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Topic :- optical tweezers
Submitted to :
Mr. bharpur singh
submitted by:
anil kumar 10906726 C6904 a-03
INDEX
1.introduction of optical tweezers 2. how does it works 3. programable tweezers 4. modern optical tweezers 5.application of optical tweezers
ACKNOWLEDGEMENt
First and foremost I thank my teacher Mr.Bharpur Singh who has given me this Term Paper to bring out my creative capabilities. I am also thankful to him for their valuable suggestions on my term paper. I express my gratitude to my parents for being continuous source of encouragement and for their entire financial ad given to me. I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided to me by the library staff of L.P.U. My heartfelt gratitude to my friends, for helping me morally to complete my work in time
Introduction
Light is used by optical tweezers to control microscopic objects the size of a single atom. A focused laser beam generates radiation pressure which is capable of trapping small particles. A high quality microscope objective is used to focus a laser beam to a "dot" in the specimen. This dot then creates an optical trap which is capable of holding a tiny particle at its center. The forces experiences by this tiny particle composed of gradient forces and light scattering. Gradient forces are the result of the interactions between the particle and light. Typical optical microscopes are frequently modified and used for the construction of optical tweezers. Optical tweezers have progressed from straightforward tools to control objects on the micro-scale to state-of-the-art instruments controlled by computers able to precisely and accurately measure displacements and forces. The fundamental principle behind optical tweezers is the transfer of momentum related to the bending of light. Momentum is carried by light and is equivalent to the direction of propagation and its energy. Any changes in the momentum of light are the result of directional changes of light caused by reflection or refraction. Dielectric spheres, bacteria, living cells and tiny metal particles have been trapped using optical tweezers. Optical trapping are also being used in the fields of biology for the study of molecular motors and the physical properties of DNA.
How does it works

A laser beam is focused by a high-quality microscope objective to a spot in the specimen plane. This spot creates an "optical trap" which is able to hold a small particle at its center. The forces felt by this particle consist of the light scattering and gradient forces due to the interaction of the particle with the light . Most frequently, optical tweezers are built by modifying a standard optical microscope. These instruments have evolved from simple tools used to manipulate micron-sized objects, to sophisticated devices under computer-control that can measure displacements and forces with high precision and accuracy.
Modern optical tweezers
In practice, optical tweezers are very expensive, custom-built instruments. These instruments usually start with a commercial optical microscope but add extensive modifications. In addition, the capability to couple multiple lasers into the microscope poses another challenge. High power infrared laser beams are often used to achieve high trapping stiffness with minimal photo-damage to biological samples. Precise steering of the optical trap is accomplished with lenses, mirrors, and acousto/electro-optical devices that can be controlled via computer. In short, these are very complicated instruments that require a working knowledge of microscopy, optics, and laser techniques.
Programmable tweezers
It is often desirable to simultaneously operate a number of optical tweezers to independently control the relative movement or placement of cell or molecules whilst not increasing the number of laser sources and a number of different techniques for achieving this have been suggested. We propose an alternative approach for the generation of reconfigurable arrays for optical tweezers and demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique at generating numerous, high intensity, beams suitable for optical trapping and manipulation. One of the principle aims of the programmable optical tweezer project is to minimize the number of components in a tweezer system and improve the flexibility of the system allowing multiple beam tweezer configurations as required. We wish to apply the generalised phase contrast (GPC) technique in conjunction with a phase-only spatial light modulator to generate a dynamic, reconfigurable and computer controlled multiple beam tweezer system. In such a system, the number, shape and position of tweezer beams could be modified to best suit the trapping task at hand. A phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) encodes an image directly in the phase component of the collimated monochromatic wavefront of an expanded laser beam. This phase-encoded information serves as the input for a phase-contrast system, in which a phase-contrast filter (PCF) generates a highcontrast amplitude pattern that corresponds directly to the phase perturbation in the input wavefront. This amplitude pattern can then be focused down using a microscope objective in order to produce a suitable wavefront for microscopic optical particle trapping. A key component in our dynamic optical tweezers system will be a spatial light modulator, that makes it possible to control the phase of the laser light over the entire 2 domain. This unique property of the SLM when combined with a phase contrast filter (PCF), makes it possible to control the intensity of each resolution cell in the output plane of the system. Thus we can shape individual optical tweezers, both in space and intensity, and in addition dynamically manipulate the individual tweezer beams.
Application
1..One of the most amazing inventions of the last few years must surely be tweezers that use light to pick up microscopic objects. Apart from being another interesting application of lasers it is also a good illustration of the law of conservation of momentum. 2.Two of the main uses for optical traps have been the study of molecular motors and the physical properties of DNA. In both areas, a biological specimen is biochemically attached to a micron-sized glass or polystyrene bead that is then trapped. By attaching a single molecular motor (such as kinesin, myosin, RNA polymerase, etc) to such a bead, researchers have been able to probe motor properties such as: Does the motor take individual steps? What is the step size? How much force can the motor produce? Similarly, by attaching the beads to the ends of single pieces of DNA, experiments have measured the elasticity of the DNA, as well as the forces under which the DNA breaks or undergoes a phase transition. 3.Optical tweezers have been used to trap dielectric spheres, viruses, bacteria, living cells, organelles, small metal particles, and even strands of DNA. Applications include confinement and organization (e.g. for cell sorting), tracking of movement (e.g. of bacteria), application and measurement of small forces, and altering of larger structures (such as cell membranes).

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Lovely Professional University

Topic :- optical tweezers

How does it works

Modern optical tweezers

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