The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse: Vocabulary
The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse: Vocabulary
PART 1
Vocabulary
Review
1. Write the square and the positive square root of each number. Number
9 1
Square
81 1
1 4
0.81
1 16
0.6561
Vocabulary Builder
leg (noun) leg Related Word: hypotenuse Definition: In a right triangle, the sides that the right angle are the legs.
leg
hy
leg
po
ten
us
Main Idea: The legs of a right triangle are perpendicular. The hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle.
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Write T for true or F for false. F T F T 4. The hypotenuse of a right triangle can be any one of the three sides. 5. One leg of the triangle at the right has length 9 cm. 6. The sum of the lengths of the legs of the triangle is 36 cm. 7. The hypotenuse of the triangle at the right has length 15 cm.
12 cm 15 cm 9 cm
8. Circle the equation that shows the correct relationship among the legs and the hypotenuse of a right triangle. 132 1 52 5 122 52 1 122 5 132 122 1 132 5 52
Got It? The legs of a right triangle have lengths 10 and 24. What is the length of
the hypotenuse? 9. Label the triangle at the right. 10. Complete the steps below to find the length of the hypotenuse. a2 1 b2 5 c2 10 1 24 5 c2 100 1 576 5 c2 676 5 c2 26 5 c
2 2
10
Pythagorean Theorem Substitute for a and b. Simplify. Add. Take the positive square root.
24
11. The length of the hypotenuse is 26 . 12. One Pythagorean triple is 5, 12, and 13. If you multiply each number by 2, what numbers result? How do the numbers that result compare to the lengths of the sides of the triangle in Exercises 911? 10, 24, 26. Answers may vary. Sample: The numbers are the same _______________________________________________________________________ as the lengths of the sides of the triangle in Exercises 911. _______________________________________________________________________
427
Problem 3 Finding Distance Got It? The size of a computer monitor is the length of its diagonal. You
want to buy a 19-in. monitor that has a height of 11 in. What is the width of the monitor? Round to the nearest tenth of an inch. 13. Label the diagram of the computer monitor at the right. 14. The equation is solved below. Write a justification for each step. a2 1 b2 5 c 2 112 1 b2 5 192 121 1 b2 5 361 121 2 121 1 b2 5 361 2 121 b2 5 240 b 5 "240 b < 15.49193338 Pythagorean Theorem Substitute. Simplify. Subtract 121 from each side. Simplify. Take the positive square root. Use a calculator. 15.5 in.
b in. 19 in. 11 in.
Vocabulary Describe the conditions that a set of three numbers must meet in order to form a Pythagorean triple. 16. The table below shows three Pythagorean triples a, b, c. Complete the table. a 3 5 8 b 4 12 15 c 5 13 17 a2 9 25
64
b2 16
144 225
c2
25 169 289
a2
25
b2
169 289
17. Describe the characteristics of a set of three numbers that form a Pythagorean triple. Answers may vary. Sample: The three numbers must be positive integers. _______________________________________________________________________ The square of the greatest number must equal the sum of the squares of _______________________________________________________________________ the other two numbers. _______________________________________________________________________
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8-1
PART 2
Vocabulary
Review
Circle the converse of each statement. 1. If your state bird is the cactus wren, then your state is Arizona. If your state is Arizona, then your state bird is the cactus wren. 2. If it is raining, then you use an umbrella. If you do not use an umbrella, then it is not raining. If you use an umbrella, then it is raining. If your state bird is not the cactus wren, then your state is not Arizona.
Vocabulary Builder
classify (verb)
KLAS
uh fy
Main Idea: When you classify numbers or geometric figures, you put them into groups based on a property that they have.
3. Polygons are 9 by their number of sides. 4. You can 9 triangles by the lengths of their sides. 5. One 9 of counting numbers is by odd and even. 6. Classify each angle as right, acute, or obtuse.
120 90
55
obtuse
right
acute
429
Problem 4 Identifying a Right Triangle Got It? A triangle has side lengths 16, 48, and 50. Is the triangle a right
triangle? Explain. 9. Circle the equation you will use to determine whether the triangle is a right triangle. 162 1 482 0 502 162 1 502 0 482 482 1 502 0 162
10. Simplify your equation from Exercise 9. 162 1 482 0 502 256 1 2304 0 2500 2560 u 2500
11. Underline the correct words to complete the sentence. The equation is true / false , so the triangle is / is not a right triangle.
c A b S
r s
B a C
acute
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Problem 5
Classifying a Triangle
Got It? Is a triangle with side lengths 7, 8, and 9 acute, obtuse, or right?
14. Circle the length of the longest side, c. Underline the lengths of the other two sides, a and b. 7 15. Complete. a2 1 b2 5 49 1 64 5 113 c2 5 81 8 9
16. Underline the correct words to complete the sentence. Since c 2 is equal to / greater than / less than a2 1 b2, the triangle is acute / obtuse / right .
19. Write the comparison that your friend should have used to determine whether the triangle is a right triangle.
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162 1 302 0 342 20. Describe the error in your friends work. Answers may vary. Sample: My friend used the wrong length for c in the comparison. _______________________________________________________________________ The comparison should be 162 1 302 0 342 . _______________________________________________________________________
Math Success
Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. hypotenuse leg Pythagorean Theorem Pythagorean triple
Rate how well you can use the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.
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431
8-2
Vocabulary
Review
1. Circle the segment that is a diagonal of square ABCD. AB AC AD BC CD A B D C
2. Underline the correct word to complete the sentence. A diagonal is a line segment that joins two sides / vertices of a polygon.
Vocabulary Builder
complement (noun)
KAHM
pluh munt
Other Word Form: complementary (adjective) Math Usage: When the measures of two angles have a sum of 90, each angle is a complement of the other.
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60
40
50
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Problem 1 Finding the Length of the Hypotenuse Got It? What is the length of the hypotenuse of a 458-458-908 triangle
with leg length 5!3 ? 12. Use the justifications to find the length of the hypotenuse. hypotenuse 5 "2 ? leg 5 "2 ? 5 "3 5 5 "2 ? "3 5 5 "6 458-458-908 Triangle Theorem Substitute. Commutative Property of Multiplication. Simplify.
Got It? The length of the hypotenuse of a 458-458-908 triangle is 10. What is the
length of one leg? 13. Will the length of the leg be greater than or less than 10? Explain. Less than. Explanations may vary. Sample: The hypotenuse is the longest side. __________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Use the justifications to find the length of one leg. hypotenuse 5 "2 ? leg 10 5 "2 ? leg 10 5 458-458-908 Triangle Theorem Substitute. Divide each side by "2 .
"2 "2
10
"2
? leg
"2
10
Simplify. ?
"2 "2
"2
10 "2 2
Simplify. Divide by 2.
leg 5 5 "2
437
Lesson 8-2
Problem 3 Finding Distance Got It? You plan to build a path along one diagonal of a 100 ft-by100 ft square garden. To the nearest foot, how long will the path be? 15. Use the words path, height, and width to complete the diagram. 16. Write L for leg or H for hypotenuse to identify each part of the right triangle in the diagram. H path L height L width path height
width
17. Substitute for hypotenuse and leg. Let h 5 the length of the hypotenuse. hypotenuse 5 "2 ? leg h 5 "2 ? 100
18. Solve the equation. Use a calculator to find the length of the path. h 5 !2 ? 100 h N 141.4213562 19. To the nearest foot, the length of the path will be 141 feet.
2s 30 s V3 60 s
Problem 4 Using the Length of One Side Got It? What is the value of f in simplest radical form?
22. Complete the reasoning model below. Think f is the length of the hypotenuse. I can write an equation relating the hypotenuse and the 5 3 shorter leg of the 30 -60 -90 triangle. 3 hypotenuse f Write 2 shorter leg 5 2 3 10 3 3 3
53 3 5 60 f 30
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Problem 5 Applying the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem Got It? Jewelry Making An artisan makes pendants in the shape of
equilateral triangles. Suppose the sides of a pendant are 18 mm long. What is the height of the pendant to the nearest tenth of a millimeter? 23. Circle the formula you can use to find the height of the pendant. hypotenuse 5 2 ? shorter leg 24. Find the height of the pendant. longer leg 5 "3 ? shorter leg 5 "3 ? 9 N 15.58845727 25. To the nearest tenth of a millimeter, the height of the pendant is 15.6 mm. longer leg 5 !3 ? shorter leg
18 mm 18 mm 18 mm
27. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the longest side. longest side: c2 5 62 1 62 c2 5 36 1 36 c2 5 72 c 5 "72 5 6 "2 28. The other two side lengths are 6 and 6 "2 .
Math Success
Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. leg hypotenuse right triangle Pythagorean Theorem
Rate how well you can use the properties of special right triangles.
Need to review
0 2 4 6 8 10
439
Lesson 8-2
8-3
PART 1
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Review
The Venn diagram at the right shows the relationship between similar and congruent figures. Write T for true or F for false. F T T 1. All similar figures are congruent figures. 2. All congruent figures are similar figures. 3. Some similar figures are congruent figures. Similar Figures
Congruent Figures
4. Circle the postulate or theorem you can use to verify that the triangles at the right are similar. AA , Postulate SAS , Theorem SSS , Theorem
Vocabulary Builder
ratio (noun)
RAY
shee oh
Related Words: rate, rational Definition: A ratio is the comparison of two quantities by division. Example: If there are 6 triangles and 5 squares, the ratio of triangles to squares is 6 5 5 and the ratio of squares to triangles is 6 .
6. Circle the ratio of the length of the shorter leg to the length of the hypotenuse.
5 13 5 12 12 13 13 12 12 5 13 5
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B
a
b length of leg adjacent to/A cosine of /A 5 5 c length of hypotenuse a length of leg opposite/A tangent of /A 5 5 length of leg adjacent to/A b
Draw a line from each trigonometric ratio in Column A to its corresponding ratio in Column B. Column A 7. sin B 8. cos B 9. tan B Column B
a c b a b c
10. Reasoning Suppose nABC is a right isosceles triangle. What would the tangent of /B equal? Explain. 1. Explanations may vary. Sample: The legs would be _______________________________________________________________________ congruent, so b would equal 1. a _______________________________________________________________________
Got It? What are the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios for lG?
11. Circle the measure of the leg opposite /G. 8 15 17 T
17 15
G
8
14. Write each trigonometric ratio. sin G 5 15 opposite 5 hypotenuse 17 8 adjacent 5 hypotenuse 17 15 opposite 5 adjacent 8
cos G 5
tan G 5
445
Problem 2 Using a Trigonometric Ratio to Find Distance Got It? A section of Filbert Street in San Francisco rises at an angle of about 178.
If you walk 150 ft up this section, what is your vertical rise? Round to the nearest foot. Below is one students solution and diagram.
x 150 cos 17(150) = x
cos 17 =
150 ft 17
x Answers may vary. Sample: The student wrote cos 178 5 150 rather _______________________________________________________________________ x than sin 178 5 150 . _______________________________________________________________________
22. cos B 8 10 5 4 5
6 8
3 4
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8-3
PART 2
Trigonometry
Vocabulary
Review
Complete each sentence with the word hypotenuse or leg(s). 1. The longest side in a right triangle is the 9. 2. In a right triangle, the 9 is opposite the right angle. 3. The sum of the squares of the 9 of a right triangle is equal to the square of the 9 . hypotenuse hypotenuse
legs
hypotenuse
Vocabulary Builder
inverse (noun)
IN
vurs
Definition: The inverse of something is the opposite. Main Idea: If you know the sine, cosine, or tangent ratio for an angle, you can use an inverse (sin 21 , cos 21 , or tan 21 ) to find the measure of the angle. Examples: Sin 21 is the inverse of the sine ratio.
division multiplication
7. a 2 4.2 9. 15 1 b 5 22
addition subtraction
447
Problem 3 Using Inverses Got It? Use the figure below. What is mlY to the nearest degree?
P
100
T
41
Y 10. Circle the lengths that you know. hypotenuse side adjacent to /Y side opposite /Y
11. Cross out the ratios that you will NOT use to find m/Y . sine cosine tangent
12. Underline the correct word to complete the sentence. If you know the sine, cosine, or tangent ratio of an angle, you can use the inverse / ratio to find the measure of the angle. 13. Follow the steps to find m/Y . Write the ratio.
tan Y
100 41
tan
( )
100 41
Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
3
14. To the nearest degree, m/Y 5 68 .
sinx 5 32
27
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16. Solve your equation from Exercise 15. sin x 5 27 32 x 5 sin 21 ( 27 ) 32 x 5 57.53825503
57.5
B Y
35 35
Answers may vary. Sample: The student did not look at _________________________________________________________________ the measures of lA and lX. Congruent angles have equal _________________________________________________________________ sine ratios. _________________________________________________________________
Math Success
Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. trigonometric ratios sine cosine tangent
449
8-4
Vocabulary
Review
Underline the correct word(s) or number to complete each sentence. 1. The measure of a right angle is greater / less than the measure of an acute angle and greater / less than the measure of an obtuse angle. 2. A right angle has a measure of 45 / 90 /180 . 3. Lines that intersect to form four right angles are parallel / perpendicular lines. 4. Circle the right angle(s) in the figure. /ACB /BAD /ADB /CBA /BAC /DBA D A
Vocabulary Builder
elevation (noun) el uh VAY shun Related Word: depression Definition: The elevation of an object is its height above a given level, such as eye level or sea level. Math Usage: Angles of elevation and depression are acute angles of right triangles formed by a horizontal distance and a vertical height.
5. John 9 his feet on a footstool. 6. The 9 of Mt McKinley is 20,320 ft. 7. You 9 an object by raising it to a higher position.
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Problem 1 Identifying Angles of Elevation and Depression Got It? What is a description of l2 as it relates to the situation shown?
Write T for true or F for false. T T F F 8. /2 is above the horizontal line. 9. /2 is the angle of elevation from the person in the hot-air balloon to the bird. 10. /2 is the angle of depression from the person in the hot-air balloon to the bird. 11. /2 is the angle of elevation from the top of the mountain to the person in the hot-air balloon.
12. Describe /2 as it relates to the situation shown. Answers may vary. Sample: l2 is the angle of elevation from the _______________________________________________________________________
Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Problem 2 Using the Angle of Elevation Got It? You sight a rock climber on a cliff at a 32 angle of elevation. Your
eye level is 6 ft above the ground and you are 1000 feet from the base of the cliff. What is the approximate height of the rock climber from the ground? 13. Use the information in the problem to complete the problem-solving model below. Know Angle of elevation 32 8 . is Distance to the cliff is 1000 ft. 6 ft Need Height of climber from the ground
Eye level 32 1000 ft Climber
Plan Find the length of the leg opposite 328 by 32 8 . using tan Then add 6 ft.
Eye level is
455
Lesson 8-4
14. Explain why you use tan 328 and not sin 328 or cos 328. Answers may vary. Sample: The sine ratio involves two unknowns. The cosine ratio involves the _______________________________________________________________________ hypotenuse and 1000, but I do not want to know the hypotenuse. The _______________________________________________________________________ ratio that uses the unknown height and 1000 is the tangent ratio. _______________________________________________________________________ 15. The problem is solved below. Use one of the reasons from the list at the right to justify each step.
d tan 328 5 1000
16. The height from your eye level to the climber is about 625 ft. 17. The height of the rock climber from the ground is about 631 ft.
Problem 3 Using the Angle of Depression Got It? An airplane pilot sights a life raft at a 26 angle of depression. The airplanes
altitude is 3 km. What is the airplanes horizontal distance d from the raft? 18. Label the diagram below.
26 altitude 3 km Not to scale Angle of elevation 26 d Angle of depression
Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
horizontal distance
Raft
19. Circle the equation you could use to find the horizontal distance d. sin 268 5 d
3
cos 268 5 d
tan 268 5 d
d 5 tan3268 d 5 6.150911525
21. To the nearest tenth, the airplanes horizontal distance from the raft is 6.2 km.
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26. Is the correct angle of depression adjacent to or opposite the angle identified by your friend? 27. Describe your friends error.
Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Answers may vary. Sample: My friend identified the wrong angle. The _______________________________________________________________________ correct angle of depression is below the horizontal line. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
Math Success
Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. angle of elevation angle of depression trigonometric ratios
Rate how well you can use angles of elevation and depression.
Need to review
0 2 4 6 8 10
457
Lesson 8-4
8-5
Vectors
Vocabulary
Review
1. Circle the drawing that shows only segment AB. A
A 2 B 1 0 1
B
C 2
A
D 3 4
Use the number line below to find the length of each segment.
2. AB 5
3. AC 5
4. BC 5
5. BD 5
6. Explain how a line segment is different from a line. Explanations may vary. Sample: A line segment has endpoints. A _______________________________________________________________________ line does not have endpoints and extends without end. _______________________________________________________________________
vector (noun)
VEK
tur
Related Words: magnitude, direction Definition: A vector is any quantity with magnitude (size) and direction. Main Idea: You can use vectors to model motion and direction. Example: A cars speed and direction together represent a vector.
O x Vector OP, or OP
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Vocabulary Builder
Problem 1 Describing a Vector Got It? How can you describe the vector at
the right as an ordered pair? Round the coordinates to the nearest tenth. 10. Label the diagram with the lengths x and y. 11. Circle the part of the triangle that has a length of 312. leg opposite 10-angle leg adjacent to 10-angle hypotenuse
y x
y x O 10
312
12. Circle the part of the triangle that has length x. leg opposite 10-angle leg adjacent to 10-angle hypotenuse
13. Circle the part of the triangle that has length y. leg opposite 10-angle leg adjacent to 10-angle hypotenuse
14. Use the justifications below to find the values of x and y. cos 10 5 312 ? cos 10 5 x 307.2600189 <x x 51 Solve for x and y. Use a calculator. Round to the nearest tenth. Write the ratios. sin 10 5 312 ? sin 10 5 y 54.17823143 < y 54.2 < y y 312
307.3 < x
x-coordinate: 9 y-coordinate: 9
Problem 2 Describing a Vector Direction Got It? What is the direction of the vector at the right?
17. Is the angle above (north) or below (south) the west-east line? 18. Is the angle to the left (west) or to the right (east) of the north-south line? 19. Circle the direction of the vector. 60 south of east 60 north of east 60 south of west 60 north of west above / below left / right
S W 60 N E
463
Lesson 8-5
Problem 3
Got It? An airplane lands 246 mi east and 76 mi north from where
it took off. What are the approximate magnitude and direction of its flight vector? 20. Label the diagram with the lengths 246 and 76. 21. The vector k 246 , 76 l describes the result of the trip. 22. Complete the reasoning model below. Think The magnitude is the distance from the initial point to the terminal point. I can use the Distance Formula to nd the distance between (0, 0) and (246, 76). d Write (246 0)2 60,516 66,292 257.4723286 The vector is x north of east. I can use the tangent ratio to nd this angle formed by the vector. Then I can use a calculator to nd the inverse tangent. x x 76 246 tan
1
N d W S x
246 76
tan x
76 246
17.16817244
Problem 4 Adding Vectors Got It? What is the resultant of k2, 3l and k 24 , 22 l as an ordered pair?
24. The sum is found below. Use one of the reasons in the list to justify each step. e 5 a 1 c
W W W W
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23. The magnitude is about 257 mi and the direction is about 178 north of east.
Problem 5 Applying Vectors Got It? Reasoning The speed of a powerboat in still water is 35 mi/h. The river
flows directly south at 8 mi/h. At what angle should the powerboat head up river in order to travel directly west? 25. Label the sides of the triangle in the diagram. 26. Use trigonometry to find x.
8 sin x 5 35 8 x 5 sin21 Q 35 R
8 8
mi/h
mi/h x
N S
boat
x N 13.21298036 27. The angle at which the powerboat should head up river is about 13.2 .
10 2 1 72 100 1 49 149
5 5
29. Explain why your friends statement is incorrect. Explanations may vary. Sample: When using the Distance Formula to find magnitude, you square the __________________________________________________________________________________ coordinates. 102 1 72 5 (210)2 1 ( 27)2, so the magnitudes are equal. __________________________________________________________________________________
Math Success
Check off the vocabulary words that you understand. vector magnitude initial point terminal point resultant
465
Lesson 8-5