(1897) A Handbook of Wrestling - E.R. Pelton
(1897) A Handbook of Wrestling - E.R. Pelton
A HAND-BOOK OF
/W5 u St
WRESTLING
BY
HUGH
INSTRUCTOR
IN
F.
LEONARD
EDITED BY
FREDERIK
A.
FERNALD
<*
E.
R.
1897
Copyright,
1897,
by
HUGH
F.
LEONARD
DEDICATED
TO MY PUPILS
PREFACE
traces the rise and development of and gives a general description of the wrestling, various systems now in vogue.
THTS work
The
cial
catch-as-catch-can style
is
the least
artifi-
and the most ancient mode, as well as the one which is destined to have the most lasting popuApart from those styles of wrestling which larity. involve the use of special clothing or accouterment, this system includes every hold, trip, or throw which is to be found in the other systems. There therefore, historical and practical justification is,
for giving catch-as-catch-can wrestling the central
confusing.
The terminology of wrestling is both meager and The same movement has different
wrestling,
and the
is
style of wrestling
in
a measure,
and by employing terms which are plainly movements to which they refer. No exercise brings into play all the muscles of the body in a more thorough manner, and none is more interesting than wrestling. For youth its
vu
comment.
Nor
to
less valuable as
an exercise
among
restrict
those of
them
letics, as
in
these days
when
is
there
is
such a tendency to
against
it
specialties.
True,
there
prejudice
wrestling
as too violent
Of
must
be taken against overexertion but that is true of The muscles must be gradually every sport. strengthened and habituated to do their duty. The wrestler must creep before he can walk. But
when he has
tling,
in
he
will find
viz., agil-
exercise of judgment.
It is
hoped that
its
this
as an aid
in restoring to
wrestling
dignity,
and
in
securing
The Author.
New
York, November
1,
1897.
Vlll
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
Historical Review
.
PAGE
i
CHAPTER H
Fundamental Principles
...
III
.
26
CHAPTER
Catcii-as-Catch-Can Wrestling
.31
CHAPTER
Other Styles of Wrestling
IV
.
252
Bibliography
255
Index
.261
IX
HANDBOOK OF WRESTLING
CHAPTER
I
HISTORICAL REVIEW
back to hoary anand small are Qemi.preserved for us in poetry and legend. {Tods apparently, have not deemed it below their superhuman nature; heroes have considered it one of the most potent means with which to perpetuate their glory; gladiators and athletes in all ages have responded to the call which required them to match their science and strength. This time-honored sport must have been the
as an art dates
tiquity.
WRESTLING
Accounts
of contests great
natural
outcome
of
man coming
in
contact with
Experience would naturally have taught the first rude people that skill, even though of a low order, was necessary for success against a fierce antagonist, and this idea carried into more civilized times gave so much perfection to the art that we find, even amongst the most ancient nations, wrestling was substantially as well understood with its various holds and breaks as it is at the present day.
in
man
Amongst
amusement
ancient
those nations
of
prevailed, or
received in
times
attention.
Climate
seems to^have had nothing to do wi th th e perfection of the art. In warm, cold, and temperate countries the sport appears to have thrived with equal vigor. In fact, where man throughout the world has risen in religious and in civil government, wrestling has been practiced either in games which were a form of religious or political observance or purely as a pastime. Throughout literature from its beginning, we can find records of contests in wrestling, and first among these may be mentioned that celebrated encounter between Ajaxand Ulysses, immortalized by Homer. This contest may be rightly described as one of brute force on the one side, cunning and science
other. Ajax was the incarnation of all power in man; Ulysses, the possessor of every art and wile. Nor is it likely that Homer
upon the
physical
gave his glowing description without many times having witnessed contests where strength and endurance were put forth to their uttermost, but were insufficient to cope with the skill which wrestlers had attained even at his early time. We can imagine the aged poet, before blindness had deprived him of such pleasures, witnessing splendid contests in the Greek cities of Asia Minor, and
in after years, in
sented by that matchless bust at Naples, rolling off his musical hexameters of descriptive scenes
which were as dreams of former days, but which were even then enlivening and perfecting the
Grecian race.
2
"
When
Amid
Scarce did the chief the vig'rous strife propose tow'r-like Ajax and Ulysses rose.
the ring each nervous rival stands,
rigid with implicit
Kmbracing
hands
Close locked above, their heads and arms are mixt, Below their planted feet, at distance fixt
Like two strong rafters which the builder forms Proof to the wintry wind and howling storms,
Their tops connected, but a wider space Fixt on the centre stands their solid base. Now to the grasp each manly body bends The humid sweat from every pore descends
;
Their bones resound with blows, sides, shoulders, thighs, Swell to each gripe, and bloody tumours rise. Nor could Ulysses for his art renown'd O'erturn the strength of Ajax on the ground Nor could the strength of Ajax overthrow The watchful caution of his artful foe. While the long strife ev'n tir'd the lookers on, Thus to Ulysses spoke great Telamon.
;
Or
let
me
;
lift
thee, Chief, or
lift
thou
me
Prove we our force, and Jove the rest decree,' He said and straining, heav'd him off the ground
With matchless strength that time Ulysses found The strength t' evade, and where the nerves combine
;
the giant
fell
supine
;
Ulysses following on his bosom lies Shouts of applause run rattling thro' the skies. Ajax to lift Ulysses next assays,
He
And
Still
grappling close they tumble side by side. Defil'd with honorable dust, they roll,
breathing strife/and unsubdu'd of soul
to
;
combat
rise
When
Iliad,
B.
XXII.
The
dates
these
legendary tales of
3
Homer and
the
much-sung siege of Troy. In the land of Egypt, which has furnished us so many things to show there is nothing new under the sun, we find in the ancient temples evidence, indelibly traced, that wrestling was a perfected art three thousand years
before Christ.
Not far from the banks of the Nile, in the temple tombs of Beni Hasan, wrestlers are depicted in almost every position now known. We need but to look at them to realize that we. have made no material advancemen t_over tlie__ancicnt Egyptians,
who
lived in a climate
ment which would seemingly prohibit the practice of the exercise. But Egypt in ancient times was a warlike country. Her religious festivals were celeHer wealth brated with extraordinary splendor.
exercise
was great, and every element which stimulates manly was present. Hence, it is not strange that we find on the walls of her tombs and temples an exposition showing that this sport was largely
practiced.
The accompanying
rude
in character,
it
to
illus-
employed
at
in
The
first
and are taken from what is known as Tomb XVII. at Beni Hasan. Cuts IV., v., and VI. represent about two hundred and fifty positions, and are taken from what is known as Tomb XVI. at Beni Hasan. The reader will find a comparison of the ancient and modern positions both interesting and
instructive.
4
fO
<
/;
3
tl
>
A.
<
ro
X
o
>
<
>
<
X
a
3Q
> X
2
f>
C*i
>
o
K
M
OQ
< <
2.
IO
To illustrate more forcibly this wonderful development, we show below seven cuts giving positions in greater detail, the same being after Sir Gardiner Wilkinson in his large work. No. VII. represents one wrestler as holding, the other as buckling on, his girdle: the girdle was
the only accouterment.
All the following are identified with positions of the Catch-as-Catch-Can chapter.
No. No.
71-73)-
VIII.
and
3.
IX.
the
XII.,
chancery
hold
(positions
Nos.
X.,
XI.,
and
XIII.
correspond
with
VII.
VIM.
IX.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
12
The Greeks undoubtedly obtained their knowledge of wrestling from the Egyptians. Homer's description and the Beni Hasan figures confirm Greece was a land in which climate and the this. temperament of the people would naturally give great impetus to hardy sports. The matchless fighting qualities of the Greeks; their celebration of funereal games and religious festivals; the holding of the Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, Isthmian, and other games at regular intervals, were conducive to the practice and advancement of Moreover, the coming together of nations sports.
in
and the unbounded enthusiasm of the people, elevated all forms of sport in Greece to a height
never attained before, never reached since.
successful competitor
in
The
treated with no less honor than a national hero; he was feted and applauded by the state to which
he had brought glory and renown; his entry to his native city partook in a measure of the impressiveness and grandeur which surrounded a triumphant procession he was the hero of the hour. His statue was sometimes placed in the temples of the gods the highest form of reward that could be given him. It was thus under the influence of Greek civilization that wrestling had its golden age and received its most elaborate advancement. The Olympic games, the revival of which dates from 776 B.C., are directly responsible for bringing wrestling to such note in Greek historv. These games were held every four years at Olympia in Elis, where was situated the world-famous temple of Jupiter. The games were at first simply a part of the great festival in honor of Jupiter, but in
13
Greeks to
Elis.
The
god to whom they were dedicated, the great value set upon Olympic crowns throughout all Greece,
induced the Hellenic people to assemble at Olympia for their celebration, and forced historians to
adopt every fable and tradition to account for the founder of so sacred and august an institution; and thus it is that Hercules, Clymenes, Endymion, and Pelops are severally mentioned as the inventors or revivers of them. Wrestling was first introduced into these games in 708 B.C., in the eighteenth Olympiad and in that
;
off
the crown.
of wild
The
crown
which grew within the consecrated inclosure at Olympia. Five sports, under the general name of the Pentathlon, were also introduced at the Olympic games in the eighteenth Olympiad. These were running, jumping, throwing the discus, hurling the javelin, and wrestling. The contest with the cestus, which may be described as boxing with armed gloves, was introduced in the twenty-third Olympiad. The wrestlers were matched in the following manner: Into a silver urn sacred to Jupiter lots were cast, according to the number of competitors. These lots were marked with letters; for example, two with A, two with B, etc. The athletes, attended by an officer, drew from After an inspection of the lots, the the urn. wrestlers engaged A with A, B with B, and so on. Three falls constituted a victory, as would appear from the passage in Seneca:
olive, a
14
And
"
in the
Olympic sand
The might of boisterous Milo to withstand, The unrivalled chief advanced to seize the crown,
But mid his triumph slipped unwary down. The people shouted and forbade bestow The wreath on him who fell without a foe.
But rising
1
in
Do
not three
me
Olympic contests, however, if one drew the other with him as he went down, the contest was continued upon the ground or begun anew.
In
these
wrestler
The
if
he desired, have
Olympia
in
th e sacredft emple.
The most successful wrestler of the* Greek world undoubtedly was Milo of Croton, who won six Olympic and many Pythian crowns. From the frequency with which his name appears in history and poetry, we may regard him to have been a
national hero.
olive must have been an Greek games; for, if we take the following literally, the custom of presenting the victor with a ram was earlv in voeue:
The crown
of
wild
after-creation in the
"To
more assigned
The
In Pisa's vale a
1
The
wrestler lost
who was
15
That
olive round,
Her
With the
ander,
decline of Greek
Nations and people were too busily concerned with the real necessities of life, and governments without Greek refinements had taken the place of the more perfect civilizations. That a sound .body should accompany a sound mind was no longer'the maxim of the numerous despots who held sway over the fairest provinces of the world, and the national games from which wrestling received its strength and life were without their original force
in
the peninsula
of
the
Hellenes.
Wrestlers,
themselves throughout the Roman world and again advance to power first, as they were few in number; secondly, as they were of a type whose aris-
But as Greece declined, the Roman Empire grew fresh and strong. The destruction of Corinth and the final conquest of Egypt and the East put under her power all the lands formerly under Greek influence. The manners and customs of these
lands
Rome adopted, as they chanced to serve her purpose; and wrestling, among various things of
theater,
were cannot conceive that wrestling was carried on under those rules which had been perfected during the more temperate sway of the Greeks. The contests at
wilcf TSeasts
where
and
gladiators
We
16
Rome throughout the whole period of the republic The contestants were no and empire were fierce.
longer those
who_entered^he Jist^ox^or^iut
w ho held -freedom in onejiand and death in the other. Of necessity the art must have reached a high stage of perfection under such conditions, and the more so as schools for tlie training of professional gladiators were established
gladiatorial slav e s,
at various places in Italy.
In
is
evident, from
was or ap-
" proached " loose " or j:atch- as-catch-can " wrestIn Greece, in the golden age of wrestling, ling. the style practiced in the pancratium was what is known as the " re cumben t; " but from the poets and early writers it would appear that " catchas-catch-can " wrestling was very much in vogue
before the establishment of the Olympic games; and undoubtedly it was followed out on the same lines as in Egypt, whence the art first came. Both the " recumbent" and " upright" styles of wrestling were practiced in the Roman amphiBy these means the antagonists were theaters. permitted to pursue __the content even ^to death.
The
loser, in fact,
and that was only averted when the caThe sport price of the populace might so will. at Rome and in Roman towns was carried on for the express purpose of glutting a subservient people, and the fiercer the contest the more satisfactory it was. The unfortunate wrestlers, however, stood the same chance as a bull does, at the present day, in the ring at Madrid: he may be cheered, applauded, and called brave, but, like all the brave
his life;
17
and cowardly ones that have gone before him, he ends the struggle in death, no matter what qualities or bravery he has shown. On the contrary, victorious wrestlers lived to celebrate
another day,
and often purchased their freedom by their skill and power. From Egyptian cuts, ancient statues, and paintings, it would appear that no clothing was worn in
" catch-as-catch-can " wrestling. Sometimes, however, a small girdle was worn about
in
upright " or
is
it
was
the contest.
The disintegration of the Roman Empire, followed by a night of darkness over Europe, did away with all genuine sports, if we except jousting tournaments, for nearly one thousand years. The -bold dominion of the church and the religious enthusiasm which gave birth to the Crusades swept away all thought of friendly contest. The Spanish Arabs, dwelling under an enlightened civilization in the Iberian peninsula, alone might have advanced athletic sports. Their nature and situation, their advancement in art, science, history, and poetry, would lead us to believe they did; but the prohibition of the Koran against adorning temples and palaces with figures of human or animal life leave us no pictorial evidence, and the written records are still unread in the vaulted chambers of the Escorial. In England the art of wrestling began to be practiced at an early day. The method of life and the hardy disposition of the people were conducive to its advancement. Harold and his hardy band of Saxons were fitted for the exercise both by their athletic nature and their manner of dress.
is
It is in
many
Romans.
rise,
The want
however, to different styles of wrestling the early beginnings of which had been undoubtedly taught the inhabitants by the Romans during their long occupation The incursions of the Danes and of the country. following Norman conquest held all sports of an athletic nature under some control during several centuries; but with the revival of Saxon suprem-
acy wrestling came forth anew, and to the present day it has been continued with more or less
vigor.
As
ancient
times the
bibliography of wrestling
reference
to
meager.
It is
only by
subjects that
we can
contest or
Sir
its
Tropas
in
England partook
for the victor.
of the
"Of wrastling- there was none bis pere Where any ram shulde stonde." Chaucer.
From
St.
the
time
of
Henry
II.,
contests
were
The James's and St. Bartholomew's days. were of greater value than the ram above referred to, as will be seen by the fol19
lowing:
"
A A
A
full
fayre
game
tliere
was
set
up
bright.
A
A
What man beareth him best, ywis The prize shall bear away." Chaucer.
The
contests at
London were
to
in
were transferred
Clerkenwell.
mayor
derly
of the city,
were spectators at these contests; but the conduct which frequently attended often threw them into disrepute. But wrestling at times gave way in some The skill ure to other sports and pastimes. English yeomen attained in archery made
them
measwhich
it
the
most fashionable as well as the most practical The use which the same could be put to sport. in time of war, and the excellent results obtained, gave to this pastime an impetus which called into wrestling all of the most it from the schools of That wrestling did not die, howskillful athletes. ever, is evidenced by the frequent allusions of English writers, the most notable instance of which between Orlando and the duke's is the contest
wrestler
in
it
"
As You Like
in
it."
although
lands,
is
took place
other and
ticed in
England
so desirous to
lie
gal-
Orlando:
Really,
sir;
in
it
more
modest working".
but one fall. warrant your Grace, you a second that have so mightily perI
Orlando
have mocked
to
;
but
not
ROSALIND O excellent young- man. Celia If I had a thunderbolt in my eve 1 can tell who should down. {Dukes Wrestler is thrown.)
:
Duke No Orlando
: :
am
breathed.
DUKE
L.E
How
:
Beau
:
DUKE
lord.
As
You Like
It.
match was represented as German}*, the Grceco-Roman style of wrestling has prevailed through several Frenchmen at intervals have carried on centuries. sport with enthusiasm, as have also the Gerthe
In France, where this
in
mans, and at times men of great skill and strength have been produced among them. The many changes which have been introduced into the art iu France, making the rules rather what you cannot than what you can do, have rendered it difficult for French and English wrestlers to meet on even ground these past hundred years. The most famous bout between France and England is undoubtedly that of Henry the Eighth and Francis the First, at the meeting of the Cloth of Gold, in 1520. The accounts of this royal encounter differ very widely, but the fact that persons of so exalted a rank engaged in such a contest is
21
in
At
and French kings were the foremost monarchs in Europe. Hundreds of pages might be written upon EngThe champions have been many, lish wrestling. and each locality had its own champion through long years thus admitting of frequent challenges between rival communities, and in many cases of The more convenient means of fierce encounters. communication between the towns, and the easy methods of travel, have in a slight measure reduced the differences between the styles the same being a natural result of a compromise on rules between Those who wish to go into two rival champions.
still
further will
is,
and
long has been, decidedly the most popular style. Athletic clubs and universities of the present day
throughout the country have heartily taken up the sport, and hold annual contests among their members, in which the most intense interest is taken and the time seems not to be far distant when it may form a regular part of the education of the average American boy, as hi the days of antiquity it was a feature in the education of the Greek youth. In other countries wrestling has been an active and, in a manner, a national sport. The hardy Swiss mountaineers assemble annually in their fertile valleys to witness the all-exciting and everenjoyable
fete-des-lutteurs.
The
peculiar
cos-
tumes
China, and Japan wrestling has been almost uninterruptedly for thousands of practiced years perhaps as far back as the drawing of the
In India,
Egyptian figures in the temple of Beni Hasan. Regular contests are carried on at Tokio in a ring, surrounded with two circles of thirty-six bags of earth. Pillars, which support the roof, are adorned with colors representing the seasons; a bow and a bowstring formerly were given as the prize. After
certain
formalities
each other, and at the end of each bout the judge indicates to whom the victory belongs.
Superannuated wrestlers generally act as umand quiet the young men about the ring who Throughout the Japanese are disposed to quarrel. Empire generally, autumn is regarded as the proper
pires,
it is
indulged
in at
seasons at Tokio.
part,
most
plaits behind,
like
Spanish bull-fighters.
The
in
from
of
Old
"The
first
of great spirit
(B.C. 24), when one Taimanokehaya, a noble and strength, boasting that there was not his match under heaven, begged the Emperor that his strength might be put to a test. The Emperor, accordingly, caused a challenge to be proclaimed, and one Nomi-No-Shikune answered it, and having wrestled with Kehaya, kicked him in the ribs and broke his bones so that he died. After this
Emperor
Sum in
23
Shikune was elevated to high office, and became further famous in Japanese history as having substituted earthen images for the living men who, before his time, used 10 be buried with the Mikado. "In the year 858 A.D., the throne of Jnpan was wrestled for. The Emperor Bunioku had two sons, both of whom aspired to the throne. Their claims were decided in a wrestlingmatch. Koreshito, one of the sons, was proclaimed as victor in this match, and ascended his father's throne under the
name
the
of Seiwa.
Emperor Shonui
;
monies of the Autumn Festival of the Five Grains, or harvest home and, as the year proved a fruitful one, the custom was
continued as auspicious.
inces
of various prov-
were collected, and one Kiyo Bayashi was proclaimed the champion of Japan. Many a brave and stout man tried to throw him, but none could master him. "The rules of the ring were drawn up in order to prevent The victor of the match was appointed by the disputes. Emperor to be the judge of wrestling-matches thereafter, and was presented, as a badge of office, with a fan upon which were inscribed the following words Prince of The wrestlers were divided into wrestlers of the Lions.' eastern and wrestlers of the western provinces Omi being taken as the center province. The eastern wrestlers wore in their hair the badge of a hollyhock the western wrestlers had for their sign the gourd-flower. Hence the passage leading up to the wrestling-stage was called the flower-path. Forty-eight various falls were fixed upon as fair twelve throws, twelve lifts, twelve twists, and twelve throws over the back. All other throws not included were foul, and it was the duty of the umpire to see that no unlawful tricks were resorted to. In ancient days the prizes for the three champion wrestlers were a bow and bowstring and an arrow."
:
'
Thus we see that, among nations ancient and modern, wrestling has held a place, and had its growth with civilization that in countries in which
;
24
the
highest civilization
was reached,
it
had
its
golden day; and that it has been especially engaged in by freedom-loving people. That it shall again occupy the important place given it by the Greeks is devoutly to be wished;
is
no distant dream.
forbids
more
it
is
short epitome of
history; but
useful
may prove
all
a
in
thread
of
interested
so
ancient and
honorable a sport.
25
CHAPTER
II
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
CERTAIN
Time.
tion
as
rules
of
action
are
essential
in
all
styles of wrestling.
man
in
is
moving or exerting
his strength
the
The
Hence
a wrestler
times his moves and exertions so as to make his effort at a time when the move of his opponent
will serve to aid
him.
wrestling-bout
is
Feinting.
an epitome of a
military campaign.
With
would think of trying to crush his rival Each, however, tries to deceive his opponent and catch him at a disadvantage. This done, it becomes the case of the stronger against the weaker, and the former will of course prevail. The only difference between the general and the wrestler is that the former is the exponent of many, while the latter is complete in himself. The essence of strategy, by which each succeeds,
by
direct attack.
is
feinting.
26
Whether
it
made under
is
it
The opponent
has been effected. Men are rarely thrown by a Second Holds. When, however, the first attack has direct attack. failed, the aggressor immediately follows with a second one, for which he is likely to find his oppoIf the second hold fails, still nent less prepared. another hold may be tried, and so on. The chance
or anticipation by the opponent will be found to decrease with each trial, and the possibility of success by the aggressor to
of successful preparation
increase correspondingly.
Combination Holds.
a time
tlers
is
often obtain
at
each hand.
the opponent with either might be impossible; when the two are combined, however, a fall is often irre-
To throw
sistible.
The
ground,
Weight.
When
A
one
man
is
upon
the
This not only prevents the under man from changing his position, but wears
his
out
strength.
light
man who
uses his
weight can hold his opponent down more effectually than a heavier man who fails to do so. Especially is the use of the weight essential in
is
likely to
try-
of the weight
its
is
thus imthe
use
is
of not less
The moment
aggressor seeks to
into
his
lift
his
some new
position, the
weight dead.
is
That
is,
far as
sary
making
him
is
as
it
were, on the
Leverage.
When
is
a hold
arm, and
it
desired to push
above
is
his
head
in
applied not at
all.
The
is
ap-
side
man from his upper man presses forward, not perpendicularly to the body of his opponent, but diagonally forward; his object being not to roll him upon his back so much as to roll both shoulders squarely upon the carpet. By pushing forward in a diagonal direction towards the head, the shoulders are not only fastened to the ground, but power is being applied upon the head and shoulders, where its effect is needed. The Neck. The longer the neck, the greater is the leverage to be obtained upon it. Accordingly, when the aggressor seeks a neck-hold, the opponent draws his neck in between his shoulders, so as
of leverage.
In seeking to roll a
upon
to shorten
it
as
much
as possible.
Of not less importance is it for a man in bridging, or assuming any position where his weight comes upon his neck, to make one piece of his neck and his body. Otherwise, the neck becomes twisted, and its resistant power is lost. The Thumb. The holding-power of the hand is
28
by using the thumb as a fifth and securing most holds in this manner. The Back. In all positions where the aggressor comes under his opponent for the purpose of lifting him up or otherwise, he holds his back as stiff as
greatly increased
finger,
possible.
Caution must always be observed, by the wrestler who is over his opponent when the latter is upon the carpet, not to dangle his arms or allow them to hang loosely over his opponent. Otherwise, the under wrestler is given an opportunity of seizing the arm, drawing it under him as he rolls down upon his side, and pulling his opponent under him in a position from
especially
The Anns.
always be kept in closely to the sides. By failure to observe this rule, the most dangerous holds in
wrestling are opened
by observing
it,
moves
not
to
of
his
adversary.
Where
touch
reach,
the
sense
of
must
is
be used attempting
to do.
Activity and Vim. Every movement, when commenced, should be made with vim and snap,
in its nature.
muscles
be attained if this rule be ignored. Keeping in Motion. The under wrestler, when
upon
his
constantly about;
thus
not
the
his
change of position, to secure some hold upon adversary which may lead to his escaping.
30
CHAPTER
III
CATCH-AS-CATCH-CAN WRESTLING
The
in
the course
guards
The
scribes
each
position
fall
there
illustrated,
result.
from
its
inception to the
which should
The pictures and descriptions, as a rule, explain what may be termed right-hand work, or work by the aggressor done upon the right side of his opponent.
They
are,
work done upon the left side. The term aggressor refers
who man
who
is
fall
either
man touch
obtained only when both shoulders of the carpet at the same time.
31
Position
i.
Shaking Hands.
Position
2.
Ready ior
Cajll of Time.
Shaking Hands (Position i). This is the formalwith which a wrestling-bout commences. The direction to this effect is given by the referee, or whoever is to announce the event of a fall. With right foot advanced, and each looking his adversary squarely in the eye, the men approach one another and grasp right hands.
ity
vene
the
movements of the other, and be in readiness for action when the call of time is given. The positions shown in this and the above-described picture, while
essential
to
fair
test as similar
formalities are in
or boat-racing.
33
Position
3.
Time.
Position
4.
Time (Position
referee,
is
3).
This
Each
knees some-
in at
and rear foot braced. The muscles are relaxed, Each wrestler and rigidity of body is avoided. skirmishes lightly around upon his feet, feinting with hands and feet, and ever ready to take advantage of some move of his opponent which may
leave an opening.
4).
The
thus
opponent.
The
latter
the rear.
foiled, as
The
is
shown by the
picture.
Even
the hold
it may be broken by a prompt vigorous execution of the movement above and If the hold, however, is secured and described.
is
and throws
to
opponent backwards. The latter, whirls around so as to come face downward upon his hands a position whence he
avoid a
fall,
a successful block to been interposed, the wrestler upon the defensive often finds an opportunity to secure a hold upon his adversary.
may
try to escape.
ha.->
When
the hold
35
Position
5.
Ckoss Bl
'>ck.
Position
6.
5) is
3.
usually.secured
when
by
the
men
are in position
The
rear wrestler,
standing too erect, has given his adversary an opportunity of closing upon him. The latter seizes
the right wrist and upper arm of his opponent with
and right hands respectively, and at the same time places his right leg behind the oppohis
left
The
aggressor
now
swings his opponent around over his right leg and buttock to the left and down upon the carpet, fol-
his weight.
The under
Continuation of the Cross Buttock (Position 6). wrestler tries to escape from being
thrown by forming a brace with his left leg, and pushing his opponent's head away with his left hand. To overcome the effect of these efforts, the aggressor, still maintaining the wrist hold, changes
his
his
own position so that his shoulders bear upon opponent's chest, and reverses the arm hold so In as to secure a lock around the latter's biceps. this position he pushes back with his body diagonally towards the head of his opponent.
37
Position-
7.
Position
8.
Fall
from
7).
The
endeavor to escape, under either by bridging, explained (Pos. 28), or by throwing his adversary off, is slowly forced over. The accessor meanwhile increases his advantage by catching his opponent's right leg and pulling At the same time he bears hard upon upwards.
the latter's chest, increasing the pressure upon the
resist-
ance
is
overcome and
it
is
carpet.
Guard
This
effort
is
8).
a preventive
movement
resorted to by the
wrestler
upon the defensive in anticipation of an by the aggressor to secure the cross buttock. The guard consists in the former throwing his body forward and legs back so as to form a brace against the aggressor, at the same time placing the hand of the disengaged arm upon his opponent's hip. The aggressor is compelled to release his hold in consequence of the guard of his opponent; but, as in: does so, the latter is ever upon the watch to If no such opportunity secure a hold in his turn. he assumes the attitude shown in is presented,
position
3.
39
PosiTroN
o.
Position
io.
9).
When
both
men
both arms, seizes his opponent around the body If the latter had kept his elbows under the arms. close in to his sides, however, the aggressor could The wrestler upon the not have secured the hold. defensive, to guard against the hold, places his
forearm against the aggressor's throat, seizes his
own
his
back outward.
in
The
The body
result
the
wrestler
upon
whom
the
same
is
which a
fall
is
likely to follow.
Body Hold and Back Heel (Position 10). This is body hold, above described, and a further movement called the back heel. The body is bent back from the perpendicular. The aggressor first seizes the bodv hold and bends his opponent backward by pushing forward upon
a combination of the
He then places his heel behind that of opponent, which effectually prevents the opponent from using either leg to maintain his balance, and forces him backward upon the carpet. Escape from this hold is extremely difficult, if once secured; but if the movement is anticipated by the use of the guard above explained, it cannot be
his chest.
his
secured.
41
1'
-.
<\
ii.
N&CK and
Ak.m Hold.
Position
12.
Ht.el.
Neck and
tion
is
Ann Hold
(Position
n).
This
posi-
It may also be taken when the wrestlers been unable to accomplish anything from any have other position, and desire a change, each expectWhen in this ing to gain some advantage from it. position, the action by both men is similar to that described under position 3 each moving around on the feet, each holding the other's arm and looking for an opening. Sooner or later, as a result of movement and counter-movement, an opening will be afforded.
of time.
Arm Hold and Back Heel (Position 12). The two men are separating from the above position. As they break away, one of them, instead of stepping back, slides his hand from the neck to the triceps of his opponent. At the same time he his left hand upon the left shoulder of his places opponent and rests the forearm against the latter's This constitutes the arm hold. Simultaneneck.
ously with this movement, the aggressor thrusts
behind his opponent's leg, thus securing a back heel. From this position the aggressor pulls in upon his opponent's arm, presses forward upon the shoulder, and swings him around to the front and down upon the carpet in a manner similar to
his leg
that
shown
in
position 150.
43
Position
13.
Position
14.
Com imation
of the Body
tion 13).
Commencement of Body Hold from Rear (PosiWhen the wrestlers are maneuvering in position it "one of them may assume a too erect
position.
When
his
lie
drops
the picture,
pushes up the arm of his opponent at the elbow, and ducks his head under it. At the same time he clasps his opponent's leg about the knee from behind, thus bringing about the attitude shown in the
picture.
sible,
From
to escape.
Cout imiration
tion 14).
from his knee, body erect and head back. This throws his opponent around, and enables the aggressor more readily to get behind him, as shown in the next-described picture. The aggressor should be careful to hold
rises
The aggressor
of
t lie
(Posi-
his right
arm
perfect
brace
in
case
5)..
the
or
buttock (Pos.
45
Position
15.
Body Hold
Position
16.
Lift.
Body Hold secured from Rear (Position 15). The aggressor of the last-described position lias
succeeded
sition
in
From
this po-
and various throws may be effected. The opportunity of securing a new hold or throw is not confined to the
obtainable,
man
The
wrestler
may
Half
is
16).
This
The
a combination
name
implies.
arm under
his
over the back of his neck, as shown \x\ the picture, The aggressor simultaand also in position 119.
neously
lifts
his
opponent
by
still
He
releasing the
nent
falls
arm, and at the same time arm around the body. The oppoprone upon his back, or into a position
may
be secured.
47
Position
17.
Body
Lift.
Position
18.
First
Break for
the
Body Lift
(Position 17).
The
breaks the
lift.
The
its
means any movement by which the hold already secured by the wrestler's adversary is
name
implies,
broken.
Second Break for the Body Lift (Position 18). This is similar in principle to the position above described, but accomplishes the result more effectually,
inasmuch as both legs of the wrestler in around the legs of his adversary. In using the break, care must be taken by the
wrestler in front to bring his leg to the front as soon as his opponent has stopped lifting. Otherwise the latter will have an opportunity of throw-
ing his
opponent
off
his
balance,
and
thereby
effecis
gaining an advantage
tive
in position.
way
of escaping
in
from this
to
for
the
wrestler
front
his
49
POSITION
19.
I-e<j
Hold and
Sit-Back.
Position
20.
Sit- Back
(Position
19).
The
is
lift,
and allows
in
his
his feet
touch the
front
At
this
juncture
the
wrestler
upon
and
from between his own le^s. A similar movement might be executed by the wrestler in front, from position 15, whenever the legs of the wrestler in
the rear are placed
the wrestler
in
in
Fall
20).
from
the
(Position
The wrestler
and
at
the above-described
upon
sits
is
his adversary's
all
back with
his
weight.
The
wrestler behind
more
easily
executed
one's opponent
is
unacquainted
51
PosiTfON
21.
Position
22.
Rear (Position
described
scribed
rear,
in
Standing Double Wrist Hold between Legs from This is the reverse of the hold 21).
position
19.
The
wrestler in front
is
seeking to secure the leg hold and sit-back as dein positions 19 and 20. The opponent in the however, anticipates the movement, withdraws his hands from the waist of hisadversarv, and seizes the latter' s wrists, now extended backward between glance his legs, in an effort to secure leg hold. at the picture shows how little opportunity of escape there is, and how completely the wrestler in front is at the mercy of his opponent.
The
wrestler
in
upon the
The
upon
latter turns
a somersault, landing
squarely
his shoulders, as
shown
in
the picture.
The
only possible
from a fall is for the wrestler in front, the instant he perceives the hold is being secured, and before the lift has taken place, to throw himself forward and to the side, from which position he may find some chance of extriof escape
way
cating himself.
53
Position
23.
Position
24.
Fall Imminent
uy.>i
Commencement of
tion 23).
^//(Posi-
This position
it
either offensively or
the defense,
affords a
1
the
body
lift
(Pos.
5).
As
an offensive move,
Thus, the wrestler in front, retaining opponent. his hold upon his adversary's left wrist, suddenly
lurches forward, placing his right hand upon the
same time
a result the
his
extending his
left
As
(Position 24).
Imminent from the Standing Side Roll The under wrestler twists his body violently downwards and to the left side. At the same time he throws upward the leg which is extended to the rear. The upper wrestler, already much unbalanced by the forward and twisting movement of his opponent, is now, by the leg movement, thrown completely off his balance and dragged down and under the latter by the wrist hold which his adversary still retains, as shown in The roll of the under wrestler, if conthe picture. tinued, would bring his opponent upon his back and shoulders, in the manner shown by position 7.
Fall
55
Position
25.
i*DEK.
PostncN
26.
Head Twist.
Chancery over the Shoulder (Position 25). The 5 throws his head back over one of the shoulders of his adversary so that
wrestler in front of position
J
the head of the latter projects over his shoulder. Then, taming aggressor, he seizes the head of his adversary with both hands, and holds it in chancery over the shoulder. The term chancery applies to any hold which imprisons the head. The wrestler in front now pulls down with his hold, bends violently forward, and throws his opponent completely
The
upon
fall
his
which a
may
be obtained.
Head
follows
This
shown
is
a hold which
from
the
position
in
the
above
described picture.
The
opponent.
reverses his
front
of his
The
own
hitter
come
in
partly in
opponent and
the opposite
direction.
the
The head twist shown in the picture is movement now applied, by which the aggressor brings his man to the carpet and turns him upon
his shoulders.
57
Pomtiom
27.
Position' 28.
Fall
i-ro.m
situation
Elbow and Leg Hold (Position 27) suggests the when the first move is made for the body
13).
The
arm
difference
is
of the upper
down
so as
under wrestler a complete hold upon it, whereupon the latter, instead of trying to swing his adversary around as was done in position 14, in
order to get a body hold, retains his hold upon the
arm
as well as
upon the
leg.
The under
ture
(Position 28).
This
down upon
the arm
upon winch
his
hold
in
This movement must be executed quickly and vigorously, otherwise the opponent may strike the carpet upon his head and feet, which position is termed a bridge, and thus find means of
escaping.
59
Pom uo>
29.
Position
30.
Back
IIkki.
Standing Chancery and Bar Hold (Position 29). aggressor, starting from position 3, with a quick movement catches the back of his opponent's head with his right hand and pulls it down under his left arm, thus securing the standing chancery This movement successfully accomplished, hold. he slips his right hand and arm under his opponent's left arm and across his back, thus also securing the bar hold. By bearing heavily upon his opponent's neck with the chancery hold, and by twisting vigorously around with the bar hold, the aggressor compels his opponent to sink to his side upon the carpet, substantially in position 33, from which position lie may press his opponent's
The
the
This
resembles
the
showing a chancery hold, obtained, however, under The under wrestler, by properly the right arm. keeping his elbow close to his body, has prevented his opponent from securing a bar hold, and follows up his success by turning aggressor and securing the back heel explained in position 10 upon his opponent, who has incautiously assumed too erect The wrestler whose head is in chancery a position. is now in a fair way to trip his opponent backward upon the carpet, either upon his shoulders or in a
position leading to a
fall.
61
Position
3t.
Position
32.
Fall from
tiik
Head Lift from the Chancery Hold (Position The wrestler who is lifted from the floor
secured a chancery hold upon his opponent.
cers hold, has invited
31).
lias
The
opponent, instead of resisting against the chanit. When his head is thus caught in chancery, however, lie comes towards and under his opponent's arm with his back careHis opponent, who still mainfully kept straight. tains the chancery hold, is consequently lifted
clear of the floor, as
shown
iu the picture.
The
under wrestler, now the aggressor, has an opportunity, which he uses, to obtain a crotch hold upon his opponent with one hand and a hold around his neck with the other, as shown in the picture.
Fall from the Head Lift from Chancery (Position 32). The standing wrestler in the above described picture drops forward and upon his knees so as to bring his adversary upon his shoulders. The only way of escape which is open to the under wrestler when the hold has once been secured and his opponent has dropped forward, is to bridge and press his opponent's body back with his disengaged hand when he comes in contact with the carpet.
63
Position
;.
Hilad
in
Cman rh*
Position
34.
Head
in
Chancery
(Position
33).
We
have
arm which has the chancery hold and draws that arm in to his body, so that the pressure upon his opponent's head comes across the jaw and The hold must not be secured cheek bones.
of the
made
this
in
By
is
the bar hold or quarter Nelson (Pos. 29 and 79), may be obtained. The only remedy for the man
who
is
to tear
li
is
ad-
(Position 34).
This
hold
is
substantially the
differs
same manner
it
as the
from
in
applied across
for
the
throat.
The hold
but
is
is
described
barred
in
the
sake of completeness,
in
amateur and
matches.
pressure
is
by another part of the body. The ordinary grip around the neck is not a strangle hold.
65
Position' 35-
Side
Ch.\.\<
i-.uy.
Position
36.
This
hold
is
sub-
holds
in
obtained, as
shown
in
at the side
An
may be
afforded
are
when
when they
in
Escape from the Side Chancery (Position 36). The under wrestler places the hand nearest his
opponent's body against the latter's thigh, and with the other hand seizes the opponent's wrist
so as to relieve the pressure
At
under wrestler keeps his neck as stiff as possible and works around in a circle about his adversary, so as to twist his head out from under his arm by the leverage of the neck and body. The left hand, placed against the adversary's thigh, as above
described,
is
67
Position
37.
PosrrtoM
38.
The
37).
his
his
adversary
fall
down upon
to twist
his knees,
him over still further, so that he may upon his side and ultimately be forced upon
back.
accomplish this result, the weight and twist must be applied as soon as the hold has been secured, otherwise the prisoner may succeed in wrenching himself free, as explained under the preceding position.
To
Fall Imminent
38).
This position
is
from
is
described, and
legs in
bringing about a
Thus
the
upper
prepared by his attitude a d the position of the under wrestler to prevent the latter from
wrestler
either working towards
bridging
escape.
sary,
is
in
could
not well be
it
The upper
wrestler,
will
be
observed, continues to maintain his hold by clasping one wrist securely with the opposite hand.
69
Position
39.
Position
40.
Side Chancery
is
39).
This
oppor-
a combination of the side chancer)' hold (Pos. 35) leg hold is obtained by and the leg hold.
is
secured.
is
An
when whose head is in chancery (Pos. 36) allows himself to swing around in the rear of his opponent i\\ such a way as to enable the latter to reach down and clasp the leg around the knee, as shown in the picture.
tunity for securing the leg hold
afforded
Fall from the Side Chancery and Leg Hold (PosiCare must be taken, otherwise the hold may easily be lost. To accomplish the fall successfully, the wrestler who holds his opponent
tion 40).
in chancery and by the leg hold, drops forward and to the side in which he holds his opponent's Having reached the carpet head in chancery. with the opponent's head under him, the aggressor maintains his hold, and using his weight and legs carefully, as shown by the picture, brings his opponent's shoulders to the carpet. It is almost impossible for the under wrestler to escape a fall. Any chance of escape, as in most holds in wrestling, depends upon the quickness with which the wrestler upon his side sees what is coming, and applies preventive methods to get out of it before the hold is thoroughly secured.
Position
41.
::-:\r
or the
Drag Hold.
Position
42.
Guard against
';:ie
Drag Hold.
41).
When
in
position
or
II
chances to stand too erect, and thus allows his wrist and arm to be caught, the drag hold, as its name
signifies,
is
upon
his
obtained to drag an opponent down hands and knees upon the carpet. In
first,
to
left
hand,
or vice versa
up
to the armpit,
around the
triceps,
as to constitute a fifth
to steady the hold arid prevent the arm from being drawn back. The two moves are executed almost simultaneously.
Guard
against the
Drag Hold
(Position
42).
the
arm
seized, as
shown
is
in
the picture.
The
the
object of this
move
defensive to assume the aggressive and place hima position from which he
may
secure either
*7
/J
Position
43.
Drag Hold
Sti UftED.
POSITIOM
44.
ESCAWI KhOM
lilii
Dk.\<j
Holu.
43).
The aggressor
upon his adversary's wrist, as shown in position 42, and pulls his adversary half around with the hand which clasps the
triceps of his opponent.
face in substantially the
same
gressor.
same time the aggressor encircles the waist of his opponent with the arm and hand which previously had grasped the wrist hold shown
the
position
41.
At
in
The
aggressor
now
places
his
knee against the side of his opponent's knee, so as At the to make his weight as effective as possible. same time he lurches forward and drags his opponent down. The latter is thus forced to the carpet, when he naturally will assume the position upon his hands and knees shown in position 84.
Escape from the Drag Hold (Position 44). The under wrestler of position 43 settles back, as shown in the picture, and at the same time pulls the hand and arm of his adversary from around his waist. The complete escape, not shown in the picture, is effected when the under wrestler swings completely around, facing his adversary, and free from his grasp. He then assumes positions 3 or 11.
Position
45.
i>y
Use ok Knee.
Position
46.
Circling out
(Position 45).
to the carpet
tion 43.
from under
Position by Use
of Knee
upon his hands and knees from posiHis position, while by no means as disadvantageous as it would appear, is nevertheless one from which he desires to escape. This result may be brought about in either of several ways, but the one now described is the most effective. The under wrestler places his knee against the thigh of his aggressor, which holds the latter off, and at the same time ducks his own head down and to the rear from under the arm which encircles This enables the under wrestler either his body. to secure the upper position, or to obtain one of various other holds, among the most effective of which is the half Nelson leg hold (Pos. 47) or the farther arm and near leg hold (Pos. 102).
On Top and
The
upper
he can change to a is always ready to take advantage of any move by his opponent.
him.
a very little effort
With
positions,
and yet
77
POSITION
47.
Half
Nhi.von and
Position
48.
Coviini'ation of
(Position
This position
is
As
the
arm
lie
of his adversary,
and
at
right angles to
him,
16), with one arm, and with the other seizes his opponent's leg at the knee. The upper wrestler's object in coming out at right angles is to insure stability and to prevent himself from being thrown off his balance, as would result if his body were allowed to be parallel instead of being perpendicu-
lar to
Continuation of
tion 48).
(Posi-
to his feet,
by the
half
and at the same time lifts his opponent Nelson and leg hold, as shown in the
then rushes the latter across the carleg.
picture.
The
If
result
to bring the
opponent upon
it
his
back and
the
skilful,
however,
will
probably require
79
Position
49.
Position
50.
Hold
Further Continuation of Half Nelson and Leg (Position 49). The upper wrestler of position 48 shifts his grip upon the leg, from the knee to the crotch, maintaining the half Nelson and bearing down all his weight upon his adversary's chest. He also keeps well balanced upon his knees, to prevent the under wrestler from bridging,
or rolling
him
over.
From
this position
the ag-
and shoulders, as illustrated in position 122. We shall assume, however, that the upper wrestler continues to force his opponent over, with the result shown in the next picture.
Fall from
50).
upper wrestler maintains his point of advantage until his adversary is compelled to succumb. This may be a matter of several minutes, during which time the upper wrestler is constantly upon his guard, holding back if the under wrestler seeks to roll or bridge from him, or pressing forward if the latter tries to roll towards him and The upper wrestler also tries to accome.scape. plish a fall from time to time, by lifting his opponent bodily a short distance from the carpet, and falling heavily upon him, so as to break the effect
of a bridge
if
The
Half
attempted.
81
Position
51.
Grapevink Lock.
PosriioN
S2.
move
This is a favorite 5 r). most wrestlers, although its effective use requires a thorough knowledge of wrestling.
with
wrestler, from
One
that
both
men
face
in
the
same
he locks his left leg around his opponent's right leg from the inside
this position
From
reaches
lifting
over
the elbow.
tained,
the
him underneath.
Fall from the Grapevine Lock (Position 52). The aggressor of the last described picture continues to twist his opponent around and under until
a point
is
The
aggressor
keeping his weight closely applied to the chest of his opponent, to prevent
forward,
his
bridging,
as already explained,
bringing
his
83
Position
53.
Hip Lock.
Position* 54.
Hip Lock
started
in
(Position
53).
The
as
wrestlers
have
the
same position
is obtained (Pos. 42). The aghowever, instead of securing the grapevine, crouches lower and throws his left hip and thigh directly in front and under the body of his opponent. He simultaneously takes the arm hold upon his opponent which is described in the case The object in of the grapevine lock (Pos. 51). securing the arm hold is the same in both cases, viz. to pull one's opponent around and underneath prior to falling upon him.
the
grapevine
gressor,
Fall
from
the
Hip Lock
(Position
54).
The
is
twists his
opponent around
come
directly under-
when he
falls
heavily
forward
upon
his
opponent, bearing down with his weight so as to prevent the latter from either turning or bridging
out.
The
is
secured
if
one's oppois
It is also
a hold which
many
styles of wrestling.
85
Position
55.
First
Lift.
Position
56.
Sf<_oND
Gisku AGAINST
ii'L.
Leg
Lift.
First
Guard
assume
We
55).
the aggressor of
position
4 has
the
The
wrestler upon
whom
by bringing the leg between the latter's legs as shown in the picture. The opponent places his right hand upon the aggressor's shoulder to prevent the latter from backheeling or securing some
other hold.
releases his
tlers fall
The
lift
usual result
leg,
is
upon the
3 or 11.
Second Guard against the Leg Lift (Position 56). is to be employed when the aggressor dives or bends forward to secure the leg hold upon the thigh. In this event the wrestler upon the defensive twines his leg from the front against the leg of the aggressor, straightening it up at the same time. Simultaneously the wrestler upon the defensive grasps the arm of his adversary about the triceps and leans his weight against him. Here, as in case of the above described guard, any endeavor by the aggressor to lift is an effort to lift his own weight as well as that of his opponent. The aggressor is therefore compelled to give up the attempt.
This move
87
Position
57.
ld and Back
Him.
Position
58.
Lift.
(Position
61).
This
but differs from it in one hand clasping the arm and the other a leg, both hands clasp the leg about the knee. This hold is often secured by diving for the opponent's Successful in thus obtaining leg from position 3. hold, the aggressor braces his shoulder and the body forward against his opponent's chest so as
throw him backward upon the carpet, from which position, even if a fall has not resulted, a The under wrestler better hold may be secured. may block the aggressor's move and prevent any lift by throwing himself around to the front, upon his hands, and placing his leg between the legs of his opponent, as shown in and described with refto
the
Leg Hold
in
(Position 62).
in
When
his aggressor.
man
will anticipate
93
Position
<5j.
Position
64.
Arm and
tlers start
Crotch Hold (Position 63). The wresfrom position 3. The aggressor seizes a
and
In
same time
making this move the aggressor comes in under the opponent and secures the regulation weight-lifting Retaining the arm and crotch, the agposition.
gressor
tion
now stands
in
shown
Fall from
Arm and
Crotch
Hold (Position
64).
The
his
opponent over
his head,
he has an im-
upon the opponent, so as to be unable to bring him squarely upon his shoulders, he still maintains his hold upon the arm and leg, and bears upon the opponent with his weight, so as to keep him pinned to the floor. A fall will thus finally result, as illustrated by position 28.
95
P^ JITTON 65.
Back Ha
-.:..
;<
Position
66.
Co.m.meno mi \t of the
Ck<>-->
Body Lift.
Lock and Bar Hold (Position 65). The back hammer lock is a hold whereby a wrestler's arm is brought behind his back and pressed upward, as shown in the picture, as well as in positions 137 and 140. The bar hold has already been described in connection with the chancery hold in position 29. The wrestlers start upon their feet as The aggressor forces his opponent in position 33. down upon his hands and knees, and, releasing the chancery hold around the neck of his opponent, seizes the latter's wrist and brings his arm over his At the same time he slips his right arm back. under his opponent's left arm, and over the back,
Back
Hammer
mer lock, the aggressor now twists his opponent around with the bar hold so as to bring him forward and to his side upon the carpet, from which position a fall may be secured, somewhat as shown
in
position 144.
Commencement of
66j.
the Cross
is
Body Lift
(Position
upon his hands and knees upon the carpet, at which time the other wrestler, from one of a variety of the upper positions, springs to his feet, faces about, and clasps both arms around the body of his adversary, as shown
wrestler
in
One
the picture.
This hold
is
a special favorite in
the Graeco-Roman
referred to.
style of
wrestling hereinafter
97
Position
67.
Cross Body
Hold and
Lift.
Position
68.
Flying Roll.
Cross
67).
The
aggressor
as
opponent with him, hold him susHe then swings him to a perpendicular position and drops him with both shoulders upon the carpet. The opponent mayblock this lift by twisting the body, when the lift
an erect position and
picture, so as to
lias
commenced,
gressor,
who, being able to accomplish nothing, necessarily allows his opponent to get back upon
the carpet.
a position the
Flying Roll (Position 68). This is obtained from beginning of which is substantially
5).
The
as in the cross-
The
The
ag-
by continuing the twist, will drag his opponent around under him and to the carpet, upon his The break for shoulders, as shown in position 7.
this
hold
is
buttock (Pos.
99
Position
(So.
Flying Mare.
Position
70.
Fall Imminent
kko*.
Flying Mare.
the
Mare (Position 69). This is another hold commencement of which resembles the beginning of the cross-buttock hold (Pos. 5). The agFlying
same
direction as his opponent, and brings his shoulder under the latter's armpit. This accomplished, he
his
arm
tightly
lifts
down
in
front
of
his
thereby
shown
in
the picture.
ment
of his adversary
hand upon
the same
in
8).
his
di-
in
armpit,
the same
way
as a cross-buttock
blocked (Pos.
70).
Fall Imminent from the Flying Mare (Position The aggressor lurches forward and sidewise,
thus throwing his opponent upon his shoulders, and still maintaining his hold upon the arm. Even
if
fall is
in
the pic-
in
upon
his shoulders.
101
Position
ji.
Position
72.
Side Chancery
This
in
is
71).
The
aggressor has
turn,
is
commenced with
based upon
chancery hold has thus been secured, and it only remains for the aggressor, by placing his leg across in front of his opponent, to supplement the chancery hold with the cross buttock, in order to arrive
at the position
shown
in
the picture.
Fall Imminent
from
The
Side Chancery
shown
in
the picture.
slight continua-
tion of the
fall.
Es-
difficult
by anticipating
to the front.
If
be done, he has only the chancery hold to extricate himself from, for which explanation has been given (Pos. 36).
103
Position
75.
Hold Secursp.
Position
74.
Near Leg
Lift.
head bent clown under to elude the aggressor's arm, which seeks to secure the side chancerv. He
next seizes the leg of the aggressor, who is forced to secure some other position, in order to avoid the
in position 6r.
which the wrestler of the above described picture, upon whom the leg hold has been secured, is forced to assume, in order to avoid being lifted by his The result of being so lifted would place near leg. the under wrestler in the undesirable posture shown
in
position 59.
The
position
now
described
is
the
only sure means of avoiding being placed at a disadvantage by the wrestler now assuming the aggressive.
The under
wrestler in falling
upon
his
hands
and kness should seek to place the leg lifted in the air between his opponent's legs so as to block the
hold.
;g5
POSITION
75.
Position'
76.
Further Leg Lift and Tzuist (Position 75) is a continuation of the manoeuvre described in positions 73 and 74 by the upper wrestler in his endeavor to throw his antagonist. The aggressor now readies forward over the back of li is opponent with his right hand, and clasps the latter's further As soon as this has been leg about the thigh. done he moves his hold from around the near leg so as to secure a hold around the further leg with both hands, and lifts the under wrestler, at the same time twisting him as shown in the picture.
The aggressor
in
Leg Lift and Twist (Position continues the lift and twist,
off his
shown
hands and clear of the This accomplished, he suddenly drops his opponent upon the carpet and bears down hard upon the leg which The under wrestler, unable to has been secured. or turn, finds both his shoulders upon the bridge
bring the under
carpet, with shoulders underneath.
carpet.
man
10:
Position
77.
Position
7S.
Arm Hold.
77).
The
bar hold
is
one of the most effective holds in wrestling. Both men are upon hands and knees, head to head, upon
the carpet, as a result of previous manoeuvres. aggressor
avail
is
The
himself of
right
his opponent's left arm and body, which he cannot do if the opponent keeps his arm close in to his side in accordance with the
arm between
fundamental principles of wrestling. The aggreswhich in the picture rests upon the elbow of the opponent, with a little jinesse may be changed to a chancery hold, thus producing a chancery and bar hold upon the carpet.
sor's other hand,
Escape from the Bar and Arm Hold (Position The under wrestler circles about upon his 78). knees as a centre, under the right arm of the aggressor, and, by continuing to circle around to the
left,
the position
shown
circle
in
the picture
is
arrived
at.
he will turn the aggressor and obtain the quarter Nelson, next described, or the further arm and near leg hold, described in
position 180.
By continuing the
log
Position
79.
Q. iktbh Xj.ison.
Position
80.
Quarter Nelson (Position 79). This hold is ordiby the upper wrestler, either on top, at ease (Pos. 45 and 46), or in any other position over liis opponent, the latter being upon his hands
narily secured
and knees.
The
hold
opponent, and at the same time bringing the left hand under his opponent's right arm so as to clasp his right wrist. He then bends the head of his towards himself, and at the same time opponent exerts the leverage power of the arm under his opponent's arm, by. placing his left shoulder as near as possible under the right armpit of his opponent.
First
(Position 80).
feels
The
have the
effect
upon the aggressor's knee so as to impair the assistance which the latter's left hand is lending to his right hand, and make escape easier.
in
Position
8i.
Position: 82.
Second Method of Escape from the Quarter NelThe under wrestler places his son (Position 81). head upon the carpet and brings his right shoulder
left
leg
under wrestler meanwhile bears as heavily as posthe hold of the aggressor until the
releases
his
latter
effort
finallv
ineffectual
hold
in
an
ag-
to obtain
The
own body
as near as
may be
at right anlat-
opponent.
side
his
Bridge from the Quarter Nelson (Position 82). This is a third method of escape. The under wrestler, as soon as he is aware that the aggressor
has secured this hold, immediately makes a bridge
by turning
rests solely
body in such a way that his weight upon the back of his head and feet in The effect of the manner shown in the picture.
his
this
movement
is
movement
towards his aggressor, the under wrestler comes down upon his hands and knees, substantially in the position from which he started, but free from the quarter Nelson.
113
PosrrtOX
fa.
To Come
Position
84.
Eldow and Bodv Hold from Side upon the Can pet.
To Come behind Opponent upon ike Carpet (PosiThis movement has already been ex83). plained when applied to standing position. In
tion
position 41,
method
is
one's adversary
The
present picture
assumes the men to be relatively in the same posiThe tion, but both upon their hands and knees. method of securing a position behind one's oppo-
The aggressor same in principle. draws his opponent towards hiin by the arm, with the result that the latter is pulled half way around. At the same time the aggressor, releasing his hold upon the wrist of his opponent, comes easily into the position on top of his opponent, shown in the
nent
is
the
following picture.
Elbozv
the Carpet
(Position 84).
This
is
a standard position
assumed
by the upper man of two wrestlers, his opponent being upon his hands and knees upon the carpet. The picture also shows the correct position of the under man with respect to his adversary. Attention
is
directed to the
is
fact
arm
of
carefully
drawn
close in to
The object of the under and body. wrestler is to prevent the aggressor from securing under his right arm one of the several Nelson or other dangerous holds.
thigh
"5
Position
85.
Position* 86.
Position to Cross to the Opposite Side (Position
This is a frequent manoeuvre in wrestling, and one already referred to in position 46. The object in crossing to the other side of one's opponent is to find a new opening in the course of the move. The movement is incidentally used to throw the opponent off his balance and upon his The method of starting across is shown by side. the picture. The upper wrestler places his chest upon the back of the under man as a pivot, and In this swings his legs to the other side of him.
85).
operation
the
legs
of
the
snap into position. In thus shifting positions the upper wrestler withdraws his right hand from the right elbow of the under wrestler and secures an
inside
At the same
his
hand upon
opponent's
elbow.
The
is
result
of the manoeuvre,
a vigorous pull
when
to
shown
in
the following
Escape from the Under Position (Position 86). The under wrestler seizes the aggressor's hand,
which encircles his waist, raises up on foot and knee from the carpet, and springs forward. The result is to shake off the aggressor and enable the under man to assume position 3. This movement suggests position 45, when the escape was effected by circling out.
117
Position
87.
Position
83.
Holding Opponent Down (P'osition S7). Tin's illusby which the aggressor prevents the under wrestler from escaping. The aggressor, the moment the under man attempts to escape, lunges forward and to the side, at the same time bearing down with every ounce of his weight upon the back of his opponent, so as to force him upon his hands and knees again.
trates an effective position
Breaking
88).
This
Away from
the
new
position
and pulling it upward As soon as the under wrestler towards himself. becomes aware of his adversary's intention, he
by seizing
is
broken, as shown
in
the pic-
when the aggressor is There is another method of breaking his hold. away from the ankle hold not illustrated by this position, viz. the under wrestler moves rapidly
vainly seeking to retain
:
around upon his hands in a semicircle, with the knees as a centre, and towards the ankle which lias been seized the left ankle of the picture thus wrenching the ankle free from the grip of the ag-
gressor.
119
Position
89.
Bkupgie
Position
90.
Bridge from the Crotch Hold (Position 89). The is obtained by the aggressor from the position shown in the last described picture. His left hand, which there grasps the left ankle of the under wrestler, is quickly shifted, so as to secure a crotch hold around the further thigh of the under wrestler. This accomplished, the aggressor lifts up and pulls the leg towards himself so as to turn the opponent upon his back. The under wrestler, to
crotch hold
weight upon his head, bridging into the position of As the aggressor throws him upon the picture.
may continue the bodv, so as to encircle the head of the aggressor with his right leg, from which position he comes face downwards upon his hands
the bridge, the under wrestler
lateral revolution of his
and knees,
free
Crotch Hold
The
is
nent's left foot, which hangs over his shoulder. A double hold has now been secured, with which the aggressor lifts his opponent up suddenly, only to drop him quickly down, and to bring his shoulders to the carpet. The under man, by twisting vigorously with his legs and body, may probably throw the aggressor off his balance, and thus effect an
escape.
121
Position
oi.
Position
92.
EbC.\rE from
the Crotch
Hold
(Position 91).
This
of
is
The
ag-
more
and bearing
fall
may
also
ping him suddenly, so that the jolt will cause the neck to relax and thus cause the shoulders to touch the carpet. The aggressor is careful, as his opponent whirls and twists from side to side in his efforts to escape, to throw his arm from time to time against the leg which is sought to be wrenched
loose.
a quick
Escape from the Crotch Hold (Position 92). By movement the under wrestler runs back upon his hands and comes out between his opponent's legs, towards the rear, as shown in I he picThe aggressor now has to release his hold to ture. avoid being thrown upon his head as the under The under wrestler comes into an erect position. man may also back heel and throw the aggressor
upon
liis
side in
is
guard against a
trip.
123
Position
93.
Posh ion
04.
Further Leg Hold upon the Carpet (Position 93). are upon their hands and knees as in position 96. The aggressor throws his legs at right angles to the length of his opponent, and reaches for his right, or further, leg, one arm going upon the outside and the other upon the inside of the left, or nearer, leg of his opponent, so as to secure the hold upon the right ankle and calf of leg which is shown in the picture. The aggressor, on
The men
in upon the right, or furand pushes vigorously forward with his The result is that his opponent will be shoulder. forced down upon his side unless he sees his danger, and by straightening his right leg, places it Sometimes the opponent is out of harm's way. caught unawares and thrown completely upon his back, but more often he is only compelled to assume a new position. The advantage of this to the adversary is that each change of position by the opponent increases the chance of a favorable opportunity being afforded him to secure a better hold.
tion 94).
Further and Near Leg Hold upon the Carpet (PosiThis hold is secured under substantially the same conditions as those last above described.
The aggressor
ponent from the outside, at the knee, and the further, or right, leg around the calf, as shown in the picture With a sudden wrench and lurch he throws his opponent upon his side, with legs somewhat apart, moves quickly into the V-space between them, and seizes his opponent around the hips substantially as shown, although at a more advanced stage, in the next described picture.
125
PosiTi'
:.
95.
>
.-,
..
.*
and Bripce.
Lk<;
wd
Arm
tfoi4>
the Legs,
and Bridge
(Position 95). The aggressor, rising up from his knees, comes to a standing position between his
his hips,
opponent's legs, still maintaining the hold around and necessarily causing his opponent to
aggressor either runs forward and pushes his opponent downward, so that his shouiders come to the carpet, or lifts him up from the carpet and jounces him down in such a way as to break the bridge and produce the same result.
The
This
by the upper man when his opponent is upon his hands and knees upon the carpet. In all there are The two others are dethree of these positions. In the position scribed as positions 84 and 111.
now considered, the aggressor's body should always be at right angles to that of his opponent. The aggressor's right arm is around his opponent's
right
arm
His
left
arm
is
ponent's right leg at the knee, and his own right knee is slightly in advance of the shoulder of the
opponent.
The
be carefully noted.
leg are extended
His further
constitute a brace.
his
to
body and
thigh.
127
Position
97.
Position
Fail
rom
in-:
Fiiuiii-s
Arm Hold.
Further Arm Hold and Guard (Position 97). The under wrestler has failed to keep his head down and his left arm close in to the body, according to the rule laid down in connection with position 84. The aggressor thus obtains a hold by
thrusting his right arm under his opponent's
left
the same time thrusts his left opponent's chin, so as to grasp the latter's further To guard against or break arm with both hands. this hold, the under wrestler braces against his ad-
and thrusts
is
shown
in
the picture.
his
also sit
down with
in
the
manner shown
Arm
Hold
(Position 98).
The opponent
away
arm
arm
hold.
The
aggressor there-
under wrestler, who falls upon his side or back, and by pressing forward forces both shoul-
shown
in
the picture.
When
been once thoroughly secured, escape is difficult, as both arms are securely fettered, and no substantial resistance by the body can be offered.
129
Position
99.
Position
100.
Double
tion 99).
Arm Hold to
is
(Posi-
used to throw an opponent upon from a sitting position. his back This position is
often resorted to by the under
This
man
as a
escape from
in
is
means of shown
position 97.
Assuming
his
opponent
to be in a
two arms, shown in the picture, and throws him backward. As the opponent approaches the carpet, the aggressor shifts his body around and above his opponent, and bears down as hard as he can upon the
sitting position, the aggressor seizes his
as
latter's chest.
fall
men
the
substantially
in
position J50.
To
avoid a
fall
under man seeks to roll upon his side by the use of a bridge, and thus escape from the hold.
Standing Half Nelson and Leg Hold (Position This is the same in principle as the hold of a similar name applied to the men when upon the An opportunity for securing the carpet (Pos. 47).
100).
in
hold
that
a standing position
is
afforded
The
to be seen, se-
left
him from the carpet, and throws him forward and downward upon his shoulders. The men now appear as
in
position 50.
'J 1
Posmoa:
iox.
Circling
Position
102.
Fii.iii's;
H<;..
rr
,<
CIRCLING.
Circling Out
from Underneath
is
(Position
101).
This maneuver
in
shown
position 45,
in
Both are methods of escape for conspicuous part. the under wrestler, and one or the other is to be employed, according to the position of the upper The move now considered is adopted wrestler.
wrestler is seeking to obtain a hold opponent's head. The latter, observing his adversary's intention, watches for his opportuThis comes when the upper man rests upon nity. At this juncture the shoulders of his opponent. the under wrestler throws his legs around at right angles to his adversary, and in so doing lowers his head and shoulders so that they come out underFrom this position neath the arm of the latter. the under wrestler assumes either position 84 or 96, or, if opportunity is afforded, he may immediately assume the offensive and try for a hold with which to throw his adversary, as shown ir. the following picture.
Further
(Position
This
Leg Hold
after Circling
The
distinctive feature
is in
is
his adver-
him
to secure a greater
his
down
opponent
more
easily
upon
his shoulders.
1*% /%
Position
103.
I.
kg Hold.
Position
104.
103).
Fall from Further Arm and Leg Hold (Position The aggressor pulls in upon the further arm
of his opponent, as
shown
in position 102, so as to
At the same time he opponent's near leg and lunges forward. As the under wrestler sinks to the ground, the aggressor bears down upon his chest and follows him carefully but constantly upon his knees. The use of the knees, as has been previously explained, is to enable the aggressor to block the efforts of the wrestler when he attempts to bridge
up upon
his
104).
It
is
usually un-
is
When
men
position
tacit
may be able to dive down and seize his opponent around the legs. An opening for the dive is often On seizing the hold, the aginduced by feinting. gressor pulls his opponent's leg toward him and
bears forward with his shoulder.
so
The
object
is
not
much
to
directly, a difficult
task
a position
from this position, but to throw him into from which a fall may be effected.
if
made
at a distance,
is
to
10
135
Position
105.
Position
106.
Further
(Position
Arm and
105).
An
The
opponent into assuming in the picture, for the purpose the position shown Successful of securing upon him the hold shown. in his endeavor, the under wrestler, now becoming the aggressor, holds his adversary's further arm about the triceps, the thumb being used as a fifth
under wrestler lures
his
and seizes the adversary's leg at about the This done, he lifts somewhat with his shoulders, and lunges forward with all his might, so as to throw his adversary over his head, at the same time continuing to pull in with the hands. The result is that the adversary is thrown upon the carpet, in position 103, although here it is the reIf the upper man were, howsult of another hold. ever, to place his left hand and arm, now resting upon his opponent's back, around the latter's body from the other side, the under wrestler would be unable to lunge effectively.
finger,
knee.
Preparing
tion 106).
to
Arms
(Posi-
The
left
hand of the upper man, instead of resting upon his opponent's back, is clasped around his opponent's The under wrestler being unable to lunge bodv. has necessarily relinquished his leg hold and changed his position so as to come head to head with his opponent. His arms are now locked about those of his adversary.
137
Position
107.
Fall Immi.nkm
iko.m
Ak.ms.
Position' to8.
Bodv
Lift.
Arms
wresroll
This
is
shown
in
The under
if
tler, still
about to
to
one side, and suddenly rolls to the other side, upon which he has locked the arm of his adversary. As the latter is rolled underneath, the aggressor swings his legs around at right angles, and braces back upon the chest of his adversary, keeping his feet well apart, as
as not to
shown
in
the picture, so
be thrown off his balance. In this position he can prevent his adversary from rolling or bridging away, and upon the other hand is able to push him over so that his shoulders come gradually
to the carpet.
Body Lift
(Position
10S).
Except
the
same
cross-body lift already described (Pos. 66 and 67). This hold is not used, like the cross-body lift, to drop an opponent directly down upon his shoulders, but
is
to force
him
to take
some new
position,
some
This picture also represents a situation which might result from position
secured.
15, in
to
lift
his
opponent up sidewise and seek to throw him down upon the carpet.
139
Position
109.
in
Oi'I'osite Directions.
Position ho.
Dociw.k Briix
.:
Double
Arm
Lock,
Men
Facing
in Opposite Direc-
In certain
in
of his
arms around
106 the
arms, while
position
under wrestler has locked the near arm onlv, his other hand grasping his opponent's biceps in the
manner shown
tion
in
position
105.
Wrestlers
in ac-
frequently find themselves in a bad position for each other, and this is an illustration of such
a situation.
vice,
it
were, in a
that
a
the upper
man
makes
move
to escape,
which
is
Double Bridge from Double Arm Lock (Position The under man of the above described position moves in under his adversary as far as possible, feints as if to roll to one side, and rolls with all his energy to the other, so that the men come
tio).
shown by the
picture.
The
up-
opponent from rolling him over He may throw his opponent, either by maintaining the position until his opponent is tired out, or by pushing back and lifting up The result is to lift the under with his body. wrestler's head up from the carpet, so that the upper man, by suddenly relaxing his lifting movement, brings his opponent's head down upon the ground with more force than his neck can stand, thus causing him to settle upon his shoulders.
to prevent
his
upon
his
side.
141
Position- hi.
thf.
Cakikt.
Position
112.
the Car-
This
is
a third fundamental
when one's opponent is upon his hands and knees on the carpet. The other positions are Nos. 84 and 96. It is similar to position 84, except that the upper wrestler is further to the rear, and rests upon one foot and one knee instead of upon both knees. This position has a distinct advantage over position 84,
to pull his
in
opponent
also
is
oFf
balance,
by reason
of
mav
be ob-
a safer position
for the
upper
opponent has
172.
as
is
shown
in
position
From
this position
will
various holds
may
be obtained, which
be sub-
sequently described.
the
Carpet
the
This
throw
begins
when
The
aggressor pulls
opponent's elbow, and pulling up with his left hand from the hold shown in the picture. The result is
that the aggressor
is
and knee in under the leg of his opponent, who thus assumes the position shown in the picture. The position is here reversed for the purpose of giving the details of the movement more clearly. Positions 113 and 14 are a continuation of reversed
1
position
12.
M3
Position
113.
Position
114.
The
Continuation of the Leg Tkroiv (Position 113). aggressor in the preceding picture continues
to press hard in
upon the
left
elbow of
his
oppo-
ture.
The
own
posi-
meanwhile relinquished his hold upon the elbow of his adversary and placed it upon the cartion, has
Fall
from
the
Leg Throw
113
(Position
14).
The
aggressor of position
upon his opponent's chest, and, by straightening it and bearing down, rests his entire weight upon the The latter is unable to chest of his opponent. resist the pressure, and is forced upon his shoulThis series of positions, 111-114 inclusive, ders. is assumed in quick and unbroken succession, and The escape from is executed as one movement.
these positions
is
comparatively easy,
if
taken
in
adversary's
leg.
145
Position
115.
Position
116.
Guard against the Back Hammer Lock (Position The back hammer lock has been referred to 115).
is
with positions 137 and 140. The upper wrestler is here seeking to bend the left arm of his oppo-
hammer
lock.
The opponent,
however, forestalls the move by clasping his hands together behind his back, thereby making it imposThe agsible for the aggressor to bend his arm. gressor, meanwhile, upon his knees, pushes forward, bearing heavily upon the shoulder of his opponent, and keeping on the alert to secure another and
better hold
;
is
next described.
Arm Hold
(Position
posi-
To
accomplish this
result, he continues to hold his opponent's left arm about the biceps, but releases his hold upon the latter's wrist. At the same time he bears heavily upon the shoulder of his opponent, to prevent his rolling upon his face, and throws his right leg to the other side of the body of his opponent, as
The result of this moveshown in position 160. ment is to force his opponent over upon his back If the under man or to compel him to bridge.
the aggressor simultaneously twines his about those of his opponent (which is the double grapevine), and straightens them, as shown in the picture. The result is to break the arch of the legs and to bring the shoulders of the under
bridges,
legs
wrestler
upon the
carpet.
M7
Position
117.
Position
118.
Koi.i
i.
m ma Half
Nblson,
Half Nelson from Beh ind (Position 117). Thisis The aggressor's body obviously a faulty position.
is
opponent, whereas
in
the
correct attitude (Pos. 47) his length is perpendicuThe object of the lar to that of his opponent.
is not only to show the position which should be avoided, but to illustrate the advantageous use, further explained in the next described
picture
picture,
It
is
(Posi-
wres-
in
the position
shown
The under
arm around the left arm of the same time brings his left
the latter.
Then
\\\
with a quick
roll
A
if
fall,
it
as
shown
posi-
angle upon his opponent, forces the latter's shoulders upon the carpet.
149
Position
119.
Position
120.
Hai.i
..
>N
and
Ls
oy Hold
rn-.N S:.
1..
To
in
Half Nelson
fall
(Posi-
secure a direct
aid of
Nelson
is
difficult,
com-
monly used
son
is
The
capstan
movement
As
upon upon
his
opponent
his side.
The
latter, to
immediately begins to move rapidly around on his knees as a pivot, and away from his adversary. The latter, bearing down with the half Nelson, follows him around in the circle, as a sailor moves around a capstan, with the result that sooner or later he succeeds in forcing his arm above his head,
and
in
so
further
weakening the brace of his opponent's arm that he comes down upon his side or
back.
Side (Position
last
This
is
sequel
to
the
hold
above
described.
The under
wrestler
whereupon the aggressor, maintainhold and bearing down with places his other arm around the all his weight, body, pushes with his knees directly forward, and
upon
his side,
who
in
way
is
fall.
15*
Position
121.
Half
Nli.non and
Ak.m
\i.o\e
Head.
Position
122.
Lift.
Half Nelson and Body Hold, forcing A rm above Head (Position 121). This is substantially the
hold
is
last
above described.
this
The
arm
it
distinctive feature
is
is
head.
a
fall
Without
move
secure
from the half Nelson body hold. When obtained, the aggressor's weight is applied at the end of the lever formed by the under man's arm, a successful resistance is difficult, and a fall should
result.
If
above described is unable to force the arm of his opponent above his head, he shifts his arm from its hold around the body, as shown \\\ position I2r, to the crotch of his adversary, sits back upon his haunches, rises upon one leg and knee, and stands his opponent upon his head by pulling up on the crotch hold and With bearing down with the half Nelson hold. his adversary thus standing upon his head and one shoulder, the aggressor proceeds to throw his own weight upon his opponent's chest, and to bear down with the hand which has the crotch hold. The effect is to force down the opponent's other shoulder, and by the jar of the fall -to prevent the opponent from bridging as the latter's feet strike
the aggressor in the picture
the carpet.
i53
Pt'sijjjs 123.
Further Half
Nn.sn.v, K\<
Position
124.
Fail PROM
mi-:
Preceding Position.
Arm
Further Half Nelson, Knee tender Opponent 's (Position 123). This hold is secured* by the upper wrestler from position 84. The further half Nelson is like the half Nelson already explained (Pos. 16), except that it is secured under the further instead of under the near arm of the opponent. The aggressor, with a quick movement, pushes his opponent's head down to the carpet with the right hand, and advances his left knee under the latter's right armpit, at the same time turning his opponent's head to the side and facing away from himself, as shown in the picture. With his other arm he secures the further half Nelson above described. In so doing lie is careful to turn his opponent's head to prevent a roll, as in position 159, and to use his knee to prevent him from spinning out from the hold, as shown by position
126.
The
Fall from the Preceding Position (Position 124). aggressor of position 123 releases his hold with the right hand, and places all his pressure upon
the further half Nelson, so as to bring his oppo-
As
own
hand and pins it to the carpet. As the further half Nelson is no longer of use, the aggressor slides his right hand up his opponent's arm to the shoulder, so as to press it more effectually to the carpet. Escape is now impossible.
155
Position' 125.
Knee Hold.
Position
126,
Simn
Xki.son.
Guard against Further Half Nelson and Knee Hold ^Position 125). The under wrestler places bis
hand upon the knee of the aggressor in position 123, which seeks to come under the arm. The result
is
make
still
his hold
He
in
retains the
however,
the expectation
will
give
Spin Out zv/icu upon Knees from Further Half Nelson (Position [26J. This move is a graceful and
effective
method
of escape.
The under
wrestler
make
arm above
himself.
over towards
When
upon
head
in
own
opponent, as shown
in
continuation of the
maneuver would show the wrestler spinning out as upon all fours, and head to head with his opponent, or as having escaped completely, and being
upon
his feet, as
shown
in
position
3.
157
Position' 127.
H.\lf Nelson,
Position
12S.
SiTTlKG Position.
Guard against the Half Nelson (Position 127). The posture of the picture suggests positions 117
and
119.
It,
showed
it
incor-
rectly
executed.
When
properly
effected,
the
under man is able to guard against any result being obtained from the hold, by drawing his neck in as much as possible between the shoulders, and by bringing his arm on the Nelson side close in to the body, so as to reduce the Nelson leverage and perhaps to break the hold. The Nelson holds are by
far
the
commonest holds
in this style of
wrestling.
This
maneuver
resorted to as a
means
of escape
from a number
the Nelson.
The under
on the carpet, so as to make a broad A and right arm. Through arch he swings the right leg to the front, thus
From
this
he
his
159
Pohmiin-
lj.j.
Head
in
Cham
.r,
ovsk Smoulduh
in
Sitting Position.
PoStlloN
F.
Head
in
in Sitting Posilias
tion (Position
The
The
latter reaches
up
shown
in
throw him, or twist him over on his side, and secure a hold from which a fall may be obtained.*
Escape from Sitting Position (Position 130). The under wrestler rises and seizes the hands
his
of
opponent, and pulls them apart to the sides of Simultaneously he places his neck back his body. so as to rest upon his opponent's shoulder, and lifts his buttocks clear of the carpet, so as to be in
the position of the picture.
Once
side,
in this
position
all
he feints as
his
if
to roll to
one
opponent's
This move
is
frequently applied
shown
in
positions 45 and
101, to
be
161
Position
131.
Position
132.
Spin
Grip.
is
131).
if
This
hold
to secure other
nent's left
arm
is
reduced.
it is
When, however,
an extremely effective
method of enabling the aggressor to cross from one side of his ad versa rv to the other, and thus to wring the arm upon which the wrist hold has been secured into a back hammer lock hold, previously referred to, and to be described (Pos. 143). In
crossing over, the aggressor
his
to bear
medium
upon
it.
Spin Out of t lie Further Wrist Grip (Position 132). The under wrestler waits until the moment has
sor
when the pressure is exerted by the aggresupon his forearm in an effort to turn him over, whereupon, placing his forehead upon the carpet, he spins out in the same manner as was described
arrived
in
126),
163
Position
133.
Posh jon
134.
BRIDGE
PftOM
Bar \nd
\\.._
Hold.
may be
Bar and Neck Hold (Position 133). This hold obtained when the: men are wrestling upon The upper wrestler first secures a hold the carpet.
upon the neck of his opponent with his left hand, and then, by waiting carefully for his opponent to move, slides his right hand and arm in between his opponent's arm and body. The same hold may working the opponent down also be secured by upon his side from position J"/. The aggressor secures a fall from the hold bv checking the efforts of his adversary to turn out of the position, and gradually forces him upon his shoulders. The
diagonal position of the aggressor with respect to
his
as
show-
opponent to the ground and turning him upon his back. This hold may also be secured by a shift on
the aggressor's part
position
when
in
the
shown
in
position 115.
Bridge from Bar and Neck Hold (Position 134). The under wrestler of the last described position raises his body up so as to form a bridge, as shown By biding his time and gauging his in the picture. opponent's motion, however, the aggressor should be able to secure a fall, notwithstanding the bridge of his opponent, either by lifting the latter up and dropping him quickly upon the ground, or by apply-
ing a gradual
In either
broken.
165
Position
135.
Position
136.
Securing Back
Hammer Lock.
Head
over
Body
This
(Position 135).
hold
is
likely to
when the men arc wrestling fast upon the carpet. The upper wrestler is endeavoring with both hands
to pull out the wrist of his opponent, for the pur-
pose of obtaining a back hammer lock hold. The under wrestler, as soon as his opponent's head
appears over his body, locks His left arm around it, as shown in the picture, and seeks to pull his oppo-
The upper wrestler foils the attempt nent over. by the counter maneuver next described.
Securing Back
Hammer
the
Lock (Position
136).
The upper
wrestler,
moment
operates
opponent's arm, and at the same time seizes and pulls back the wrist of the same arm. These two forces acting together exceed the reThe result sistive power of the under man's arm.
upon
his
is
that this
arm
lock
is
readily
shown in the whence the back hammer secured, as shown by position 140.
is
pulled back, as
167
Position
137.
Position
138.
137).
Back Hammer Lock and Half Nelson (Position This is a combination of two holds which
have been previously described (Pos. 65 and 47). It is also a natural sequel to the hold last above
described, in
that the under wrestler
rolls
upon
This gives an opportunity to secure the half Nelson with the other hand, which is the result
shown
in
the picture.
The under
hammer
lock posi-
shown
in
position 140.
To
accomplish this he
weight upon the latter's biceps, and twists his opponent's arm out from under his body and into the back hammer lock
all his
position, as
shown
in
picture 140.
169
Position
139.
Position
i^o.
Seci/kf.d.
Commencement of Back
(Position
139).
Hammer
The
method
of
wrestlers are
The upper wrestler slides his hand from the elbow down to the wrist of his opponent's right arm, and
same time places his head against the elbow. holds his opponent firmly around the body with the left arm, and pulls him over on the side. In so doing he also pulls in upon the opponent's
at the
He now
head as a purchase.
Back Hammer Lock Secured, Opponent upon Knees (Position 146). The aggressor continues to pull back upon the arm of his opponent until it is bent back into the hammer lock position, as shown in the picture. He then bears with all his weight upon his opponent, and at the same time uses the arm which had encircled the latter's body to take an additional hold upon his wrist, so as to reverse his right-hand hold upon the wrist. The aggressor now pushes the arm of his opponent straight up along the line of the spine, bending the palm of the hand inward and the arm outward. Mean-
shown
in
171
Position
r-^i.
Hammer
Lock.
Position
142.
Bridging Out of the Back Hammer Lock (Position This is almost the only means of escape which is available to the under wrestler. To resort
141).
successfully to this, he
must bridge
is
as soon as he
hammer
as
lock
upon him.
shown in the picture, and at the same time The result pushes him away with the free hand. of the bridge is not shown in the picture inas-
much
as the
man
bridging
is
assumed
to continue
prisoned wrist free. from the grasp of the aggressor, and so that he comes upon his side and escapes.
142).
The
138.
The
instant
in
order to secure
140,
hammer
out.
lock, as
shown
in
position
he
ceases
to resist,
and allows
arm
At
and brings
it
around as
far as
as to
It is
assume the
posi-
now
173
Position
143.
Position
144.
Neck,
Hammer
Twisting Opponent 's Arm into the Back Hammer Lock (Position 143). This method of securing the back hammer lock differs from that described in positions 138 and 139. This picture assumes the
men
his
position
The
aggressor
and gradually prying his opponent's wrist out from He soon reaches a position under his body. where his knees come on each side of his opponent's head so as to imprison it, as shown in the picture, and where he can readily twist his opponent's arm into the hammer lock.
Neck
144).
Hammer
is
Lock,
(Position
This
shown
tion
in
The
ag-
gressor,
having secured the hammer lock, now moves to the other side, so as to face his opponent. As he moves around he feints until he secures an opening whereby he slides his hand under the left
arm
of his
same arm. He now rewhich had previously held the hammer lock, and uses it to secure a neck hold. With three holds upon his opponent, the aggressor
lock with
leases his left hand,
hammer hammer
can hardly
fail
to turn
him upon
his shoulders.
175
Position
145.
Position
146.
Back
This position
hold
is
viously considered
that the
on his side
that
upon the
carpet.
It often
occurs, however,
The position of the picture is partly wrong, inasmuch as the aggressor has failed to simultaneously pull his opponent over upon his side. By reason of
this error the
under wrestler
is
afforded a chance
is, among The error
of escape.
The purpose
of this picture
is not always fatal, and may often be turned to good account, as shown in the picture next de-
scribed.
Arm and
146).
Crotch
hold
is
Hold upon
This
above described.
in
the regular
With the last mentioned hold he lifts ther leg. and twists his opponent over about the hammer lock arm as a center, so as to bring him upon his
shoulders
in
the
manner shown
in
the
picture.
Then pressing quickly forward and heavily downward upon the body of his opponent, he forces the
latter's shoulders to the carpet.
177
Position
147.
Twisting
Oi-m'Oni-wt
Hold.
Position
148.
Hold
(Position
147).
The
from Wrist
position
aggressor of
He
arm
out, but
by
lifting
upon
in
shown
in
(Position
Further Half Nelson, Opponent being upon Side This differs materially from a 148).
somewhat
upon
his
knees, while
in
is
upon
his side.
The
tion,
coming out from underneath or rolling with him, as described in positions 101 and 159. The next move of the aggressor, in order to secure a fall from this hold, is to cross over upon the other side, so as to face his opponent, and at the same time force his adarm over his head, as shown in position Care must be taken in by the half Nelson. 153, doing to apply the power at the end of the so upper arm instead of in the armpit, so as to secure
the
versary's
maximum
leverage.
179
Position
149.
Face Hold,
Position
150.
Face Hold (Position 149). We will assume that one wrestler is lying prone upon the carpet, as often occurs in the course of a match where one
wrestler
is
forced
to
fall
upon
his face to
escape
The aggressor now locks from some other hold. one arm around the face of the opponent, and grasps this arm with his free hand, at the same
time bearing
down upon
nent and pulling back. The effect is such that the resistance of the under wrestler's neck is relaxed,
and
his
in
the picture.
Fall from the Face Hold (Position 50). The under wrestler of the last described picture turns partly over on his side, as a result of the pressure When this stage applied upon the face and neck.
1
is
upon the near arm with one hand, and a hold upon the further arm, across his opponent's chest, thus enabling him to force his opponent over upon his back, with both shoulders upon
to secure a hold
the carpet, as
shown
in
the picture.
181
Position
151.
Position
152.
Siioii.ders.
The aggressor of
Bringing Oppojient upon the Knees (Position 151). position 149, placing one hand in the small of the back of his opponent, bears heavily down, and, placing the other hand upon his The under wresforehead, pulls vigorously back. Usually tler is thus forced to change his position. he comes upon his hands and knees, affording the aggressor opportunity to secure a new hold.
Double Wrist Hold and Pry upon Shoulders (PosiThis is .still another hold which may be secured upon the under wrestler of position 149. The under wrestler has failed to keep his arms in
tion 152).
to the side, as
Seeing
li
is
was done in positions 149 and 151. opportunity, the aggressor thrusts both
his
opponent's arm and body, so upon the inside. This he straightens both arms, turns the wrists done, inward, and pries forward upon the opponent's armpits and shoulders, in order to wrest one or both the latter's arms out from underneath his body. The bringing out of one or both arms en-
hands
in
between
as to secure both
wrists
hammer
shown
in
position 140.
tS 3
Position
153.
Posh ion
154.
Further Half Nelson (Position 153). This resem148, except that the under wrestler is upon his knees, and prepared to resort to several methods of escape, which will be hereinafter debles position
scribed.
(Position 154).
ful as
Spin from Side On I of the Further Half Nelson This move is one of the most grace-
well as effective
methods
of evading a
fall
from
The under
wrestler holds
sor from
arm down hard, thus preventing the aggresforcing his arm above his head. This
wrestler, using his head
ment
spin.
is
up and backward over head and shoulders. This moveillustrated in the picture, and is styled the
continuation of
the spin thus
in
shown
an
atti-
brings the under wrestler completely over his opponent's shoulders, face
downward, and
in
his
1S5
Position
15s.
PoMTIOX
-''>.
Gt'MtD v.unst
iiiL'
FURTHSK Half
Nf.i.son.
Bridging Out of the Further Half Nelson (Position This is another method of escape from position 153. The under wrestler feints, as if to resist with all his power against the aggressor forcing the arm above the head. Suddenly, however, ceasing his resistance, he allows his arm to be forced above Comhis head, and bridges toward his opponent. ing around, he pushes away upon the right arm of his opponent, at the triceps, as shown in the picture. During this movement the aggressor has naturally continued to apply his power upon the Nelson hold, thus facilitating the bridging of his oppoIn case the aggressor, understanding liis opnent. ponent's purpose, fails to push the arm above the head, as above described, the under wrestler may yet escape by coming out from underneath, as
155).
shown
in
position 101.
Guard against the Further Half Nelson (Position The under wrestler has allowed his head to be brought down upon the carpet, but at the same
156).
left
Nelson
lias
upon
his
head or to
in this
is
by
it.
The
shows that he
movement
described in detail
in
connection with
position 159.
187
Position
157.
Position
138.
Counter for Roll of Opponent (Position 157). This maneuver is effectively resorted to when the
under wrestler,
rect
in
rolling,
The
cor-
method
of rolling
is
shown
in
position 159.
moving around
the head of his opponent, catches the near arm of the latter between his legs, so as to bring him over
toward
his shoulders.
The
his
Fall from the Counter for the ^//(Position 158). aggressor of the last described position
maintains his position and bears heavily down upon the near arm of his opponent, extending between
opponent's
legs, as
shown
in
the pictures.
in
At
the small
position 157.
opponent's back, as shown more clearly in The under wrestler can now hardly
fall.
avoid a
189
PoamoM
159.
Roll
psoai thi
F>.
Po
man
160.
Further Half
Ni-.lson
Scissor Hold upon the Head (Position 163). An opportunity for securing this hold may occur at an)' time in the course of rapid wrestling upon the
carpet.
Escape from
it is
difficult, as
the picture
shows.
ing a
No
fall. It obviously, however, weakens the under wrestler, and gives the aggressor an opportunity of compelling him to make a new move which will work to the advantage of the aggressor.
Escape by Leg Movement from Under Position The under wrestler of position 84 extends his foot across the legs of his opponent, and with his left foot pulls the legs of his opponent towards him, as shown in the picture. Reaching around, he now grasps the near foot of his opponent and pulls it inward. This places the opponent in such a predicament that he will have to release his hold to save himself from being thrown off his balance, thus allowing the under
(Position 164).
wrestler to escape.
195
Position
165.
Leg Nelson.
Position
166.
Leg Nelson
151
(Position 165).
The
under wrestler
in
positions
and
152.
leg.
upon the
head
The aggressor secures a Nelson hold The Nelson hold is applied to the
leg in the
same manner as it is applied to the numerous positions already described. Upon the leg it is even more effective than upon
in the
the neck.
The
and the pressure soon compels the under wrestler to turn upon his side, and thence upon his back.
(Position
166).
combination of the hold last above described, and the half Nelson described earlier (Pos. The half Nelson of the combination, how16). ever, is secured after the leg Nelson, and through an opening which the under wrestler, as a result of
a
is
obliged to give.
The
and
in
described position is most effectively exerted upon the extremity of the foot, and not upon the instep. The result is to compel the under wrestler to gradually roll over into a position where the aggressor's weight properly applied upon the chest of his opponent will bring both his shoulders to the
carpet.
197
Position
167.
Le:cs.
Position
168.
Foot
Hold
84,
betiveen the
Legs (Position
167).
The
astride
position
worked
come
in
the
He
may
involve a
afforded.
168).
Escape from Foot Hold between the Legs (Position The under wrestler, as soon as he perceives
Steadying
now
proceeds to press his left foot against his opponent's waist, and to push off his opponent's head
with his
pressure
left
hand, as shown
in
the picture.
The
upon the aggressor is so great that he is compelled to abandon the foot hold he has secured upon the opponent, thus giving the
thus exerted
latter a
chance to escape.
14
199
Position
169.
Position
170.
(Position
This
hold
is
one
of the
most
effective
com-
binations in wrestling.
The
131 and 117. by the aggressor, and, of course, affords the under wrestler an opportunity of rolling. The former, however, is on the lookout for this, and keeps his legs at right angles to his opponent's body. When the latter
The
is
secured
first
seeks to
slip his
roll,
arm
arm
of his
all
opponent above
weight
his
in
down with
his
pet.
opponent, and gradually brings him to the carThe under wrestler is unable to resist effectively, in consequence of the way in which both his arms are confined.
201
Position
171.
Cd
fcrr.U
ft BISON
i.v
Lkg
Pom:
;n.v
172.
t.: Hold,
Half Nelson
by
Leg
The parts of this Trip and Roll (Position 171). combination have already been described in detail.
The opportunity
for
this
counter movement
is
in
done, and
described
in
position
123.
The
under wrestler seizes the opportunity to lock his arm around the Nelson arm of his opponent, places his left leg behind the latter's at the knee, drops down upon the right knee, and rolls forward, at the same time throwing himself backward to the right, so as to bring his opponent underneath and upon The result should be a fall, as shown the carpet.
in position 7.
This
is
also
a combination.
The upper
away from
opponent with his weight, as lie should have The under wrestler avails himself of the done. opportunity to seize his opponent's left wrist, which is around his body, for the purpose of rolling with
the roll more effectual, at the same time he places his foot around the near leg of his opponent at the knee, so as to prevent the
him.
To make
latter
from springing over to the other side, and The fall from the roll roll.
in
would be effected
the
same way
as
is
the
fall
de-
203
Position
173.
Position
174.
Fall
Kkoji
Wrist Hold, Leg Grapevine, and Roll (Position The wrestlers, we will assume, start in posiThe under wrestler, however, instead of tion 172.
173).
from the outside, extends his leg between the legs his opponent, so as to secure the grapevine from the inside upon the near leg of his opponent. The advantage of this combination is that it prevents the wrestler on top from bracing away from
the hold, so as to avoid the
roll
when attempted.
Fall from
(Position
174).
Wrist Hold, Leg Grapevine, and Roll The under wrestler of the last
left
extends himself forward, so as to draw his adversary's weight upon him. This done, he throws himself backward and rolls to the left, thus To force the brinsiner his adversarv under him. latter into a fall, the upper wrestler pushes back upon the under man's chest with his weight, Jifts up with his right foot, which is still twined about the left foot of his opponent, thus increasing the
pressure upon the latter's shoulders.
205
Position
175.
Fl'RTHBH
Position
176.
Further Knee Hold, with Opponent on Face (PosiThe under wrestler in the same attitude The object of the as in positions 151 and 152. aggressor now is to force the under wrestler to take a definite position, from which he hopes to obtain an advantage. To accomplish this he seizes his opponent under the further knee, then lifting
tion 175).
own
legs,
shown in the picture, he brings his opponent's legs upon his own right knee. The opponent, to avoid the fall, assumes the position shown in the next
described picture.
Bridging from the Further Knee Hold (Position The under wrestler has been compelled to bridge to keep his shoulders from the carpet. The aggressor, finding his opponent in this position, suddenly removes the support of his opponent's body by withdrawing his knee, and throws himself The result is that the forward upon his chest. bridge is broken by the shock and pressure, and the under man's shoulders come to the carpet, as shown under position 150.
176).
207
Pom Hon
177.
Position
178.
\kl>
Lunge.
Guard against the Further Arm Hold (Position The men have been in position 96. The 177).
his
oppo-
arm near the shoulder. The under man, anticipating this movement, seizes his opponent's further arm at the shoulder as shown in the
picture.
is
not only
lias
he failed to
all
accomplish anything from his hold, but finds support taken from him.
Lunge (Position
178).
The
last
Arm Hold
by
his
Fonvard
hold as
shown
in
the position
the carpet,
still
under himself, either to a fall or into a position from which one is almost certain to be obtained, as
shown
in
position 133.
209
Position
179.
Guard
.<;
POSITION
180.
Guard
tion 179).
against
(Posi-
cept
that
that position
no apparent
effort to
now
escape by the under man. In the picture considered, there is a most strenuous effort to
escape.
arm
vigor-
means
leg
him over. If unsuccessthe under wrestler tries another To do so, he brings his right
around to the front, so as to attain a sitting position. This enables him to exert sufficient power break the half Nelson hold of his opponent. to
Further Arvi> Near Leg Hold, and Guard (Posi-
upper wrestler of position 96 from the near arm to the further arm of his opponent, and by pulling in upon the arm, lifting upon the leg, and bearing heavily forward, throws the under man squarely upon his
tion
180).
The
back.
A
ture.
guard against this hold is shown by the picThe under wrestler braces from the hold
is
with both further leg and arm against his adversary so strongly that the latter
unable to ac-
211
Position
181.
Ah.m
Trip.
Position
182.
Li'nge with
Trft.
Trip (Position
177.
181).
This
wres-
The under
tion of his opponent to seize his further arm, has caught the further arm of the latter above the elbow, and by extending his left arm has placed
The hand upon the his left hand upon the knee. knee prevents his opponent from bracing with his left leg, or moving around to the front, and in the event of a forward movement by the under man it
operates as a
trip.
Lunge with
r82).
This
is
The under man lunges forward and downward, necessarily bringing his opponent under As the back of the latter him, upon his back. approaches the carpet, as shown in the picture, the aggressor shifts his head from under that of his opponent, so as to throw all his weight upon
position.
the carpet.
position 28.
When
fall
similar to that
shown
in
213
Position
183.
Position
184.
Arm Hold
(Position
183).
The
to
in position 84.
The under wrestler has contrived work himself backward, and partly between his
opponent's legs, thus securing a leg grapevine lock about one of his opponent's legs, as the picture Having thus anchored the lower part illustrates. of the body of his adversary, the under wrestler seizes the latter's left arm at the wrist and above the elbow, as shown in the picture, and rolls to the left, thus bringing his adversary under him.
Imminent
Head
in
as a
fall
seems
the
above described position, it is not difficult to avoid. To do so, the upper wrestler has only to swing his right arm and leg over his adversary's head and about his own pinioned leg and arm as a center. This move must be executed quickly, however, and before the under wrestler has commenced
his roll.
It results in the
a position
shown
in
the picture.
215
Position
185.
Position
186.
in
Chancery
by Side
Heave.
Position after
185).
The wrestler
Swinging Leg over Head (Position in the rear, who is the under
may
on the part of his opponent by retaining his hold on the latter's left wrist. By pulling backward upon this hold, he may throw his opponent on his head, or compel him to seek a change of position, in which a better hold can be secured.
Counter
against
Head
in
Heave
head
(Position
186).
When
men
is in
chancery, both
resembles position
wrestler has his
105, except that the under hand upon the outside, instead of
and as both the right arm and right leg of his opponent, which should act as braces, are unable to perform their respective offices, the upper wrestler is thrown sidewise upon his head; and if the aggressor promptly follows up the throw with his weight, a fall should result, similar to that shown
side,
in position 103.
217
Position7
187.
Counter against
tiik Side
Heave
dv Bridging.
Position
188.
OpI'oksiit*
Legs from
Rf.ar.
This
is
aggressor succeeds
and seeks to obtain the fall shown in position 103. The bridge becomes possible by reason of the failure of the aggressor to follow up his opponent, and to apply his weight upon the latter's chest. If the bridge is successful, the under wrestler will continue from the position of the picture, and come face downward upon the carpet. If the aggressor has been on the alert, however, he will hold his opponent firmly around the body and near arm as he bridges, and, by bearing heavily upon him,
gradually bring his shoulders to the carpet.
He
may
same
result
more quickly,
but with more risk, by lifting the under man and jouncing him quickly down, in a summary effort to break the bridge.
from Rear
position 84.
in
The upper
so that he
able to grasp
with his
hand,
po-
shown
in
the picture.
The
resembles position 185, and opens the way for the tactics suggested in connection with that
It
position.
opponent forward, so that he is compelled to turn towards his back, in which position the former holds him down, bearing upon him with his weight, and by a proper use of his arms secures a hold from which a fall will result.
throw
his
2TQ
Position
189.
in
Position
190.
Double
/ 20/?
Arm
Lock,
(Position 189).
in
The
the
Men
Facing
in the
wrestlers are
direction.
This posiwhere the men The upper wrestler face in opposite directions. has carelessly allowed his opponent to secure a hold upon both his arms, by locking them from the outdifferent from position 109,
same
side.
The
wrestler
in
opponent around the body, and wait for some move by his adversary which may enable him to
his
escape.
the Double
Arm
Lock (Position
if
190).
wrestler,
feinting as
to
roll to
one
rolls to
the other
is
roll,
which
his
to bring
adversary
throws his weight across his opponent's chest, and oblique direction, as shown in the
head down and any move to get out of the hold on the part of the under wrestler.
picture.
Meanwhile he keeps
his
221
Position
191.
Douli.l Nelson.
Position
152.
Fall
FttOM
191).
This
is
a combi-
and
127).
By
little
anticipation, or,
if
only partially obtained, the hold can be broken. To accomplish this the under wrestler brings his
shoulders and arms
down
and
at the
ward.
the
When, however,
power
and
his
oppo-
correspondingly dimin-
result
Fall from the Double Nelson (Position 192). This is not to be accomplished without care. The
in
not
man
is
twisted to the
left
properly executed, a
fall
comparatively
unless
to give
Otherwise, no
wrestler
is
fall
will
result
the
up
rule,
223
Position
193.
Quarter Nelson
.m .-oss
Position
194.
H.\i
Arm Hold.
Quarter Nelson across Opponent's Face (Position This move is the same in principle as the quarter Nelson which has been described (Pos. 79). In the latter case, the right hand, which effected the purchase of the hold, is placed upon the back of the head, and in the present case upon the face. It is not a hold which can be obtained from a regular position, but is to be secured by seizing a chance opening when both wrestlers are working rapidly upon the carpet. In such event, the upper
193).
arm under the triceps of the arm of his adversary, so as to clasp his right wrist when placed across the face. During the
wrestler slips his left
left
entire movement he is careful to center all his weight upon the hold which bears upon the adver-
sary's face.
(Position
a combination of the holds shown by 194). The upper wrestler in posipositions 47 and 97. tion 47 seizes his opponent's near leg, as shown in
This
is
fall is
upon the left arm of his opponent, as in position 177, which leaves his left shoulder without support, and by throwing his weight forward upon his opponent's chest, and working vigorously the half Nelson hold.
effected
by pulling
in
225
Position
195.
Position' 196.
Nki.son\
(Position 195).
Attempted Escape from the Fjirtlier Half Nclso?i Tins maneuver differs only in detail from the same hold shown in position 153. The under wrestler in the present picture has allowed his arm to be pushed over his head for the express purpose of effecting an escape in one of the methods previously described in positions 154 and 155.
the Further Half Nelson (Position upper wrestler, who has secured the further half Nelson with his right arm, discerns the intention of the under wrestler to bridge in the manner shown by position 155. He therefore releases the further Nelson hold as the right arm of his opponent comes up, and locks his own arm around it so as to hold it tightly to his body. Meanwhile lie turns with the under wrestler as the The aggressor's back is now upon Litter bridges. the chest of the under wrestler, and his feet are at right angles to the latter's body, as in the picture. It is now only a question of time and care when
196).
The
fall.
227
Position
197.
Ui'u.s
Han t and
r.
Position
198.
THUES-QUAKTfcftt tiiLUMH*
attitude
Upon Hands mid Feet (Position 197). This is an assumed by the under wrestler in maki'ii"
effort to
escape from that position or to roll with opponent, as shown in positions 23 and 24. It is only useful when the weight of the upper wrestler rests near the shoulders of the under wrestler. In this picture the upper man is too far back. Assuming, however, that the weight of the upper man slides downward, the under wrestler places his head upon the carpet and spins upon his head, over his opponent's shoulders, and clear of the latter's hold.
an
his
last,
This is the Three -quarter Nelson (Position 198). but by no means the least, important of the
it.
There are two methods of obtainmethod is that shown in the picture, and is the easier one to obtain. Assuming the men to be upon their knees, but otherwise in the position last above described, the upper man moves his right arm under his opponent's near arm, and around the opposite side of the latter's neck, where
Nelson holds.
ing
The
first
he clasps
it
Meanwhile he bears hard arm, and pulls upon the further arm, so as to twist the under man's head around. The aggressor now drives his weight diagonally forshifted from the elbow.
down with
his left
ward upon his opponent, so as to bring him upon the side and shoulder, from which, by employing
the
method ckscribed
in
position 26, a
of
fall
should
be effected.
The
other method
is
securing a
left
same
as that just
This hold
is
more
difficult to obtain,
when
secured.
220
Position
199.
Trtfe
Half Nelson.
Position
200.
resembles position 127. In the present picture, the under wrestler, in lieu of sitting down, as described in position 128, swings his
This much
from
the
Half Nelson
(Position
head away so as to weaken the half Nelson hold, and prepares to roll his adversary under him. The position of the upper wrestler is, however, faulty; for if his legs were more at right angles with his
opponent, he could not be rolled under.
Side Roll
to bring his
from
body
the
Half Nelson
moves
(Position 200).
his legs
around so
as.
He then brings the leg that of his opponent. which is nearest his opponent close under himself, and rolls, with the result that the two men are on their sides on the floor, as shown in the picture. From this point, the wrestler who has done the rolling, and who is the further wrestler in the picture, immediately changes his position, so as to bring his legs at right angles to his opponent, and pushes diagonally forward, as shown in position 196, from which a fall is the result.
231
Position
201.
Position
202.
Foot
is
(Position 201).
T h
a combination of positions
167 and
117.
An
opening
tlers are
The
the
aggressor
half Nelson,
shown
in
the picture.
To
he surges diagonally forward, pulling hard upon the foot, and bearing down upon the neck of his opponent, in order to force him
fall,
bring about a
upon
his side.
Continuation
(Position
202).
The
of Foot
applying the principles above set forth. The wrestler has borne his opponent to the carpet, as shown
in
the picture.
his
He now
knees to avoid being rolled off his balance, and also holding himself in readiness to head The off any move to escape by his opponent. foot hold which he has upon his opponent prevents the latter from making any substantial brace
with his foot, and the weight of the aggressor upon
the chest of the under wrestler prevents the latter
upon
from usino- his under arm or bridging. The consequence is the fall, as shown in position 50.
233
Position* 203.
Position
204.
Hoi.p.
Further
tion
203).
When
cuted, as
shown
The most
effective
method
of
securing
fall,
from the carpet, is for the aggressor to rise to his and rush his opponent across the carpet in the same manner as described in connection with posifeet
tion 48.
The
effect of
tin's
movement
is
to pre-
tion 204).
Guard agai?ist Further Arm and Leg Hold (PosiThe under wrestler anticipates the inten-
opponent, and dropping upon one side, the picture, pushes his opponent away at the shoulder with his disengaged arm. As a consequence of the under man's action, the upper wrestler has been obliged to shift his hold from one leg to the other, thus enabling the under wrestler to have his upper leg free. The under wrestler now, by pivoting upon his shoulder and swinging his disengaged leg over his opponent's head, can
tion of his
as
shown
in
escape, as
shown
in position
184.
From
this posi-
235
Position
205.
Side.
Position 206.
Guard
his
against
upper man is seeking to pull opponent over to his side or off his balance. The under wrestler, extending his leg and making his heave upon that side, counteracts the effort. This position on the part of the under wrestler is only one of a number of natural positions to which he may resort to block the movements of the upper
(Position 205).
The
Crotch
(Position 206).
This
pic-
may be
secured from a
number
the side
illustrate
the
from the half Nelson (Pos. 199). To hold more clearly, this picture is
upper wrestler to shift the arm which encircles his opponent's body and clasps his left groin, so as to place it to the rear and grasp his opponent in the crotch, and clasping around the left thigh of the under wrestler. Placing his weight directlv down and bearing upon the elbow of his opponent, the aggressor now proceeds to twist his opponent and stand him upon his shoulder, with the result shown
in
the picture.
237
Position
207.
Ak.m Pit,
Tru*.
Position 208.
Rcsverm View
01-
Pu^ciiojNG Position.
This
hold,
Arm Pit
is
Neck Hold, and Leg Trip (Position 207). arm hold and neck previously shown in position 11, and the outy
a combination of the
is apparent in the and which does not need special descripThe wrestler who is to employ the trip, howtion. ever, has placed his hand in his adversary's armpit, The object in placing instead of upon his elbow. the hand in the armpit is to secure an elbow twist against the opponent, so that in connection with the trip he can be forced over, off his balance, and upon his side and shoulders.
This
trip.
Reverse View of Preceding Position (Position 208). shows the exact position of the hand \n
the armpit of
the wrestler who lias secured the opportunity for this hold is employed by only one man when his opponent stands in an erect position, with his weight upon the foot which is advanced and against which the trip is employed.
An
Neither the trip, cross buttock, or hip lock can be used against a man who is maintaining a proper attitude against his opponent, as shown in position 3.
239
Position
209.
Position
2 to.
This is obtained by the upper man, in position 84, shifting from that position into the one shown in the picThis hold is barred in most professional and amateur matches, rather by reason of its suggestive name than because there is any danger conture.
all
Side Strangle
Hold
(Position 209).
nected with
its
use.
Strangle
Hold from
is
210).
last
this
and the
an obvious difference. The upper wrestler of the present picture has here both feet to the front and is putting more power into the
hold.
As
in
when
when the
matched, escape is impossible. On the other hand, if the attention of the aggressor be anticipated, the under man, by bringing his chin quickly upon his chest, precludes any successful attempt to
secure the hold.
241
Position
jit.
Position
212.
Body Hold and Thigh Twist (Position 211). aggressor seizes is opponent around the body with both arms, clasping his own hands underneath,
The
li
and so that
his
elbow
is
opponent into
a
move
for
a position from which he can make another hold, such as the wrist hold.
by the picture, and shows the under wrestler successfully brought to the carpet by his adversary, who is now upon The position of the the watch for an opening. under wrestler, with arms drawn in tightly to the body, shows that he knows the danger of leaving an opening whereby his adversary can secure such holds as the hammer lock, bar and wrist holds, as shown in positions 144 and 138.
is
This
illustrated
243
Position 2T3.
Position
214.
T-minext
tko.m
Luck:.
Bar Hammer Lock (Position 213). This hold resembles the back hammer lock, which is described
in
position 140.
The
difference
is
arm and
described
pushing the arm up along the line of the spine, as in connection with the picture above referred to, has given place to the hold for the other
to the insertion of the left hand as a which increases the severity of the hold. This obtained, the entire weight of the bodv is thrown upon the bar, and escape is very difficult.
hand, and
bar,
Fall Imminent
214). This
from
the
(Posi-
is accomplished by a continuation tion of the movement shown in the preceding picture. As the under wrestler is forced over on his side, and gradually turns towards his adversary, the latter relinquishes the hold upon the hand, which is now safe, inasmuch as it is pressed to the carpet by the under wrestler's own weight, and secures a neck hold across the other arm of the opponent.
245
Position
215.
Position
216.
Continuation of Do-
le Wki<>t and
Elbow Hold.
Double Wrist and Elbow Hold (Position 215). This hold is secured when the men are in position 3, or at any time when they are engaged upon their feet. The upper wrestler has allowed his op-
ponent to seize
right arm.
As
movement
and come under his is made, the upper opponent under the
body with
his left
ponent with his right hand, and also holds the two arms of his opponent clasped by his arms at the elbow and gripped at the wrist, as shown in the picture.
Continuation of Double
(Position
216).
under wrestler of the last described picture drops upon the knee and throws The picture his head and shoulders backwards. shows only the commencement of the throw. To complete it, the under man throws himself completely backwards and drags his opponent under
him, substantially as shown in position 220, except that the under man would have his arm around the
left
The
arm instead
is
of
his
oppo-
nent, as
247
Position
217.
Wkist
.\nu
Ankle Hold.
Position 218.
Hold
the
(Position
217).
This
hold
that
is
move commences
described
in
in
same way
as
the
position 215.
The
difference
is
;
in
position 215
seizes
reaches
down and
his
opponent's ankle. The under wrestler now holds his opponent securely by the wrist upon one side, and by the ankle upon the other.
Continuation of Wrist and Ankle Hold (Position The under wrestler of the position last de-
218).
scribed
is
fall is
the latter
ders,
this
brought under him, upon his shoulEscape from in position 220. the under man will find no opdifficult, as
is
portunity of bridging.
249
Position
219.
Position
220.
Wrist, Elbow,
(Position 219).
The men
his
have been
in position 96.
The under
back of opponent, places his head under his opponent's body. At the same time he grasps the right wrist of the upper man from the inside, as shown in the If picture, and maintains his hold upon the leg. the upper man should hold the hitter's head down to the carpet with his left hand, he would prevent shown in it from being elevated in the position the picture, and escape a fall.
man, instead
under wrestler of the -position above described throws himself backward and to the side upon which he has locked his opponent's arm, this bringing his adversary underneath him. The upper man rests his back upon his opponent's chest, and holds himself well up upon his legs, to check any attempt of the under man to roll out from under him.
The
251
CHAPTER
IV.
and, to
in
in
different countries
style
practiced.
line
One
of
difference
may
be drawn between
body; and those, such as Gr?eco-Roman, which the wrestlers to holds above the hips, thus barring any hold or trip upon the legs. Another line of distinction lies between those styles, as the Cumberland, which declare a fall when any part of a man's body feet, of course, excepted touches the ground and those styles, as the collar and elbow, which require shoulders and
limit
Without attempting to
tems,
classify'
we
Wrestling.
This
artificial,
and
in.
This
style origi-
nated
wall,
in
and
England
it
is
called
those counties.
in
As between the styles practiced these counties, however, there are differences in
essential feature of the
detail.
The
costume
is
canvas
harness
made
and down to the elbow. The men take hold, each with his right hand upon the collar, at the left shoulder of his opponent, and with his left hand upon the other's right elbow. Three points down, that is two shoulders and one hip, or two hips and one shoulder, constitute a fall. Cumberland and Westmoreland. This is the most prominent English mode of wrestling, and in America is called back wrestling.
The
wrestlers stand
erect,
face
to
face,
each
with his chin over the right shoulder of his oppoThe arms of each man are clasped around nent.
opponent's body, the right arm of each passing The legs of the men below the other's left arm. are apart, and the profile of the wrestlers in position resembles the letter A. Grceco-Roman Wrestling. The essential feature of this stvle of wrestling is that no hold is allowed below the waist, nor is any use of the legs allowed Two whatsoever, for the purpose of tripping.
his
shoulders
down constitute a fall. Heavy men have the advantage in this styte of wrestling, which no amount of activity can overbalance, where the
skill
of the wrestlers
is
equal.
This style of wrestling exclusively prevails in France, Germany, and Italy. Japanese Wrestling. The match takes place in a
253
circle
twelve
feet
in
diameter,
victory
is
laid
out upon a
the
raised platform.
The
in
won by
man
from
who
first
succeeds
the circle.
This he
may do by
pushing,
in
lifting,
which
may
The
fitting
wrestlers wear no
costume except a
waistband, which
may
style of wrestling,
weight
is
a potent
men
cnormouslv fat. This is another name for Loose Wrestling. catch-as-catch-can wrestling in England, where it
of gigantic stature and
is
little
County
stvle
is
of Lancashire,
from
which
fact
it
is
commonly
Ireland,
This known as Lancashire wrestling. much in vogue, however, in Wales and and to some extent also in Scotland. The essential feature of Szuiss Style.
clothing
in this style of
wrestling
is
trousers rolled
up
to the knee.
of the
It is
and elbow wrestling, and by a parity of nomenclature might be styled knee and waistband wrestling. Each man seeks to swing his opponent to a fall. The rules are substantially similar to those which
prevail
in
catch-as-catch-can
constitute a
fall;
wrestling.
Two
points
a
fall
but when he obtains the winner must maintain the belt or trouser
down
hold.
254
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Address of
chusetts.
E.
M.
Director
Physical Training
Boston
Public
Schools,
Massa-
Boston.
1896.
O'Reilly.
Street.
Boston
1890.
Athletic Games, The, and their Effect on Greek Art. J. M. Hoppin, New Haven. 1893.
Defensive Exercises.
By Donald Walker.
1840.
full
Thomas
gives a very
account of wrestling
of this century.
England
Dick
&
Fitzgerald,
New
By
Gilbert
tion of the
Origin of the Olympic Games. RestoraOlympic Games and the religious ceremonies connected with the same. Treatise on the Olympiads.
treatise on
of the
;
foot
pentathlon;
cestus
pan-
horse races
Olympic crown Olympian crown, and other utility of the honors and rewards of the conquerors Olympic games.
for the
;
255
Dublin Universitv Magazine, vol. lxii., p. The Art of Wrestling, or a Day at Flan."
'
343.
Title
in
its
beginning, to a
little
book,
which had the good fortune to attract the attenand draw forth the warm-hearted praise of Sir
"
in
Christopher North.
tling as
it is
He was
practiced
is a noble and exciting science, that it trains the muscles and brings the body almost to a statu of physical perfection, but he also mentioned that it is of high moral value and no little spiritual significance. He mentioned that it is noble, because it calls form one of the noblest passions of men the passion for conquest and because it developes this passion in its least harmful form. A wrestler is not likr a pugilist, whose conquest is proclaimed by blackened eyes and a battered hand. If he is a courageous, possessed, quick-eyed, active, and powerful member of society, he has a sound mind in a sound body, and has a lofty ideal of right and wrong, and an instinctive love of fair play. He has a conscientious regard for the British Constitution as it is, and a determination to maintain it intact do all measures capable with physical power to uphold this determina-
tion."
Griechisch Roemische Ringkampf, Der, in seiner heutigen Gestaltung. Janecke. Hamburg. 1894.
Macmillan,
New
48
is
York.
By Louis Baron,
At
p.
6 rue de Tournon.
given
Les.
H. Lesoudier,
Paris.
1896.
Korean Games,
sylvania.
games of
Philadelphia.
LEBEN UND GEBRAUCHE DER GRI F.CHEN UND ROEMER NACH antjken Bild Werken. Ernst Guhl, Berlin.
1882. P. 285, et seq. ; also p. 680, et seq.
256
London Magazine,
wrestling" in
vol.
ii.,
1820, p. 608.
An account
of
Exmouth.
1826, p. 160.
London Magazine,
An
interesting article on
LUTTE Francaise,
La. L. Ville. With an Introduction Librairie Mondaine. by Philippe Daryl. 9 rue de Vermeuil, Paris. 1891.
Gardner Wilkinson.
ii.,
1878.
Vol.
p. 71.
By
Tom
Conners.
Forty en-
E. Bultin, Milwaukee.
engravings.
New
York.
1890.
vol.
New
Review,
i.,
1889, p. 395.
Article
on Japanese
wrestling.
By George N. Curzon.
in Japan.
Odes, Isthmian,
Pindar. Pindar.
Odes, Nemean,
Odes, Olympic, Odes, Pythian,
ii.,
iii.,
viii.,
i.\.
Pindar.
viii.
Pindar.
George
Tainer.
Bell
&
Sons, London.
Translated by D.
W.
Lucien.
Macmillan,
New
Bell
York.
Pausanius.
George
&
Vol.
Sons, Loni.
(
Translated
by A. R. Shilleto.
p.
316,
257
Once a Week,
suntide."
Title
A very instructive article on wrestling in England at Whitsuntide between the North and South countrymen.
Article on Outixg, vol. xvii., 1890-91, p. 23. By E. Hitchcock, Jr. With interesting cuts. second article by same author, with cuts.
wrestling.
P. 116, a
Pierson's Magazixe,
897, p. 634.
W.
J.
Wolley.
Pulvis Or-YMPICUS.
1896.
By Brander Matthews.
New
York.
Peer
London.
1750.
Retrospective Review, vol. ii., 1825, p. 160. Sir Thomas Parkyns. Progymnasmata, or a Treatise on Wrestling,
as follows
:
The
in
Hugg
to
Wrestler. Digested
all holds and throw most falls mathematically. Easie to be understood by gentlemen and of great use to such who understand the small-sword in fencing. And by all the tradesmen and handicrafts that have a competent knowledge of the use of stilliards, bar, crove-iron or
a method
which teacheth
break
Roman
Antiquities.
Goodwin.
London.
1890.
Saturday Review,
Spiele,
Die,
Dr.
W.
Richter, Leipsic.
Olympic Games, p. 121 also at p. 105 is given a very complete plan of Olympia at page 140, plate of the at page 152, a description of the contests Pentathlon at p. 156, very complete in the Roman amphitheater;
; ;
plan of the
games
ready
in the ring.
Mitford.
London.
187 1.
Vol.
i.,
258
Three volumes. By E. P. NewLondon, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trtibner & Co., Pater Noster House, 1894.
Wrestling.
Badminton Library.
Longmans,
New
York.
Jr.,
Wrestling, Catch-as-catch-can.
and R. F. Nelligan.
By
E. Hitchcock,
259
INDEX
A
Activity, importance of, 29.
t
Back
)ta
heel,
*^
Ajax,
3'
contest
Iliad,
,.
with
Llysses
(Homer's
.
Book XXII.).
,.
Bara
Bgr
]Jar
S
esca De
d arm h
100
ndd,
,65.
^ ^ |ock
bridge, 165.
Annand
Arm
Am.
hM
on knees, 177
hold and back heel. 43
9 '"
Wy
colUinued .
and knee trip 213. ^'from between legs, and and knee trip lunge, 213. bridee 127 Armpit, neck hold, and leg trip, fro m rca conimenCcnlen t. 239 reverse view, 239. Arms, position and management __ * fmm fear conlinuedf 45 *' 2 9secured from rear, 47.
'
..
Body
of, 29.
lift.
139.
first
break, 49.
C
Catch-as-catch-can wrestling, 31 resemblance of, to Egyptian,
171.
opponent upon secured, knees, 171. securing, 167. twisting opponent's arm
into, 175.
for
261
Circling
out
from
underneath,
Elbow and body hold from side upon carpet, 115. from side upon carpet,
guard against, 237.
hold, 59.
resemblance to Cornwall
style,
Elbows, attitude
and
manage-
ment
of, 29.
Counter for
189.
fall,
roll
of
opponent,
189.
lift,
England, wrestling in, 18-22. Escape by leg movement from under position, 195. Escape from underneath position,
117.
99.
commencement,
97.
Eyes, use
of, 29.
F
Face hold, tSi. fall, 181. Fall from the leg hold and sit back, 51. Feinting, explanation and importa nee of, 26.
Flying mare, iot. fall imminent, 101. Flying roll, 99. Foot hold and half Nelson, 233.
253.
guard against, 39. Crotch hold and foot grip, 121. and lift, 237.
bridge, 121. escape, 123. head stand. 123. Cumberland style, 253.
D
Devonshire, wrestling
in,
continued, 233.
Dive for legs, 135. Foot hold between legs, 199. Double arm hold to throw opescape, 199. ponent back, 131. France, prevalence of GrcecoDouble arm lock, from the same Roman style in, 21, 253. direction, 221. famous Francis I. of France, roll, 221. contest with Henry VIII. of when facing in opposite England, 21. directions, 141. Further and near leg hold upon Double bridge from double arm the carpet, 125. lock, 141. Further arm and further leg Double Kelson, 223. hold, with lunge, 137. fall, 223. Further arm and leg hold, fall, Double wrist and elbow hold, 247. 135. continued, 247. guard against, 235. Double wrist hold and pry upon Further arm and near leg hold,
Drag
shoulders, 183. hold, commencement, 73. escape, 75. guard against, 73. secured, 75.
Further arm
129.
hold and
guard,
E
Egypt, wrestlingin, 4.
129.
143.
262
and
at-
arm
lock, 227.
and leg hold, fall, 81. and leg hold, further continued, 8t.
leg and against, 211.
and
hold,
guard
and start for roll, 231. and wrist hold, fall, 201. capstan movement, 151. from behind, 149.
side
roll,
231.
155.
side,
229.
fall,
63.
roll from, 191. spin from side, 185. spin out when upon knees,
19.'
157-
position, 161.
with legs astride, 19T. Further knee hold, bridging, 207. with opponent on face,
207.
in
time of,
;
1.
of England
famous
I.
with
Francis
of
France, 21.
lift
Further leg
fall,
and
twist, 107.
Hip
T19.
of, of,
Germany,
in,
Grceco- Roman
style,
style
27.
21, 253.
17,
Gra?co-Roman
prevails
ians,
253
among French,
Ital-
in,
253.
Japanese
H
Half
match
by Mitford,
and body hold, forcing arm above head, 153. and body hold on side,
Nelson
15*.
L
Lancashire
;
resemblance
to
47. crotch lift, 153. further arm hold, 225. further wrist hold, 201. guard against, 159. leg hold upon carpet,
body
lift,
91.
263
hold,
escape by swinging leg over head, 215. Leg hold and back heel, 93. and sit back, 51. and sit back, fall, 51. back heave, 93.
first guard against, second guard against, Leg Nelson, 197. and half Kelson, 197.
lift,
Position after swinging leg over head, 217. to cross to the opposite side, 117. Principles; fundamental rules for guidance of wrestlers, 26.
Leg
87.
87.
145.
145.
from carpet, commencement, 143. Leg trip and roll from half Nelson, 149.
method of escape,
t1
R
Ready for call of time, 33. Romans, wrestling among,
17.
Leverage, importance of, in applying strength, 28. Lock around arms, fall imminent from roll, 139. preparing to roll, 137. Loose wrestling another name
;
16,
S
Saxons,
wrestling
among
the
early, 18.
M
Milo, the most famous wrestler of antiquity, his prowess described, 15.
"
Mitford's " Tales of Old Japan; description of historic contests in eighth century, 23. Motion, continuous use of, by
and
use of, 27. Seneca, description of Milo by, 15. Shakespeare description of match the and between Orlando
;
under man,
29.
N
Near leg lift, 105. Neck and arm hold, 43. Neck, correct use of, in reference
to body, 28.
Neck,
hammer
of, 28.
lock,
and
bar
hold, 175.
and leg hold, 71. and leg hold, fall, 71. avoided, and near leg hold
secured, 105. continued, 69. escape, 67.
fall
Neck, use
O
wrestling
victor, 15.
in,
imminent, 69.
rewards of
On
bridging, 2J9. Side roll from half Nelson, 231. Side strangle hold, 241.
Sitting position, 159. escape, 161.
for,
264
Vim, importance
ments, 29.
of,
in
move-
Standing half
hold,
Nelson and
leg-
W
253-
Standing
ment,
side
and guard, 35. roll, commenceWeight, importance of use of, 27. Westmoreland style described,
Wilkinson,
Sir
Strangle hold from front, 241. Suppleness of muscles, importance of, 29. Swiss style ol wrestling described, 254; wrestling among, 22.
Gardiner;
12.
Beni
249.
from, 251.
legs
Thumb,
2S.
use of, as a
from
finger,
rear, 219.
Time,
35.
and
and
roll,
grapevine,
roll,
Touch, sense
use, 29.
of,
importance of
shoulders, 179.
U
Ulysses, contest with Ajax (Homer's Iliad, Book XXII.), 3.
with
1C9.
forearm
265