment.52 Increased areas under plasma curves, peak plasma levels and mean residence times for the theophylline product were seen with concurrent use of cayenne. Do not use in pregnancy due to potential uterine stimulation and emmenagogue effects57 May alter hormonal therapy such as birth control and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (due to potential endocrinologic effect).58 Use with caution with dopamine agonists such as haloperidol, metoclopramide or levodopa due to pharmacology of vitex.
Dosage 250mg, 1-3 times a day, standardized to contain 1% forskolin per dose OR 50mg, 1-3 times a day, standardized to contain 18% forskolin
Clinical Usage
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Increases intracellular c Use with caution in hypotension. AMP; used in asthma, Avoid in peptic ulcer disease.62 hypertension, congestive heart Use with caution in individuals taking the failure, glaucoma, allergies, following (may increase the effects of eczema59,60,61 these drugs): - Antihypertensives; Use with caution in individuals taking anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications (due to platelet aggregating inhibition).63
- Decongestants; - Antihistamines.
Dosage 1050mg, 2 times a day, standardized to contain 0.14% adenosine and 5% mannitol
Clinical Usage
250-500mg, 3 times a day of whole root, standardized extract OR 5-10ml, 3 times a day, of liquid extract (1:1w/v fresh plant or 1:4w/v dried plant) in water or juice
Antioxidant64 Supports healthy lung and kidney function65 Adaptogenic/tonic to support wellness, longevity, and general health66 Beneficial for athletes in increasing stamina and endurance67 Increases cellular oxygenation; useful during times of stress; reduces tiredness and fatigue; has immunomodulatory effects68 Adjunct support for chemotherapy and radiation69 Improves sexual vitality70 Hepatoprotective71 Used for disorders of bile secretion (choleretic); appetite stimulation; dyspeptic complaints74 Diuretic75
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Do not take if allergic to fungus. Use with caution in pregnancy and lactation. Use with caution in individuals taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications (due to platelet aggregating inhibition).72 Use with caution if taking monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.73
Do not use if biliary obstruction or gallstones are present.76 Use with caution if on diuretics, digoxin due to dandelions diuretic effects.77
Clinical Usage Anti-inflammatory78,79 Used in chronic osteoarthritis, gout, and other inflammatory conditions80,81
Phytoestrogenic84 Used in female disorders including PMS, menopause, and irregular menstruation85,86 Blood pressure regulation; energy (especially in females); anemia and blood building properties87
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Do not use in pregnancy due to stimulation of the uterine muscle.82 Use with caution in individuals on NSAIDs or other anti-inflammatory medications. Do not use in GI ulceration.83 Use with caution if taking antiarrhythmic medications. Use with caution if currently taking hormonal therapies such as birth control or hormone replacement therapy. Use with caution if taking anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications.88 Use with caution if sunbathing or using a tanning booth while taking Dong quai; use dong quai with caution when taking prescription drugs that cause sensitivity to sunlight.89
Herbal Supplement Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) Flower, whole plant, root, succus (Echinacea angustifolia) Root
Dosage 500mg, 3 times a day for 1day, then 250mg, 4 times a day, standardized to contain 4% echinacosides (angustifolia) or 4% sesquiterpene esters (purpurea) per dose Purpurea (freshly expressed plant juice): Use 60 drops, 3 times a day with food for 1 day, then 40 drops, 3 times a day with food for up to 10 days, standardized to contain not less than 2.4% soluble beta-1,2 D-5 fructofuranosides 2-8 grams daily (depending on severity of condition) standardized to contain 8% gammalinoleic acid
Clinical Usage Increases non-specific immunity; used in prevention and treatment of colds, flu, minor infections, tonsillitis, sore throat; used in chronic skin complaints90,91 Used as an antiviral agent92 Used topically as an antibacterial, wound healing agent93
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Not for use in individuals with chronic immunosuppression.94 Use with caution in individuals with kidney disorders.95 If used for prophylaxis, cycle 3 weeks on, 1 week off.96
Used for omega-6 essential fatty acid supplementation Used in atopic eczema, PMS, menopause, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic neuropathy, psoriasis97,98,99
Do not use in individuals currently on phenothiazine antipsychotics or diagnosed with schizophrenia; contraindicated in epilepsy.100,101,102 Use with caution in individuals on the following: Anticoagulants/antiplatelets(may reduce platelet aggregation);103 With seizures and/or on seizure medication (may lower seizure threshold).104,105
500-1000mg, 3 times a day on an empty stomach, either hour before meals or 1 hour after eating, standardized to 50% (-)-hydroxy citric acid 400mg, 2-3 times a day, equivalent to 1200mg of fresh garlic or 10mg alliin standardized to provide 4mg of Total Allicin Potential (TAP) per dose OR 600mg of aged extract, 1-3 times a day, standardized to contain 1mg/Gm S-allyl cysteine (SAC)
May be effective in weight reduction protocols109,110 May be effective in controlling sugar levels and supporting pancreas function111
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Do not use in pregnancy due to emmenagogue effect.107 Do not use if the individual is allergic to the daisy (chrysanthemum) family. Use with caution in individuals on anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy.108 Use with caution if taking hypoglycemic medications (may further lower blood sugar levels).
May lower cholesterol and May cause GI distress in sensitive blood fats112,113 individuals. 114 Mild PAF inhibitor Use with caution in individuals on the following medications as garlic may Has antibiotic effect, potentiate their effects: especially against bacteria and 115,116 - Anticoagulants; fungi - Hypoglycemic agents; Beneficial to the immune - Antihypertensives. system.
Dosage 250mg, 3 times a day with food, standardized to contain 4% volatile oils or 5% total pungent compounds, most prominently 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol 40-80mg, 3 times a day, standardized to contain 24-27% ginkgo flavone glycosides (heterosides) and 6-7% triterpene lactones
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with caution in individuals on anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet medications (may increase chances of bleeding due to PAF inhibition).121
Reported to increase peripheral blood flow; used in cerebral vascular insufficiency, peripheral vascular insufficiency, Alzheimer's Disease, impotence, tinnitus, resistant depression, memory122,123
Use with caution in individuals on anticoagulants (may increase chances of bleeding due to PAF inhibition). 124,125, 126 Use with caution in individuals on monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors as ginkgo may enhance the effects of these medications.127 Do not use ginkgo supplements in individuals with epilepsy; ginkgo may precipitate seizures in these individuals128
Clinical Usage
Enhances mental and physical performance; increases energy, decreases stress; improves immune function; adjunct support for chemotherapy and radiation129,130
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Do not use in kidney failure. Do not use in pregnancy or acute infections. May alter hormonal therapy. Use with caution in the following: 131.132,
133
Use with caution in individuals currently on monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, primarily phenelzine.134 May cause mastalgia in prolonged and high doses.135 May cause vaginal breakthrough bleeding.136 Ginseng Abuse Syndrome (GAS) may occur in prolonged and high doses (includes diarrhea, hypertension, nervousness, skin eruptions and sleeplessness).137
Clinical Usage Adaptogen138,139 Beneficial in athletic performance, decreasing stress and fatigue; reported to increase immune system function140
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions May alter the effects of:
antihypertensive,
250mg, 2-4 times a day, standardized to contain 10% alkaloids or 2.5% berberine and 1.5-5% hydrastine 25-100mg, 1-3 times a day, standardized to procyanidolic value of not less than 95 and 90% total phenols
Mucous membrane tonifying; antibacterial, antifungal; used in inflammation of the mucosal membranes; treatment of gastritis, bronchitis, cystitis, infectious diarrhea143 Antioxidant Treatment of allergies, asthma; improves peripheral circulation; decreases platelet aggregation, capillary fragility; improves general circulation; inflammation145,146,147
- anticoagulant/antiplatelet - hypoglycemic medications. Use with caution with digoxin therapy, although a contaminant in the eleuthero supplement may have been the culprit of the interaction;141 May increase effects of hexobarbital.142 Contraindicated in pregnancy. High doses (2-3gm) may cause hypotension.144 May have hypoglycemic effect.
Use with caution in individuals on anticoagulant therapy and/or antiplatelet medications due to platelet inhibition.
Dosage 500mg daily, standardized to contain 50% catechins (polyphenols), specifically (-)epigallocatechin-3gallate (EGCG) Caffeine-free products are available. 500mg, 3 times a day, standardized to contain 5% guggulsterones
Clinical Usage Used as an antioxidant to aid in cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease148,149 Adjunct support for chemotherapy and radiation150 May lower cholesterol151 Platelet inhibiting action152 Anticariogenic activity153 Hypercholesterolemic agent; used in lowering blood cholesterol levels154,155,156
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with caution in individuals taking anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet medications due to platelet aggregating inhibition. Use with caution when taking other stimulants such as caffeine and decongestants, unless a caffeine-free product is used. Use with caution in individuals on the following: 157
-
250-500mg, 1-3 times a day, standardized to contain 25% gymnemic acids 250mg, 1-3 times a day, standardized to contain at least 2% vitexin-2-Orhamnoside and/or 20% procyanidins
Regulation of blood sugar levels159 Treatment of angina, hypotension/hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, tachycardia; used as a cardiotonic161,162 Antioxidant effects due to polyphenol content.
Reported to interfere with diltiazem and propranolol metabolism, so caution should be used in calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker medications.158 Use with caution in hyperglycemics or diabetics due of potential to increase the effects of these medications.160 Use with caution in individuals on the following: 163
Antihypertensives; Digoxin; - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors).
Dosage 100mg, 2 times a day as needed, standardized to contain 5.2% bitter acids and 4% flavonoids
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with caution in individuals on the following (action may be potentiated):
Sedatives; Anti-anxiety medications; Hypnotics; Antipsychotics; Antidepressants; Alcohol.
300mg, 1-2 times a day, standardized to contain 313% escin Topically: Apply 2% escin gel, 1-2 times a day to affected area 300mg, 3 times a day as needed, standardized to contain 10% silica
Varicose veins, hemorrhoids, other venous insufficiencies; deep venous thrombosis167,168 Used topically in the same conditions Diuretic172 High mineral content (including silicic acid); used as nutritional support in bone and connective tissue strengthening, including osteoporosis173
Use caution when driving an automobile or operating heavy machinery. Use with caution while taking sedative medications (reported to increase sleeping time induced by pentobarbital).166 Use with caution in individuals on anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet medications (may increase chances of bleeding due to PAF inhibition).169,170,171 Diuretic effect may cause electrolyte disturbances and may potentiate certain pharmaceutical drugs with narrow therapeutic windows. May deplete thiamine (vitamin B1) from the body due to thiaminase activity.174
Dosage 100-250mg, 1-3 times a day as needed, standardized to contain 30% kavalactones Sedation: 250-500mg at bedtime, standardized to contain 30% kavalactones
Clinical Usage
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Do not use in liver disease or liver impairment177 Has been under tough scrutiny and increased regulatory control in European countries due to hepatic effects. Do not use during pregnancy178 Do not use in Parkinsons Disease (has been reported to cause dopamine antagonism).179,180 Use with caution if taking the following: - Alprazolam (may increase sedative effects);181 - Ethanol (may increase ethanol toxicity);182 (conflicting study);183 May cause drowsiness or sedation in higher doses.184 Use caution when driving an automobile or operating heavy machinery. Long-term use of high doses has resulted in rash.185 Use with caution in individuals on the following (action may be potentiated): - Sedatives;
- Anti-anxiety medications; - Hypnotics; - Antipsychotics; - Antidepressants.
Dosage 250mg, 3 times a day, standardized to contain 20% glycyrrhizinic acid OR 15-30 drops of liquid extract, 3 times a day in juice or other beverage DGL Licorice: 250mg, 3 times a day chewed either 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals and at bedtime, standardized to contain no more than 2% glycyrrhizin 250-500mg, 1-3 times a day, standardized to contain 15-23% oleuropein
Clinical Usage Used in adrenal insufficiency186 Licorice extract beneficial as an expectorant and antitussive187 Chewable DGL products used in peptic and duodenal ulcers188,189
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with caution in individuals on the following (licorice may deplete potassium):
Thiazide diuretics;
- Potassium-sparing diuretics. Should recommend potassium supplementation when using licorice. Do not use in hypertension, hepatic problems, renal problems, or obesity due to possible mineralocorticoid effects of licorice (glycyrrhizin content).190,191 Not a problem if using DGL licorice. Do not use in individuals with gallstones due to olives cholagogue effect.194 Use with caution in individuals on hypoglycemic and antihypertensive agents; may alter the need for these medications.
Dosage Anxiety: 100mg, 2 times a day, standardized to contain 3.5% isovitexin Insomnia: 200mg at bedtime, standardized to contain 3.5% isovitexin
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use caution when driving an automobile or operating heavy machinery. Use with caution in individuals on the following:
-
Dosage
Clinical Usage Used for digestive complaints as a carminative and spasmolytic198 Oil used in Irritable Bowel Syndrome199,200
1 tablet (enteric coated), 2-3 times a day, containing 0.2ml oil per tablet The oil should contain: not less than 4.5% w/w and not more than 10% w/w of esters calculated as menthyl acetate; not less than 44% w/w of free alcohols calculated as menthol; and not less than 15% w/w and not more than 32% w/w ketones calculated as menthone Infants: Use 1tsp of dried leaf per cup of boiling water. Cool before using.
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Do not use in individuals presenting biliary tract obstruction, cholecystitis or severe liver damage.201
Dosage 500mg daily, standardized to contain 40mg isoflavones OR 30-60 drops, 2-3 times a day of a liquid extract (1:1w/v) in juice or other beverage 1200mg, 2 times a day
Clinical Usage Used in the management of menopausal symptoms (contains profile of 4 phytoestrogens)202
150-300mg, 3-4 times a day, standardized 4% triterpenes and 10% polysaccharides (-1,3glucans) 50-100mg, 3 times a day standardized to1% salidrosid and/or 40-50% phenylpropenoids
Used for immunomodulation, fatigue, chemo- and radioprotection, antihypertensive, anticonvulsive205 Used as an adaptogen; used in adrenal stress to decrease cortisol production, also in cardiac stress. 208,209,210 Used as nutritional support in depression. 211
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with caution in individuals using birth control and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (may alter hormonal therapy). Use with caution while talking taking anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet medications.203 Use with caution in individuals currently on pharmaceutical cholesterol lowering drugs. Contraindicated in individuals who are hypersensitive or allergic to rice or yeast; with a history of liver disease or at risk for liver disease; with active liver disease, serious infections, organ transplantation, or recent major surgery. Use with caution if taking anticoagulant medications.206 Reishi may increase the activity of cefazolin (Ancef).207 Use with caution if taking adrenergicblocking agents due to adrenergic blocking activity of rhodiola. 212 Use with caution if taking antiarrhythmic medications due to rhodiola antiarrhythmic activity.213
Herbal Supplement Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) Berry Schisandra (Schizandra chinensis) Berry
Dosage 160mg, 2 times a day, standardized to contain at least 80-90% fatty acids and sterols 100mg, 2 times a day with food, standardized to contain at least 9% schisandrins
Clinical Usage
Used in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)214,215,216 Adaptogen/health tonic; hepatic protection and detoxification218,219 Adjunct support for chemotherapy and radiation220 Increases endurance, stamina, work performance
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with caution in individuals on alphaadrenergic blocking agents; saw palmetto has some alpha-adrenergic activity.217 Use with caution in individuals with liver damage. Based on pharmacology, use with caution in individuals taking calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids and reserpine. Do not use in pregnancy due to uterine stimulation.221
Dosage
Clinical Usage Used in mild to moderate depression, melancholia, anxiety222,223,224 Anti-viral activity in increased doses225 Antibacterial, antiinflammatory; used topically for minor wounds and infections226 May be used topically for bruises, muscle soreness, and sprains227
300mg, 3 times a day, standardized to contain 0.3-0.5% hypericin Topical: Apply as needed to affected area
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Use with extreme caution if taking medications metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system, including:
228,229,230,231
Do not use in pregnancy.232 May alter the actions of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and select serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).233,234 Use with caution in individuals currently on antidepressant therapy; may cause Serotonin Syndrome. Not for use in severe depression. Avoid tyramine containing foods. May elevate reversible liver enzyme function in high doses.235 May cause photosensitivity in susceptible individuals.236
Indinavir and other protease inhibitors Theophylline Digoxin Cyclosporin Reserpine Oral contraceptives Warfarin Amitriptylline
Dosage
Clinical Usage Antioxidant; antiinflammatory237 Anti-rheumatic; used in arthritic problems; may lower blood lipid levels238
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions Some individuals may experience GI distress or irritation when beginning use. Use with caution if peptic ulceration is present. Use with caution if currently taking anticoagulant medications.239 Do not use if biliary obstruction is present.240
Dosage 200mg, 1-4 times a day, standardized to contain 0.8-1% valerenic acids
Clinical Usage Used as a sedative or hypnotic; used in nervous tension during PMS, menopause; used in restless motor syndromes241,242
Cautions, Contraindications and Potential Drug Interactions May cause drowsiness or sedation. Use with caution when driving a car or operating heavy machinery.243 Use with caution in individuals taking the following:
-
Reported to increase sleeping time induced by pentobarbital.244 Do not use in children due to potential for Reyes Syndrome. Use with caution in individuals taking the following:246
Aspirin Anticoagulants Methotrexate Metoclopramide Phenytoin - Probenecid - Spironolactone - Valproic acid
1 R. Kirchhoff, et al., Increase in Choleresis by Means of Artichoke Extract, Pytomedicine 1 (1994) : 107-15. 2 I. Khadzhai, et al., Effect of Artichoke Extracts on the Liver, Farmakol Toksikol 34(6) (Nov 1971) : 685-87. 3 T. Maros, et al., Effect of Cynara Scolymus-Extracts On The Regeneration of Rat Liver. 2, Arzneimittelforschung 18(7) (Jul1968) : 884-86. 4 R. Kirchhoff, et al., Increase in Choleresis by Means of Artichoke Extract, Pytomedicine 1 (1994) : 107-15.
5 P. DeSmet, et al., Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs 2 (Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1993), p. 45. 6 A. Grandhi, et al., A Comparative Pharmacological Investigation of Ashwagandha and Ginseng, J Ethnopharmaco 44(3) (Dec1994) : 131-35. 7 M. Ziauddin, et al., Studies on the Immunomodulatory Effects of Ashwagandha, J Ethnopharmacol 50(2) (Feb1996) : 69-76. 8 G. Kuttan, Use of Withania Somnifera Dunal as an Adjuvant During Radiation Therapy, Indian J Exp Biol 34(9) (Sept1996) : 854-56. 9 P. U. Devi, et al., Withaferin A: A New Radiosensitizer From the Indian Medicinal Plant Withania Somnifera, Int J Radiat Biol 69(2) (Feb1996) : 193-97.
10
Panda S, Kar A. Withania somnifera and Bauhinia purpurea in the Regulation of Circulating Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Female Mice. J Ethnopharmacol. Nov 1999;67(2): 233-9.
11 11
Panda S, Kar A. Withania somnifera and Bauhinia purpurea in the Regulation of Circulating Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Female Mice. J Ethnopharmacol. Nov 1999;67(2): 233-9. 12 H. Chang, et al., Pharmacology and Application of Chinese Materia Medica (Singapore: Chinese University of Hong Kong, World Scientific, 1987) 4. 13 K. S. Zhao, et al., "Enhancement of the Immune Response in Mice by Astragalus membranaceus Extracts," Immunopharmacology 20(3) (1990) : 225-33. 14 C. S. Geng, et al., "Advances in Immuno-pharmacological Studies on Astragalus membranaceus," Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 6(1) (1986) : 62-64. 15 I. V. Griga, "Effect of a Summary Preparation of Astragalus cicer on the Blood Pressure of Rats with Renal Hypertension and on the Oxygen Consumption by the Tissues," Farm Zh 6 (1977) : 64-66.
16 17 18 19
P. Morazonni, et al., "Vaccinium myrtillus," Fitoterapia vol. LXVII, no. 1 (1996) : 3-29. D. Bottecchia, et al., "Vaccinium myrtillus," Fitoterapia 48 (1977) : 3-8. P. Morazzoni, et al., Vaccinium myrtillus Anthocyanosides Pharmacokinetics in Rats, Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 41(2) (1991) : 128-31.
B.A. Leatherdale, et al., Improvement in Glucose Tolerance Due to Momordica Charantia (Karela), Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 282(6279) (Jun 1981) : 182324.
20
J. Welihinda, et al., Effect of Momordica Charantia on the Glucose Tolerance in Maturity Onset Diabetes,
S. Lee-Huang, et al., Inhibition of the Integrase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 by Anti-HIV Plant Proteins MAP30 and GAP31, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92(19) (Sept1995) : 8818-22. 22 S. Sarkar, et al., Demonstration of the Hypoglycemic Action of Momordica charantia in a Validated Animal Model of Diabetes, Pharmacol Res 33(1) (Jan1996) : 1-4.
23
H. Jarry, et al., The Endocrine Effects of Constituents of Cimicifuga racemosa. 2. In Vitro Binding of Constituents to Estrogen Receptors, Planta Med 4 (Aug1985) : 316-19.
24
S. Lieberman, A Review of the Effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the Symptoms of Menopause, J Womens Health 7(5) (Jun1998) : 525-29.
25
M. Shibata, et al., Pharmacological Studies on the Chinese Crude Drug "Shoma". III. Central Depressant and Antispasmodic Actions of Cimicifuga rhizoma, Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk, Yakugaku Zasshi 100(11) (Nov1980) : 1143-50.
26
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29 30
P. R. Bradley, ed., British Herbal Compendium, vol. 1 (Bournemouth: British Herbal Medicine Association, 1992) 37-39.
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31
H. P. Ammon, et al., Inhibition of Leukotriene B4 Formation in Rat Peritoneal Neutrophils by an Ethanolic Extract of the Gum Resin Exudate of Boswellia serrata, Planta Med 57(3) (Jun 1991) : 203-07.
32 33 34 35
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38
Reinhard KH. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C.: cat's claw, una de gato, or saventaro. J Altern Complement Med. Apr1999;5(2):143-51. 39 H. Wagner, et al., "The Alkaloids of Uncaria tomentosa and Their Phagocytosis-stimulating Action," Planta Med 5 (1995) : 419-23.
40
R. Aquino, et al., "Plant Metabolites. Structure and in Vitro Antiviral Activity of Quinovic Acid Glycosides from Uncaria tomentosa and Guettarda platypoda. J Nat Prod 52(4) (1989) : 679-85.
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