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    This document provides a history of wildlife management. It describes how the arrival of Europeans in North America led to the exploitation and near extinction of many species, such as beavers, bison, and passenger pigeons, through unsustainable hunting and habitat loss. This gave rise to the modern conservation movement in the late 19th/early 20th century with key figures like Aldo Leopold advocating for sustainable management of wildlife and habitats. The document also discusses concepts in wildlife biology like habitat selection, niche theory, and the effects of intensive agriculture and land fragmentation on biodiversity. It outlines approaches to wildlife management, including managing populations, people, and habitats.

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    This document provides a history of wildlife management. It describes how the arrival of Europeans in North America led to the exploitation and near extinction of many species, such as beavers, bison, and passenger pigeons, through unsustainable hunting and habitat loss. This gave rise to the modern conservation movement in the late 19th/early 20th century with key figures like Aldo Leopold advocating for sustainable management of wildlife and habitats. The document also discusses concepts in wildlife biology like habitat selection, niche theory, and the effects of intensive agriculture and land fragmentation on biodiversity. It outlines approaches to wildlife management, including managing populations, people, and habitats.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    65 views54 pages

    History of Wild Life Management

    Uploaded by

    butterfily
    This document provides a history of wildlife management. It describes how the arrival of Europeans in North America led to the exploitation and near extinction of many species, such as beavers, bison, and passenger pigeons, through unsustainable hunting and habitat loss. This gave rise to the modern conservation movement in the late 19th/early 20th century with key figures like Aldo Leopold advocating for sustainable management of wildlife and habitats. The document also discusses concepts in wildlife biology like habitat selection, niche theory, and the effects of intensive agriculture and land fragmentation on biodiversity. It outlines approaches to wildlife management, including managing populations, people, and habitats.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 54

    History of Wild Life Management By Ubaid Ullah

    History of Wildlife Management

    Making way for modern wildlife species

    History of Wildlife Management

    Large mammal extinctions (exploitation?) = 66% of megafauna extinct

    History of Wildlife Management


    500 ybp, Europeans arrive. Other Europeans exploit fisheries, fur, meat, feathers. (1870-1915)

    History of Wildlife Management


    Fur trade & near extinction of beaver (Castor canadensis)

    History of Wildlife Management


    Market hunting Near extinction of bison : 60M to ~150

    History of Wildlife Management


    Market hunting Bison Successful extinction of passenger pigeon - immense abundance (400 km long, 1800)

    History of Wildlife Management


    Passenger pigeon - immense abundance (400 km long, 1800) - 1878 3 months, 1.5 M pigeons from MI to market

    History of Wildlife Management


    Passenger pigeon - last sighting 1899 - 14-yr old boy shot last wild pigeon in Ohio (1900) - last captive pigeon died: Male (1912) Female (1914)

    History of Wildlife Management


    Habitat loss & Exploitation

    History of Wildlife Management


    Habitat loss & Exploitation

    Or is it gone?

    History of Wildlife Management


    Or is it gone?

    http://www.birds.cornell.edu/ivory/multimedia/vi os/index_html

    http://www.birds.cornell.edu/ivory/multimedia/so ds

    History of Wildlife Management


    U.S. policy Manifest Destiny Land Rush Agricultural Development

    History of Wildlife Management


    Fear of losing species at such fast rates (especially game species)..birth of modern wildlife conservation movement

    Modern Wildlife Management


    Aldo Leopold
    wrote Sand County Almanac wrote Game Management 1st university wildlife program (UW-Madison) Land Ethic

    April 22, 1970

    Recent Epoch (~0.01 Mybp present)


    historic time green & industrial revolutions rapid loss of biodiversity *Largest extinction event?

    Our Insatiable Appetite for Energy

    Guild Concept
    guild = group of species that exploit the same class of resources in similar way community guild = no taxonomic restrictions; guild members chosen based on investigator-defined resources assemblage guild = guild members based on taxonomic relations

    Habitat
    An area supporting a particular type of vegetation (habitat type) An area with the combination of resources and environmental conditions that allows a species (or population) to occupy, survive and reproduce habitat quality as relative term

    Habitat Quality
    Good habitat means there are higher densities of a species compared to Poor habitat.Right!? Not necessarily.Van Horne (1983) pointed out that animal density may not be the most accurate measure of habitat quality.

    Quality relates more to vital rates (survival and reproduction), vitality of offspring, temporal nature

    Habitat
    Habitat from an evolutionary perspective Species distribution relative to habitat distn Climatic events Pleistocene Epoch & distn of modern species
    Evolutionary underpinnings Adaptation & Evolution for habitat

    Behavior is Important!

    Concept of Habitat Selection


    Wildlife perceiving correct configuration of habitat needed for survival differences based on age/experience/chance? hierarchy to decision process

    Niche concept (time/place/functional role) & habitat selection

    Concept of Habitat Selection


    Hutchison = n-dimensional hypervolume as explanation of the niche
    Fundamental vs. Realized Niche

    Species 1

    Species 2

    Testing the Hutchinsonian Niche Concept of Habitat Selection


    James work with birds in Arkansasquantified habitat relationships How do birds select habitat? niche gestalt : each species has characteristic perceptual worldresponds to that world as organized whole search image concept How do we (as wildlife biologists) see through the eyes of wildlife species?

    Scale Dependence of Habitat Selection 1st Order 2nd Order 3rd Order 4th Order
    Macrohabitat vs. Microhabitat

    Habitat Selection
    Proximate Factors *Immediate context *Predation *Competition *Abiotic factors vs. Ultimate Factors *Evolutionary context *Fitness relations

    Human Resource Use

    Human Values & Attitudes (Socio-political)

    *Naturally patchy distribution of resources *Heterogeneity supports greater diversity right!?

    Managing for Biodiversity

    Paradigm of Wildlife Biology & Conservation Biology

    Human-induced heterogeneity

    Land-use Trends: Private vs. Public

    Human Land Use Practices


    1) Agriculture 2) Suburban Development Lets pick on Indiana: 97% of land in state = privatelyowned In central Indiana, 70+% of land in row crop <10% in forest Urban sprawl intensifying

    Intensive Agriculture & Clean Farming

    Timber Extraction & Fragmentation

    Formation of Terrestrial Islands

    Oceanic Island = Terrestrial Island ?????

    Important Wildlife Legislation


    1900 Lacey Act no interstate commerce 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1934 Fish & Wildlife Coordination Act federal assistance 1934 Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act duck stamp revenue for habitat purchase 1937 Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act Pittman-Robertson Act (P-R funds) 1956 Fish & Wildlife Act set up US Fish & Wildlife Service

    Important Wildlife Legislation


    1964 Wilderness Act 1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1973 Endangered Species Act federal action for recovery & mgt 1974 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora (CITES) import/export regulation

    1976 Federal Land Policy & Mgt Act BLM & land use plans 1976 National Forest Mgt Act (NFMA) USFS & forest mgt plans

    Important Wildlife Legislation


    1980 Fish & Wildlife Conservation Act P-R funds to nongame research & mgt 1980 National Forest Mgt Act (NFMA) USFS & forest mgt plans

    1985 Food Security Act Farm Bill Provisions - Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) CREP (enhancement) - Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) - Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP)
    2001 Conservation & Reinvestment Act (CARA)

    Importance of Management
    Finite natural resources (land, water, wildlife, fuel, etc) Future generations inherit our world

    Managing for Biodiversity

    Biodiversity
    Genetic diversity and: evolution reproduction adaptation disease

    Biodiversity
    Species Diversity and: Evolution Community stability Predator-prey relations (keystone predators) Umbrella species

    Biodiversity
    Ecosystem Diversity and: Evolution Flow of Energy & Nutrients Disturbance & change

    Types of Management
    1) Manage Populations Protect species Remove individuals by exploitation Re-establish species Add to population from captive source Control predators and/or diseases Artificial feeding

    Types of Management
    2) Manage People Law enforcement Public relations Control access and/or use Education

    Types of Management
    3) Manage Habitat Maintain habitat Improve habitat

    Ways to Manage
    1) Featured Species Mgt single species particular purpose e.g., white-tailed deer could also include umbrella species and flagship species

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