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Industrial Training at ABG Shipyard by Naval Architect
Industrial Training at ABG Shipyard by Naval Architect
A G Nikhil
A report on activities carried out and knowledge gained by Ambattuparambil Gopi Nikhil of IIT Kharagpur at ABG Shipyard in his two months of training (May & June)
ABG Shipyard Ltd Near Magdalla Port, Dumas Road, Surat-7 6/23/2012
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Contents
Topic
Certificate of Training About ABG Shipyard About Department of Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture at IIT Kharagpur Training Schedule Safety Training Design Office Hull Design Outfit Design Machinery Design Electrical Design Quality Assurance & Control Production HULL Production Piping Conclusion & Acknowledgement
Page No
0 1 2 3 4 5 5 8 13 16 18 25 30 38
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Certificate
This is to certify that the Training Report submitted by Mr Ambattuparambil Gopi Nikhil, student of Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Department of Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture, on the training carried out by him during the period from 2/05/2012 to 23/06/2012 was prepared under our supervision and guidance for fulfilling the requirement of Industrial Training.
Submitted by: A G Nikhil Final Year Student Department of Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture IIT Kharagpur Date: 23/06/2012
Training Guides
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ABG Shipyard Ltd., the flagship company of ABG group was incorporated in the year 1985 as Magdalla Shipyard Pvt. Ltd. with the main objects of carrying Shipbuilding and Ship Repair business. In a span of 20 years from the year 1991, the company has achieved the status of the largest private sector shipbuilding yard in India with satisfied customer base all around the world. The registered office and the yard are situated at Surat in the state of Gujarat and the corporate office is in Mumbai. The Shipyard has state of the art, manufacturing facilities including a Ship-lift Facility with a lift capacity of 4500 tons, side transfer facilities, CNC plasma cutting machine, Bending rolls, Hydraulic press, Cold shearing machine, Frame bending machine and steel processing machinery. The Shipyard also has blasting shop and fabrication shop covered in 4 bays of 150 x 30 M each equipped with 20T EOT Cranes. The manufacturing process is in line with worldclass standards and the Yard is certified by DNV for ISO 9001:2008. During past decade, the Shipyard has constructed and delivered One Hundred forty four(144) Vessels including Specialized and Sophisticated vessels like Interceptor Boats, Self Loading and Discharging Bulk Cement Carriers, Floating Cranes, Articouple Tugs and Flotilla, Split Barges, Bulk Carriers, Newsprint Carriers, Offshore Supply Vessels, Dynamic Positioning Ships, Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vessels, Multi-purpose Support Vessel, Diving Support Vessels, etc. for leading companies in India and abroad. The Yard has Multiple Building Berths, 2 Dry-docks, 125 m x 22.5 m x 5.6 m Fitted with Computerized Synchronous Shiplift Platform, of 4500 Tonnes Lifting Capacity and 155 m X 30 m x 7.5 m, Graving Dry dock served by 80-T Goliath Crane span 50 m, height 35 m. and substantial cranage like NCK Rapier 150T Capacity, Tata P & H Make, 60-T Capacity, HM Make, 50-T Capacity, PPM 80T Capacity3 Tower Cranes, 11 Gantry Cranes of suitable capacities. The Ship lift Facility enables the yard to simultaneously build and repair many vessels and gives the yard a tremendous logistical advantage and flexibility.
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The Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture was established in 1952 at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. The department has always worked closely with all shipyards, naval architecture consultancies, and naval science labs and research facilities. The professors are up to date with recent technologies and developments and put forward their knowledge in an innovative fashion. The professors are qualified in Marine Design, CAD-CAM, Hydrostatics & Stability, Resistance & Propulsion, Hydrodynamics, Ship Strength, Marine Construction and Welding, Ship Economics, Marine Production & Planning, Seakeeping & Maneuvering, Vibration of Floating Structures, Offshore Technology, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Oceanography. The course of Bachelor of Technology in Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture as well as the Master of Technology in Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture has been designed to conform to the requirements of the present shipbuilding industry in India and the world. During the nearly 60 years of its existence, the department has made significant contributions to the development of shipbuilding and shipping industries in the country including the Indian Navy, Indian Coastal Guard, DRDO and other allied organizations. The department and its alumni have important and strategic links with universities round the world and major shipyard and dock organizations in our country. The Naval Architects that graduate from the department have been known to contribute greatly to the industry by opening shipyards, joining classification societies, becoming senior Naval Architects in shipyards and undergoing research and gaining professorship in institutions like IIT Kharagpur and Indian Maritime University. The facilities available in the department are known throughout the country and are used by the industry and other educational institutions for a lot of purposes. Towing tank for resistance, propulsion, seakeeping and maneuvering calculations, inclining experiment facilities, welding equipment, circulation tank for turbulence modeling, CAD/CAM laboratories with softwares like Maxsurf, NAPA and ANSYS, and Vibration analysis laboratories are available in the department.
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Training Schedule
Period
02/05/2012 19/05/2012 21/05/2012 02/06/2012 04/06/2012 16/06/2012 18/06/2012 23/06/2012
Department
DESIGN QUALITY ASSURANCE & CONTROL HULL PIPING
Reporting to
Mr. A Ramaprasad Mr. S A Phadke Mr. D Upendra Mr. Suraj Shetty
DESIGN
1. 2. 3. 4. Hull Design Outfit Design Machinery Design Electrical Design
HULL PRODUCTION
1. 2. 3. 4. Y-353 Hull Erection & Dry Survey Inclining Experiment at Y-240 Y-bracket alignment for Y-355 Major Structural Issues during Hull Fabrication & Erection
PIPING PRODUCTION
1. Piping System Components 2. Ensuring Piping Quality 3. Piping Systems in Diving Support Vessel (Y-382)
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Safety Training
Safety is a very important concern of any shipyard. ABG Shipyard has taken ample measures to protect its employees from all types of dangers that may occur in a shipyard. All employees are given safety training regarding the equipment they handle. Even we had to undergo training to safely visit the shipyard. The main areas of concern that were concentrated upon were the possibility of blasts that may happen due to different sources of fire. The different types of sources were divided into different classes according to the intensity of fire and the ease of dousing it. LPG, Wood, Paper, Oils, Acetylene and other chemicals are the sources of fire in the yard. Welding tools that require acetylene and oxygen to function are one of the main sources of negligence that may lead to a fire especially in confined spaces like tanks. The increase of oxygen level in the tank can lead to combustion of normally incombustible substances! It is considered to be more dangerous than the leak of LPG due to the absence of smell. Painting is also another source of fire. The gases that are released by the paint on drying are highly combustible and can create a blast even by the spark inside a mobile phone. This is why mobile phones are not permitted near newly painted surfaces. Fuel oil tanks need to be checked for presence of flammable gases. This is because the area near the tank can also catch fire if these gases are present during hot work. Fuel can vaporize and create explosions when in contact with hot material. Also, lot of emphasis was laid on the proper method of carrying out construction work especially on carrying heavy material, transporting material from one place to another, and on electrical wiring.
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Design Department
Hull Design
Monitored and supervised by Mr. Sailesh Patel
During our time in Hull Design, we learnt to read drawings like General Arrangement, Shell Expansion, Profile and Deck, Typical Frame Sections, Midship Sections and W.T. Bulkhead, and utilize the drawings for various purposes. We studied these drawings for the ship now under design stage (80 T BP AHTS). We got first-hand experience in 1. 2. 3. 4. Checking the block drawing generated from these drawings for any discrepancies, Calculating size and number of pillars required in the ship from drawings, Nesting the plates required for a propeller nozzle construct from its section drawings, Revising drawing as fitted in the yard.
Two discrepancies were found: At the hull, stiffeners used in the block drawing were found to be L125x75x10, although the drawings referred sufficed the stiffener dimension to be of L125x75x8. However, this was a purposeful change as this would make it a uniform stiffener size throughout the ships hull. A longitudinal girder at 3600 off CL was found to extend up to FR85 whereas the Typical Frame Section drawing showed it to be up to FR82 only. This was found to be a mistake in the frame section drawing as other drawings like the Profile and Deck drawing showed it to be extended up to FR85.
6|Page The requirement list was submitted to Mr. Sailesh along with location of pillar and height. Taking into consideration that pillars are available in standard sizes only and that a fraction of error needs to be added to the final answer for errors while cutting, the requirement was approximated to be about 100m for below Main Deck and 40m for above Main Deck.
Dimension 5388 => 5400 2988 => 3000 2584 => 2600 2488 => 2500
Requirement 11 3 4 4
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Outfit Design
Monitored & supervised by Mr. J G Bhat During our time with the Outfit Design team, Mr. J G Bhat was instrumental in instilling practical knowledge about the different equipments and other outfit items used in a ship. The ship discussed was again, the 80T BP AHTS (80 Tonne Bollard Pull Anchor Handling Tug & Supply). There are various functions that the AHTS can handle. Those functions and their equipments on the ship are given as follows as discussed with Mr. Bhat: 1. DNV 1A1 Tug Supply The owner requirement of the ship is 80T BP. Due to efficiency generated by the alignment of skeg and propeller efficiency, the ship is able to generate 93T BP. It can function as both pull and push. For pulling, it has a Stern Roller at the aft area which is situated almost completely below deck to prevent any damage on the deck. Pulling is generally used when there is a minimum of 300m available space. For pushing, Fenders are situated at the fore end of the ship. Pushing is usually used for confined areas like harbors.
80T BP AHTS supplies cement, fuel oil and fresh water to offshore structures. It has separate tanks for each of the supply items above. Since ships carrying fuel oil above 600m3 have requirement of double hull, the AHTS has a capacity of 590m 3. Double hull will reduce the capacity considerably making it infeasible economically to carry fuel oil. It also has the provision of carrying containers on the deck. The containers are loaded onto the deck using Tugger Winches. 2. FiFi-1 For fire-fighting, the minimum range of the projectile required is 125m and height of 75m. The pressure at the nozzle should be at least 12 bars. In this vessel, the FiFi pump is directly connected to the shaft of the main engine. Having two main engines, the minimum throughput was reduced to 1200m3/hr per pump. The engine used allows the pump to have a throughput of 1800m3/hr. 3. DYNPOS AUT AHTS can also double up as a support vessel for dynamic positioning during offshore structure installation and seismic vessel functioning. The two bow thrusters and the one stern thruster help the ship to position any vessel. 4. OILREC Oil Recovery is a new addition to the series of AHTS vessels that ABG has built. Tanks that were used to carry cement and mud were converted to ORO Tanks to store the oil recovered from oil spills. Provision for Oil Booms, Dispersant Booms, Boiler Room and Oil Skimmer is available on the ship.
9|Page 5. TMON TMON is an acronym for Tail-shaft MONitoring. It suggests the possibility of changing the spring used to hold oil in the stern tube without spilling or loss of oil. Accommodation International Labour Organization (ILO) specifies minimum facilities that should be available in a ship for the crew. The regulations specify requirements like minimum head area, minimum room size, maximum number of crew in one bedroom, facilities for recreation, and availability of laundry rooms. One important regulation is that all bunks should be arranged longitudinally because of the higher pitch period over roll period. Life Saving Equipment SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea) requires the provision of life rafts and rescue boats on deck. This provision is also met in the AHTS with a number of such boats of minimum 6 person capacity. Windlass & Anchor Anchor is an essential component among the outfitting equipments on board a ship. The mass and hauling capacity is regulated by classification societies. Equipment Number is calculated to find the requirement of number, mass and chain size of the anchors. Chain diameter can vary according to the class of the material used to make the chain. During anchor hauling, a minimum of 9m/s speed is required. Capstan Capstan is an outfit item used for mooring. A cable is thrown overboard to tie it on to the shore, while being connected to the Capstan. It will slowly turn and reduce the distance between the ship and the shore and thus help the ship to dock. COLREG The ship has facilities to satisfy Collision Regulation requirements. Mast lights, port & starboard lights as well as Aft & Fore lights help the ship to operate safely without collision during night. Engine The engine room is located comparatively forward due to the unavailability of head room for the engine in the aft area. Two main engines are connected to the twin CPP propeller system via intermediate shafts, gear boxes and propeller shafts. The intermediate shaft diameter is less than the propeller shaft diameter because of the higher stresses encountered at the propeller. Roller bearings are used at the intermediate shafts while propeller shafts are simply supported in the stern tube by two bush bearings. The propeller revolves in a Kort nozzle that has been designed for optimal thrust. The nozzle is fixed as the propeller is not SRP. The rudder is handled using steering gear located in the hull above the rudder. There is also a provision for rudder pintle that supports the rudder at the bottom. Engine ventilation is provided at the top of the engine room using axial flow fans. Sea chest provides sea water to exchange heat with the fresh water used in cooling the engine.
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AutoCAD work
ABG had got an order for 2950T DWT Dumb Barge that they had earlier made in 96-97 from Essar Steel. For re-approval by IRS, AutoCAD drawings had to be made from the hard copies available from the time. We were asked to make 4 (out of the 16 required) such drawings: Tank Testing Plan, Loadline Plan, Sounding & Air Pipes, and Details of Fenders. The experience made us familiar with many commands in AutoCAD. We also got to learn a lot of commonly used terms in drawings and the necessary rules to follow while making a drawing. We were privileged to include our name in the ABG records. We also understood that the following drawings need to be sent to IRS for re-approval: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. General Arrangement Plan Principal Structural Sections Profile and Decks F.W.D. W.T. Bhd & Frame Sections Aft End Structure Hawse Pipe, Anchor Pocket and Windlass Seating Welding Schedule Sounding & Air Pipes Tug Barge Coupling Arrangement Tank Testing Plan Loadline Plan Sea chest Detail H/Cover Rigging Masts/Nav. Masts Collapsible Mast Bilge/Deck Wash Line Piping System Detail of Fenders
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Piping Systems
Piping systems are one of the major equipments inside a ship. Piping ensures the working of all other systems like a transport medium. Some of the major piping requirements include bilge water suction, ballasting, fire-fighting, engine cooling, general service and fuel oil supply. Each function has separate pumps, valves and pipes connecting them. One major feature of the ship piping systems is that they are also inter-connected. This means that the pumps are able to perform the functions of all the major systems. Fuel oil supply pipes are, however, one of the exceptions as they carry fuel oil and thus shouldnt carry water. There is also a provision for an emergency fire piping system which is separate from the main piping system kept as a standby in case of failure. The fire pumps are usually connected to the 2 sea chests at the bottom of the vessel. This highlights the importance of protecting the sea chest, which in turn translates to more stringent rules and regulations governing sea chest construction by classification societies. Any mishap in the sea chest can result in the flooding of the entire ship. Marine engines are water cooled because of the abundant presence of water as well as the high specific heat of water. This is why fresh water is used for cooling of engines. Fresh water circulates in a closed system in the ship near the engines. Sea water is used to cool the heated fresh water with the help of long pipes that increase the contact surface area with the fresh water. Fuel oil tanks are usually separated from tanks containing water with the help of cofferdams as any small leakage into the water tank can result in its contamination. A cofferdam is a void tank with the presence of only an air pipe for air circulation and a manhole for checking. The cofferdam is not sealed because of the possibility of explosion/tank rupture due to air expansion. Fuel supply to engines are regulated through Fuel Oil tank (where fuel oil is stored), Daily Service tank (where fuel oil that is going to be used for the day is stored), and Fuel Oil Settling tank (where fuel oil is sent to the purifier and further to engine).The transport of fuel oil in between these tanks is through pipes. Pipes are also connected from the engine to the Daily Service tank as 100% combustion never occurs. The extra fuel oil is pumped back to the tank for re-use. The pumps used in this system are unique as they have to supply the engine which is at approximately 4 bars. Gear pumps, piston pumps and positive displacement pumps are used here. Sounding pipes are used to check the level of liquid in a tank. This is a necessary requirement as there is a possibility of presence of liquid in the tank while checking. All sounding pipes that check double bottom tanks are of the self-closing types as this could also be a medium of flooding of the ship in case of mishap in the tank. Due to the major role that pipes, valves and pumps play in the functioning of a ship, there are lots of rules and regulations that govern the piping system like the minimum thicknesses, diameters, pressures and materials of the pipes and pumps. ABG has a piping section that ensures that all these rules are followed and Life at Sea is safe.
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Machinery Design
Machinery Design deals with the installation and order of main engine, diesel generators (DG) sets, reduction gears and propellers, as well as the design of shafts and piping systems involved in the functioning of the power generation & cooling systems. In order to familiarize ourselves with the smaller equipments involved in the process, we were asked to go through the manual of the equipment supplier, Sun Korea. We came across the drawings of many components and parts of machineries that we had earlier only heard about. We also asked around for various other terms that we did not understand in the drawings, some of which are: Bottom Plug located at bottom of tank to drain last few drops Louver Ventilator a type of ventilator with grill end Chock used to fix/flatten bottom of equipment with uneven bottom (like engine) Hopper funnel shaped tanks/collection points Scupper Suction Bell-mouth reducer of pipe size in order to increase pressure and thus reduce power intake of suction pumps Hawse Pipe pipe for anchor chain Strainer - filter Roller Fair Lead guides for ropes/chains on rollers Most medium size ships employ main engines which are connected to reduction gear by an intermediate shaft which in turn is connected the propeller by a propeller shaft. Since there is a limitation on the RPM of a propeller (higher RPM can lead to failure of blade of propeller), and higher the RPM, higher the power in the case of main engine, there is a need of reduction gear to reduce the RPM while still delivering the same power.
where L = length of cylinder, A = area of cross-section and N is RPM. However, in the case of Diesel Generator, which is used for power generation, where constant frequency is required, power generated is given by, where p = no. of poles and f = frequency. The main engine can be of broadly two types, viz. 2-stroke and 4-stroke. The 2-stroke engine is a reversible engine, which means that to reverse the propeller (in order to reduce the speed of the ship), the engine itself rotates in the opposite direction. This can result in the lack of need of the reduction gear provided the engine RPM is adjusted by increasing length of cylinder and area of cross-section. The turbocharger increases the air-fuel ratio (from 1:12 to 1:17) increasing the efficiency of the fuel by ensuring maximum combustion. Compressed air cylinders (at 30 bars) are provided to be used in the starting pneumatic system, which starts the engine. Fuel oil is fed into the engine using fuel oil feed pumps. These are regulated by governors which monitor the load on the engine and accordingly allow a certain amount of fuel to pass through.
14|Page Cooling in the engine is of majorly three types, viz. Lubricating Oil Cooling, Cylinder Jacket Cooling and Exhaust Cooling for turbocharger.
Fuel Oil Fuel oil system is another essential part of the engine. The burning of fuel oil counteracts and forms the opposing motion in the pistons of the engine. Fuel oil systems usually consist of a storage tank, daily service tank and a settling tank.
15|Page Lubricating Oil Engines have a lot of moving parts and thus need lubricating oil to be continuously supplied to it. The system also cools the lube oil as it gets heated up when in the engine.
Cooling Water To cool the machine parts of the engine, cool fresh water is supplied to it. The hot fresh water is cooled by cool sea water from the sea chest.
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Electrical Design
Electrical Design involves the design of methods of distribution of power for other systems like internal communication, navigation and dynamic positioning and their arrangement in the ship. Power generated by the Diesel Generators (DGs) in the ship is transported to power utilizers in the ship like accommodation areas and thrusters using cables.
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Cable Routing
One of the major activities in electrical design is the routing of cables required for various purposes across the ship from the power generators. Routing is done through perforated plates which are installed wherever there is a requirement for a cable. The cable is then attached to the perforated plate. According to the direction the cables have to go, these plates can be cable hangars, ladders, T-bends or vertical bends.
Internal Communication
All internal communication inside the ship like telephone, intercom and announcements comes under the purview of the electrical design department. While telephone, intercom and announcements require the presence of electric power, there is also a provision for manual communication in which the power required for communication is provided manually by rotating a lever. This is used especially in emergencies when power is not available.
Navigation
Navigation requires a lot of calculations and speculation if done manually and without the help of communication media like DGPS. Electronic & electrical systems required for the ease of navigation is provided in the navigation bridge and is designed or contracted to third parties by electrical design.
Dynamic Positioning
Dynamic positioning is the process of adjusting the position of a ship according to its requirements. At times, it is necessary for the ship to not move from its place. However, wave forces and currents may force it to. Automatic systems are available that can position the ship when the current is a maximum of 1.5km/hr, significant wave height is a maximum of 3m and when the wind speeds are as high as 30km/hr.
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Block Fabrication
A ship to be built is divided into smaller units called blocks, for ease of production. A block division plan is prepared taking into consideration the handling capacity available in the workshop as well as the quality of the human resource available. Block Fabrication is carried out in the following order: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Shot Blasting/Painting Plate & Profile Storage Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Approval Machine Shop (bending, rolling, lathe, CNC cutting of plates & profiles) Material Issue to workshop Study of Block Drawing & Loft Table Weld Edge Preparation (WEP)/ Pre-fabrication Skid level Check Fit-up of components according to drawing (tack-welded) Level Check (horizontality using water level & verticality using plumb piece) Approval for welding from Production engineer Quality welding according to WPS Internal Inspection by QA/QC
Shot Blasting/Painting
Plates & Profiles are ordered from a vendor according to the requirements of the block to be produced. These are subjected to shot blasting to remove any impurities on the surface of the plate or profile like corrosion. These plates & profiles are then immediately painted in order to prevent any further corrosion, so as to store it till its requirement.
19|Page societies by submitting a WPS document containing type of welding, electrode to be used, shielding gas to be used, power source, DCEN/DCEP, voltage/current requirement, flow rate, WEP, filler wire to be used, flux to be used, weld speed, polarity, wire angle, number of wires, and stick out. The quality of welders is regulated for different types of welding by means of a Welding Training Centre, which trains & tests welders for a particular type of welding. Only welders certified by class are allowed to carry out welding. This is regulated by QA/QC. Types of welding used in ABG SMAW (Submerged Metal Arc Welding)/ MMAW (Manual Metal Arc Welding) SMAW is the most commonly used type of welding in ABG. The lower time requirement is the major reason. However, quality of weld using SMAW is low and has the least efficiency in heat input among all other types of welding used in ABG. In SMAW, the constant current is set according to heat input required. Voltage gets automatically adjusted. There are two types of electrodes used in SMAW: E6013 and E7018. E6013 is used for welding Carbon Steel and DCEP/DCEN is used. E7018 is used for welding high tensile steel like mild steel. DCEP is used in this case. MMAW uses a drooping power source which prevents freezing FCAW (Flux Core Arc Welding) The filler wire used in FCAW has a core filled with flux. If a solid filler wire is used, it is coated with copper. The shield gas used is CO2. In this case, current & voltage, both, have to be set and adjusted according to the required weld. The electrode used is E71T-10 GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) In GMAW, tungsten is used to provide the arc and is non-consumable. Shield gas to be separately provided. Argon gas is preferred due to its inert & cheap nature. A small amount of CO2 or O2 is added to it . Electrode used is SM-70 or AWSA5.18 A constant current power source is used in this case, allowing the welder to control the arc length.
20|Page SAW (Submerged Arc Welding) SAW is a semi-automatic type of welding that has high quality finish. However, it is only used to weld flat plates together. In SAW the flux is provided separately. Parameters such as Weld speed, Polarity, Voltage, Type of flux used, Size and shape of wire, Wire angle, and Number of wires are controlled to decide the quality of the weld.
Machine Shop
The machine shop at ABG Unit-II consists of lathe, bending machine, rolling machine and CNC cutting machine. These machines are used to bend/cut into shape steel plates and profiles according to the requirement of the block under fabrication. The required shape is given to the machine shop with the help of a wooden strip (rolling & bending) or a Nesting Plan (CNC cutting).
Assembly
The different plates and profiles obtained for a block are arranged according to the block drawing & loft table available with the production engineer. They are initially tack-welded and checked by the engineer before approval. Also, the weld edge preparation (WEP) is checked thoroughly. Conformation to standard requirements according to type of welding is ensured. Before welding, the edges are cleaned and prepared. If enough angle is not present on the plate edge, it is grinded and prepared. Another major concern is the horizontality and verticality of the plates that are fitted onto the block. The horizontality is checked by checking the horizontality of the skid. A transparent rubber tube filled with water is used to check the level. A level of 500mm above the lowest plate on the block is marked at various points and the difference from the mark is measured.
21|Page According to ABG standards, this difference shouldnt be more than 10 mm. Some issues to check before approval for welding are: Adequate space (fit-up) between plates to be welded No mismatch in the alignment of plates/profiles Clean & evenness throughout the surfaces to be welded
Welding
After approval from the production engineer, welding starts. In shipbuilding, there is no other activity that comes close to the amount of welding that needs to be done. The different types of administering the required weld are:
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Internal Inspection
Internal Inspection is carried out before presenting the block for class approval in order to ease the process of approval by finding defects in welding before the class could point it out. Defective welds can, in future, be points of failure in case of extreme pressure and thus, should be avoided at all costs. The common welding defects that are found during inspection are: Cracks Cracks are the most dangerous type of defect in welds. They are formed due to low ductility, excessive dilution, hydrogen in weld atmosphere or highly rigid joints. To prevent cracks, preheating of the base metal is employed while ensuring right welding current and travel speed. Incomplete Penetration Incomplete penetration of welds occur due to lack of sufficient root opening, insufficient heat input or slag flooding ahead of welding arc. This can be prevented by ensuring proper geometry of joint and by following proper weld procedure as outlined in WPS. Inclusion Inclusion is the entrapment of foreign material like slag in the weld when it doesnt get the chance to float during solidification of the weld. Inclusions lower the weld strength. They are caused due to failure to clean surface before welding and usage of damaged electrode. Porosity & Blow holes Porosity or blow holes are small voids that are formed inside the weld after/during solidification of the weld. They are usually entrapped gases. This can be avoided by using low hydrogen welding, increasing shielding gases, using clean filler wires, and/or pre-heating. Distortion Distortion is the change in shape of the plates in the joint after welding. This is caused due to the difference in temperature at the side of the plate where welding arc is being used (hotter) and the side of the plate which is opposite to it (cooler). This sort of defect can be prevented by placing weld near the neutral axis or by allowing the distortion in a desired direction. Poor Fusion Poor fusion is when the weld material doesnt melt with the base metal and do not unite properly. Usually incorrect heat input, weld position or type of electrode is the major reason for this to occur. Unclean surface can also cause poor fusion. Poor weld bead appearance If the welding is not done by a professional/practised welder, the resultant weld will not be uniform. It may have different widths at different places or the ripples may not be consistent. This may also be because the job portion to be welded is not easily accessible. Spatter Spatter is small metal particles that are thrown out of the arc during welding. They get deposited on the base metal. This may be caused due to excessive current, long arc or improper flux ingredients in electrode.
23|Page Undercut Undercut is when a groove forms in the parent metal along the sides of the weld bead. This reduces the thickness of the plate and thus makes the joint weak. Faster arcs and travel speeds are the usual culprits. Overlapping Overlapping is the opposite of undercut. It occurs when the molten metal flows over to the parent metal surface and stays there without getting fused properly. Slow travel speeds and improper geometry can cause this. Apart from welding defects, internal inspection also looks into conformation with drawings, mismatch in alignment of plates as well as fairing of plates. If the plates are bent above the allowable limit (3 mm), they are faired by pulling the plate to its required position and tackwelding a profile on to it.
Block Erection
After approval of the block fabricated at Unit-II by classification societies, the block is brought to Unit-I and arrangements are made to erect the block on to the ship being built. Block Erection in itself is an intensive process, perhaps more so than Block Fabrication. A Gantry crane is used to lift the block to its position on the ship. While being erected, the edges, in which connections with other blocks exist, are tack welded and supported using concrete blocks at the keel. Care is taken to align it horizontally, vertically and such that its position from the centreline is maintained. Verticality is checked with the help of a plumb piece and piano wire while half breadth is checked by measuring distances from centreline of various components of the block. The erection engineer needs to ensure that fit up of joints is maintained with adequate weld edge preparations and spacing between joints for welding. Another important check is the alignment of girders and longitudinals that pass through both the blocks being welded together. QA/QC also checks for welding defects (dry-survey) in components that are added during or after erection.
Piping
Piping inspection by Quality Assurance & Control starts with the verification of the grade of pipes with the TC. The process is called Receipt Inspection (RI). This is followed by Weld-Edge Preparation. The main two types of welds in piping are fillet welds and butt welds. Fillet welds are used to attach flanges to pipes while two pipes are attached using butt welds. A major factor that decides the quality of the welds is the throat & leg length. It is ideal to have a 45o angle of weld. Fit-up of sleeves and flanges on the pipes are checked before welding as well as fit-up of finished items onto the ship.
24|Page Common defects found are the lack of throat size, lack of penetration of weld in butt welds, misalignment and poor quality of galvanizing. While piping arrangements are fitted, the following considerations are taken: Routing of pipes Interference of pipes with other structural parts and systems Pipes passing through tanks containing fluid of different specification/specific gravity should comply with regulations routed through sleeved pipe/higher grade of pipe etc. Proper supports to be ensured considering length of pipe and vibration in the vicinity Ensure all open ends of pipes during fit up stages are blanked/closed Pumps to be properly aligned with pipes to prevent crack on flanges of pipes resulting in leakage of pipe and failure of pump bearing Introduce bellows at suction and discharge pipes connecting to pump No penetration is allowed on seams or butts Gauges are placed at easily accessible places Stiffeners and carling are not cut to allow for passing of pipes Colour coding of pipelines
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Production HULL
Hull Production is a major activity in shipbuilding involving basically two steps: Block Fabrication & Block Erection. Both these activities are carried out at ABG Shipyard Ltd with the help of efficient machinery and manpower. At the fabrication yard, plates & profiles are fitted together according to the block drawing issued by Design Department by welders and cutters under the guidance of a Production Engineer. Different shops are allocated to different production engineers who control all activity at that shop. The shop consists of skids and cranes to assist in block fabrication. Welders & cutters are trained nearby at the welding training centre and issued certificates by classification societies according to their proficiency in the specific type of welding (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G). Only certified welders are allowed to operate. Most fabrication happens at Unit No 2 of the ABG Shipyard and the finished blocks are transported to the Erection yard at Unit No 1, as and when required by Block Erection. Different building berths are allocated to different ships being erected at ABG. In fact, at present, only at Unit-1, there are 17 ships at different stages of construction being built in ABGs Surat yard. The ingenuity and efficiency with which the planning department facilitates such construction is commendable. During erection, the following features are checked: a. b. c. d. e. f. Water level (z-coordinate) Verticality (x & y - coordinates) Half Breadth (y-coordinate) Fit-up (alignment with adjacent blocks, distance between plates, Weld Edge Preparation) Welding & subsequent Dry Survey (check for weld defects & conformation to drawings) Keel sighting
Y-353 Ocean Research Vessel (ORV) for National Institute of Oceanography, Goa
ORV is a unique type of research vessel to be used for scientific experimentation and data collection at sea. The vessel has facilities to accommodate the scientists and conduct laboratory experiments. The vessel is almost ready for launching. We conducted dry surveys of the Bridge Deck with the help of its block drawings (1501, 1502, 1601, 1602, 1701 & 1702) and approved structural drawings. Dry survey of structures IWO A-frame & 2.5 T crane aft of frame 1 (foundation details) was also conducted.
26|Page Mr Subrat Mohanty of the hull department was kind enough to give us details of hull erection & subsequent tests carried out on the hull to check for weld defects. Other than the NonDestructive tests carried out by QA/QC, Dye Penetration, Hose, Air Pressure and Hydro tests are done. Dye Penetration test or Liquid Penetration test Dye Penetration is carried out as follows: Surface to be tested cleaned with cloth Colourless dye applied Left to dry for 2-3 minutes Developer/penetrant (pink in colour) applied and left for 5-10 minutes White dye applied revealing cracks on surface
Dye Penetration tests are usually carried out to reveal surface defects like cracks, porosity & incomplete fusion. It is carried out before UT. Hose test During hose test, water at high pressure is ejected through a hose (12-inch nozzle) onto weld joints while you check for water leakage on the other side. It reveals any hole that may have formed during fabrication. Hose test is generally conducted in compartments attached to side shell and below main deck at watertight bulkheads. Water at 2 bar pressure is used for the purpose. Air Pressure test Air pressure test is carried out in tanks for checking for any leakage/holes. All weld joints are covered with soap water in order to detect and soap bubbles that may form if there is a leakage. This test ensures the water-tightness of the tanks. Air is maintained at 1.2 bar for the test. Hydro test The hydro test involves filling the tanks with water till 2.5m above the top end of the tank with the help of a separate pipe fixed onto the sounding pipe. This helps in creating higher pressure in the tank and thus in smoothening any structural deformity that may have crept in to the tank structure during erection.
27|Page region (as shown in diagram). The draft values at aft and forward were checked from the draft markings at the aft and forward perpendicular with the help of a boat. Generally, the trim has to be less than 0.1*LBP and the heel should be less than 0.1 degrees. Ballast water is adjusted such that constraints on trim and heel are satisfied. All excess items on the ship are removed or aligned along centreline. Generally, 2-3 pendulums (forward, amidship & aft) are used to measure heel values. In this ship two pendulums were used one, amidship, and the other, forward. The readings were taken on batons on which scales were placed. The pendulums were immersed in oil so that small oscillations get dampened. Blocks were moved according to a sequence from port to starboard and vice versa: Start Point Shift 1 Shift 2 Shift 3 Shift 4 Shift 5 Shift 6 Shift 7 Shift 8 Port A,B B B A,B A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C A,B Starboard C,D A,C,D A,B,C,D A,C,D C,D D D C,D
At each shift, the position of pendulum with respect to Start Point is marked on the baton. From known values of length of pendulum and moment generated due to shift of blocks (from lever and weight of block), the CG can be located. Further calculations of what weights will come off the ship and which additional weights will go on to the ship are assumed and the final CG is generated. The final lightship particulars for Y240 were found to be: Weight: LCG: VCG: TCG: 1893.894 t 29.495 m from aft 5.624 m from BL 0.068 m from CL (port)
28|Page The bracket was approximately 150mm thick and has a separate WPS compared to other welds in the ship. Also, during welding with the bush, the bracket is locked (horizontally & vertically) at 6-7 points to prevent any distortion due to heat. Y-bracket is pre-heated to 150-300oC before welding starts. This is done because of the large thickness of the plate which may result in formation of cracks if welding without pre-heating is done. Without pre-heating, the other end of the plate during welding will remain cold. This results in the weld being weak and prone to cracks. Continuous welding is avoided as distortions are prone to occur otherwise. Every layer of weld is allowed to cool before another layer is welded on. A distance of 3-4mm is maintained between the bush and the bracket as WEP to ensure maximum filler material. The Y-bracket is penetrated into the hull and supported with the help of flanges and welded securely to the hull.
29|Page 7. Finished blocks should always rest on flat surfaces. Never store blocks on inclined supports 8. Ensure proper handling of blocks while shifting from one unit to another. Incorrect handling might cause bending of edges 9. Do not allow temporary scaffolding to be welded to the hull. Use proper pipe scaffolding. 10. Ensure proper & safe housekeeping at berth and workshop. 11. Surveying & inspections (Dye penetration tests) to done on all back grinding joints to detect major defects like cracks, porsosity etc. Also, Ultrasonic tests & Radiography tests to be conducted on cross welds or as required by class. 12. Misalignments are not allowed for any structural member such as stiffeners, decks, girders, floors and brackets. 13. Do not allow welding without proper chamfering and check angle of chamfer required with reference to difference in thickness of plates. 14. Remove fairing defects immediately with proper procedures like line heating. Provide carling if necessary by taking approval from class & owner. 15. Do not leave scallops without proper round-ups 16. Do not leave overhanging decks without proper support after erection as they may lead to deformation/sagging 17. Do not provide strong backs orthogonally for butt joints. Keep them at an angle to allow for shrinkage and only remove them by cutting (not hammering hammering may cause parent metal to be removed). 18. Always provide proper railing around manholes. 19. Proper supervision & signals needed to be used while erection. Guide ropes to be provided at two opposite corners at least.
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Production PIPING
Piping is a network of pipes, valves, strainers, pumps, etc. for transporting fluids from one point to another for different operations of the ship. A ship has many piping systems. These systems can be divided majorly into two different kinds: 1. Basic Ship Systems They are common to all ships and are necessary for the safe movement and survival of the ship & its crew. For example, air vents & sounding pipes, bilge system, ballast system, fire system, fresh water system and fuel oil systems. 2. Specialised Ship Systems They are specific to a ship type and caters to the functions that the ship is designed for. They may not be necessary for the survival of the ship but they generate revenue for the ship owner. For example, ORO system, External FiFi system, Oil Dispersant system, Cargo systems, etc.
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Classification According to the fluid pressure that is expected in the pipe, they are divided into 3 classes by DNV (Det Norse Veritas): Piping System For Class I P (Bar) t (oC) >16 OR >300 >16 OR >150 Class II P (Bar) t (oC) 16 AND 300 16 AND 150 Class III P (Bar) t (oC) 7 AND 170 7 AND 60
Steam & Thermal Oil Fuel Oil, Lubricating Oil, Flammable Hydraulic Oil Other Media >40 OR >300 40 AND 300 16 AND 200 Class-I pipes have low carbon content giving them a high tensile strength able to withstand high fluid pressures. Most common pipe class used is Class-II which can withstand most common pressures. Class-III pipes are used for those pipes that do not have to withstand much pressure like scuppers, drains, air vents and sounding pipes.
Finishings Pipe finishings are divided into three grades according to their usage: 1. Grade A: Welded beads of inside pipes are finished with grinder and welding spatters and slags removed as far as possible. This grade is applied to lube oil pipe, hydraulic oil pipe, fuel oil burning pipe and fuel oil service pipe. 2. Grade B: Welding spatters and slags shall be removed and welded beads shall be cleaned with wire brush or grinder as far as possible. This grade shall be applied to steam and exhaust pipe, fuel oil transfer pipe, sea water cooling pipe, fresh water cooling pipe and compressed air pipe except Class-I, fresh water pipe, hot water pipe, bilge and ballast pipe, sanitary pipe, wash deck and fire fighting pipe, and tank heating steam and drain pipe. 3. Grade C: Welding spatters and slags of flange face shall be removed but welded beads inside pipes shall not be finished. This grade shall be applied to all the pipes except those in Grade A and Grade B such as scupper pipe, sounding pipe, air escape pipe, exhaust gas pipe drain, overflows, steam escape & void tube, etc. Different pipe sizes are used according to the pressure, temperature and flow requirements of the system. These sizes are standardized using a scale as follows: PN10 40NB SCH80 PN specifies the pressure rating, NB specifies the diameter of the pipe and SCH specifies the thickness of the pipe.
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Flange
Maximum pipe length fitted in a system is 3 m. This rule is followed for ease of maintenance and construction. To join two different pipes, flanges are fitted on both ends of the pipes. Flanges make it possible to screw the pipes together. They are welded on to the pipe with the help of fillet welds.
Sleeve
Sleeves can be best described as small pieces of pipes that help another pipe of smaller diameter to penetrate a bulkhead. Sleeves are welded to the pipes in question and the bulkhead.
Valves
Valves are a major component of any piping system. They control the flow of fluids and ensure human control of the flow.
Pumps
Pumps generate the pressure required for flow of fluids in a piping system. They are responsible for the movement. Different pumps are fitted according to the flow rate required.
Strainers
Strainers are essentially a filter with wire mesh as filtering media. Some types of strainers are Ytype, conical-type, basket-type and duplex.
Bellmouth
Bellmouths are used to reduce the pressure in a pipe. They do this by increasing the cross section of the pipe. An example of their use is at the end of filling pipes in tanks, where it is preferred that the pressure with which the fluid is filled in the tank is small to prevent any damage to the tank.
Reducer
Reducers work opposite to bellmouths. They increase the pressure in a piping system.
T-joint
T-joints consist of a pipe joining at a point in between another pipe at right angles to each other.
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Elbow
Elbow is a 90o turn in a pipe.
Bellow
Bellows are special equipments used to connect pipes to generators or pumps that may cause high amplitude vibrations. This reduces any damage that may occur due those vibrations on the pipe and system. It may be made of rubber or metal.
Acid Pickling
After completion of NDT and Hydro tests, acid pickling shall be carried out on following spools before installation on board. For rust prevention after pickling the inner surface of the pipes of item shall be coated with suitable oil. Lubricating oil pipes Fuel oil service pipes for main engine (Diesel generator and boiler burning line only) Hydraulic oil pipes
Galvanization
Galvanizing of pipes is to be carried out after fabrication of pipes to prevent corrosion. The external damaged parts are be touched up with zinc solution paint of high purity and internal parts shall be touched up with same purity as far as practicable. If welding has to be carried out after galvanization, the zinc coat is removed by grinding.
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Pressure Test
Pressuring the spool with Water or Air up to the test pressure and checking for any leakage ensure the soundness of a spool and it capacity to withstand pressure without any permanent deformation. This test is known as Pressure Test. This procedure covers method of Inspection to carrying out pressure test of pipe spool. All classes I and II pipes and integral fittings and in all cases, all steam pipes, feed pipes, compressed air pipes and fuel oil pipes having a design pressure greater than 3.5 bar and relative integral fittings, after completion of manufacture, but before insulation and painting, if any, shall be subject to a pressure test at the following pressure: PH = 1.5 P (Only for Water media) Where, PH = Test Pressure (bar) P = System Working Pressure (bar) Air Pressure Test is usually done for systems working under 6 bar pressure while Hydro Pressure Test is used for systems having more than 6 bar pressure. Nitrogen is used instead of Air in some cases like compressed air system eliminating possibility of moisture getting into the engine during starting.
Ballast
Water ballast tanks are provided in a ship to prevent and/or adjust trim and heel conditions. Ballast systems are provided on board a ship to pump or drain these tanks. The process of pumping sea water from sea chest into ballast tanks is called ballasting. De-ballasting is the
35|Page process of removal of ballast water from WB tanks. The water is ejected out of the ship through drains available 700 mm above LWL.
Bilge
Bilge system is used to remove water from spaces where accumulation of water is expected. This water may cause water pollution if ejected from the vessel without treatment. The water collected in bilge tank is thus, then subjected to oily water separator.
Fire/GS
An internal fire fighting system is provided in all ships. This system may also be used for General Service (GS) or for miscellaneous requirements of water like deck wash.
Cargo FW/FO
Certain ships act as suppliers of Fresh Water or Fuel Oil and hence FW or FO is stored as cargo. These require separate piping systems to cater to the cargo transport on/off the vessel.
OBD/Sea Chest
For discharge of treated fluids, Off Board Discharge systems are provided on any ship. Sea Chest allows storage of sea water collected from the sea during travel. This sea water is later used for other purposes like cooling.
Cooling (SW/FW)
Engine & Machinery cooling is carried out using fresh water. Hot fresh water is cooled using a sea water cooling system that takes the sea water from sea chest.
Lubricating Oil
Lubricating Oil is a major requirement of all machinery and shafts in a ship. According to the type of LO, it may have to be circulated/replenished or cooled to prevent over-heating. Either way, there is a requirement for a detailed LO piping system to cater to its needs.
Compressed Air
Compressed air is used to start the main engine in most ships. This starting air/pneumatic system requires high pressure pipes and specialised pumps & valves.
Accommodation HW/FW
Accommodation areas need to be supplied with hot water and fresh water for various drinking water & sanitary needs. Such piping systems require the usage of Cu-Ni or copper pipes as these pipes do not rust.
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Hydraulic
Hydraulic oils are used to cater to hydraulic lift systems like cranes. These oils need to be replenished and circulated to make the systems ideal.
Anti-heeling
Anti-heeling system in Y-382 (Diving Support Vessel) provides an automatic system to control the heel. This is preferred over manual control because during diving, the vessel should have quick maneuvers to position itself in a particular position. An automatic system will not have any time lag.
External Scupper
The external scupper is used to drain water that may have been washed overboard.
Water Spray
There is a water spray system that caters to the fire fighting needs of the accommodation area.
CO2
CO2 systems are used to douse fires that may occur in the engine room because water may not work there. Also, water may damage the electrical connections. Piping arrangements transport CO2 from the CO2 room to the engine room in the case of such an emergency.
Helideck Fire
To cater to any emergency fire requirements on the helideck, there is a provision for fire safety. Water is used to fight fire here.
Diving System
The major function of the Y-382 is to provide support to divers. The diving support consists of acclimatization measures using Diver Decompression Chambers (DDCs) and lowering of divers into the sea using moon-pool. The vessel is capable of supporting depths of a maximum of 300m. To acclimatize the divers to the high pressures there, DDCs simulate that environment (30 bars). A maximum of 6 men could be lowered into the sea at a time.
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Main DG Piping
Exhaust All engine systems require an exhaust to release waste gases generated while burning of fuel. Exhaust piping/vents ensure the transport of gases from the engines to treatment plants and finally, into the atmosphere. Starting Air To start the engine, compressed air pipes are connected to the engine. The pneumatic system that is formed kick-starts the engine. FO All engines require fuel oil (FO) to function. According to the type of engine, Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) or Medium Diesel Oil (MDO) is supplied to the engine. HFO requires a heating system (steam) to be present in its storage tank as it needs to be maintained at a certain temperature. FO systems usually consist of a storage tank, daily service tank and a settling tank (where it is purified before daily use). Turbochargers recirculate unburnt gases back into the system increasing the efficiency of the fuel. LO Lube oil is supplied continuously into the engine for the smooth movement of all machinery parts. Cooling Engine cooling is carried out using pipes carrying fresh water. The fresh water thus, needs to be supplied continuously. The hot fresh water that comes out of the engine is cooled using sea water from the sea chest.
Emergency DG Piping
An emergency Diesel Generator set is always present in any ship. This system consists of enough power generating capacity to run the ship temporarily with least functional capabilities. It has its own separate piping.
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Industrial Training at ABG Shipyard has been a great learning experience for me. The theoretical knowledge I gained during my 3 years of study at IIT Kharagpur has been complemented effectively due to the guidance and support provided by ABG employees. The factors that need to be taken into consideration while designing a ship cannot be fully covered theoretically. This practical knowledge can only be gained by handling those cases yourself or by witnessing the process under guidance. The shipbuilding process at ABG is a holistic one. ABG has been catering to Indian and international clients with ease. The reason for the title of largest private shipbuilding company in India was plainly visible. The minor hiccups that occur in the shipyard can improve with emphasis on communication between departments. I would like to acknowledge Mr. Panicker (HR) for allowing me to complete my training at ABG under knowledgeable training guides who were happy to pass on their wisdom gained over experience. Also, Id like to acknowledge my guides for allowing me to experience work handson towards the end of training in their respective departments. The process of teaching and giving practical experience soon after, was an effective one. I would also like to my college and department for making such training compulsory for students and for providing me an opportunity to visit ABG Shipyard. In conclusion, the training at ABG Shipyard has helped me gain practical skills like reading & interpreting production drawings, ability to solve practical everyday problems that may occur during construction and self-dependence. It has taught me how to interact professionally with my peers. Im highly indebted to ABG and hope for an opportunity to serve it better in future.