Digital Electronics, Microprocessors
Digital Electronics, Microprocessors
Digital Electronics, Microprocessors
By Naaimat Muhammed
Introduction
The computer you are using to read this page
uses a microprocessor to do its work.
Pentium, a K6, a PowerPC, a Sparc or any of the many other brands and types of microprocessors.
microcomputer technology is nearly incomprehensible. Microcomputers or microprocessors are now found in most laboratory instruments, including even balances and pH meters. Digital circuits offer some important advantages over their analog counterparts. Digital circuits are less susceptible to environmental noise. Digitally encoded signals can be transmitted with a higher degree of signal integrity . Digital signals may be transmitted directly to digital computers.
Microprocessor History
A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central processing unit
.
The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful -- all it could do was add and
subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time .
Intel 4004
Intel 8080
The first microprocessor to
make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080 Introduced in 1974 ,it was a complete 8-bit computer on one chip.
a real splash in the market was
These pulses can be converted to electrical pulses and counted. The form that the signal takes depends on how one looks at the signal. A properly designed detector can respond to the individual photons,
producing a signal that consists of a series of pulses that can be measured.
set of boundary conditions. Examples of signals and boundary conditions include number of photons or alpha decay particles emitted by an analyte per second
or the number of drops of titrant per millimole of analyte. Counting such signals electronically requires that they first be transduced to provide a series of pulses of more or less equal voltage.
For this reason, electronic counting is performed by binary numbers; here, only two digits, 0 and 1, are required to represent any number.
Microprocessor
The following diagram
shows an extremely simple microprocessor capable of doing those three things:
continued
This is about as simple as a microprocessor gets. This
microprocessor has: An address bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that sends an address to memory A data bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that can send data to memory or receive data from memory An RD (read) and WR (write) line to tell the memory whether it wants to set or get the addressed location A clock line that lets a clock pulse sequence the processor A reset line that resets the program counter to zero (or whatever) and restarts execution
number of electrical pulses from a transducer per unit time consists of the following components
Signal Shapers
This is essentially an
operational amplifier that makes use of a voltage comparator to convert the signal to the square wave form
Binary Counter
Electronic counters employ a series of binary circuits( or binaries)
to electrical pulses
These circuits are basically electronic switches that have two logic
states, on/l and off/0.
binary number(or the coefficient of a power of two) a convenient binary circuits for counting is the so-called flip-flop.
Scalers
The process of reducing a count by a known
fraction is called scaling, and becomes important when the frequency of a signal is greater than the counting device can accommodate.
Clocks
Many digital applications require a highly
reproducible and accurately known frequency source to be used in conjunction with the measurement of time.
Applications of Computers
Computer interactions with analytical
instruments are of two types.
Active Applications
Passive Applications
REFERENCES:
http://192.215.107.101/ebn/942/tech/te
chfocus/1071main.html http://www.chem.usu.edu/~sbialk/Class es/565/opamps/opamps.html Skoog, Holler, and Neiman. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 5th ed. Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1998.