Attitude LOGO

Meaning Of Attitude
Attitudes are evaluative statements indicating ones feeling either favourably or unfavourably towards persons,objects,events or situations Attitude is very complex cognitive process just like personality of an individual. POSITIVE ATTITUDE :- Positive mental attitude is a psychological term which describes a mental phenomenon in which the central idea is that one can increase achievement through optimistic thought processes. NEGATIVE ATTITUDE :-A negative attitude is characterized by a great disdain for everything. Someone who constantly points out the negative in everything.

Attitude

Attitude is defined as a
learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object. That is, attitudes affect behavior at a different level than do values

Features of Attitude
Attitude can be characterized in Different ways: Changes with time & situation Related to feelings & beliefs of people Effects ones behaviour positively or negatively Affect perception Learned through experiences May be unconsciously held

Nature of Attitude
ASPECTS OF VALENCE-the degree of favourableness or unfavourableness toward the event ASPECTS OF MULTIPLEXITY-number of element constituting the attitude RELATION TO NEED ASPECT-vary in relation to needs they serve CENTRALITY ASPECT-importance of attitude object to someone

Attitude Components

Affective

Conative

Cognitive

Attitude Components
Cognitive component
The opinion or belief segment of an attitude.

Affective Component
The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude.

Behavioral Component
An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something.

ABC Model of Attitude

ABC,the three letters stands for affect, behaviour & cognition. Emphasizes the inter relationship among knowing, feeling & doing. Relative importance of component depends upon level of motivation.

Functions Of Attitude
Adjustment Ego Defensive

Attitude

Knowledge

Value expression

Functions Of Attitude
The Adjustment Function : Attitudes often help people to adjust to their work environment. Ego-Defensive Function : Attitudes help people to retain their dignity and self- image. The Value-Expressive Function : Attitudes provide individuals with a basis for expressing their values. The Knowledge Function : Attitudes provide standards and frames of reference that allow people to understand and perceive the world around him.

Formation Of Attitude
Experience with Object

Mass Communication

Classical Conditioning

Economic Status

Attitude

Operant Conditioning

Neighbourhood

Family and Peer Groups

Vicarious Learning

Formation Of Attitude
Experience with Object : Attitude can develop from a personally rewarding or punishing experience with a object. Classical Conditioning :It involves involuntary responses and is acquired through the pairing of two stimuli. Operant Conditioning : It is based on the Law of Effect and involves voluntary responses ,Behaviors. Vicarious Learning : Formation of attitude by observing behaviour of others and consequences of that behaviour.

Continued.
Family and Peer Groups : A person may learn attitudes through imitation of parents. Neighbourhood : Involves being told what attitudes to have by parents, schools, community organizations, religious doctrine, friends, etc. Economic Status : Our Economical and occupational positions also contribute to attitude formation. Mass Communication : Television,Radio,Newspaper and magazine feed their audiences large quantities of information.

Theories of Attitude Formation

Coginitive Consistency Theories
1. Balance Theory 2. Congruity Theory

Social Judgement Theories

Continued.
Concerned with the inconsistencies that arise between related beliefs.knowledge,evalution about object. Consists of two theories1. Balance theory 2. Congruity theory

BALANCE THEORY- BY HEIDER The theory is concerned with consistency in the judgement of people & issues that are linked by some form of relationship People seek balance in their cognitive structure & attitude change comes when system is not balanced BALANCED STATE- in which everything fits together harmoniously

CONGRUITY THEORY
Congruity is a stable state & incongruity is unstable one. Focus on changes in the evaluation of source & concept linked by associative or dissociative assertion Change in attitude to resolve incongruity

SOCIAL JUDGEMENT THEORY

Person initial attitude is point of reference on which he evaluates other opinions Attitude of acceptance- favourable opinions encompasses objectionable opinions Attitude of rejection- objectionable opinion encompasses acceptable opinion

Methods To Bring Attitude Change

Providing Information Use of Fear Resolving Discrepancies Influence of Friends and Peers Communication Society

Barriers To Attitude Change

PRIOR COMMITMENTS STRONG COMMITMENT PUBLICLY EXPRESSED ATTITUDES LOW CREDIBILITY INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION DEGREE OF FEAR

Ways To Overcome The Barriers

PROVIDING NEW INFORMATION USE OF FEAR RESOLVING DISCREPANCIES INFLUENCE OF FRIENDS AND PEERS THE CO-OPTING APPROACH

Research Methodology
Research
is an organized and systematic study of materials and sources in order to discover new things and establish facts. is a way to systematically solve

Research methodology
the research problem.

OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH- to study attitude of

students whether positive or negative and ways to improve negative attitude.so our objective is to know about attitude.

RESEARCH TYPE-Descriptive research SAMPLING- We take samples from different gender and

different geographical area for survey to be conducted and for this purpose we surveyed the students of university school of management.the result of sampling has attained sufficiently high standard accuracy.

Continued..
SAMPLING SIZEwe took sample size 70 and 4 variables on the basis of which we will analyse our data. These variables are: Rural and urban Male and female TOTAL 70 TOTAL 70 RURAL 32 MALE 37 URBAN 38 FEMALE 33

SOURCES OF DATA-The survey is done through primary data

collection method.that is first hand data is used.

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES :

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES :
1.DATA COLLECTION ISTRUEMENT- We use questionnaire on
attitude for collection of data.it is an important research instrument for data collection.our questionnaire is designed with aobjective to know the attitude whether positive or negative.we are using a questionnaire which includes 16 questions on attitude from which we use different scale for question 1-9 and different scale for question 10-16. we use yes no scale for question 1-9 and liket scale in question 10-16 Ques. (1 to 9) a) YES b) NO Ques. (10 to 16) a)STRONGLY AGREE c)UNDECIDED e)STRONGLY DISAGREE

b)AGREE d)DISAGREE

Limitations During Project

In this project some problems are also occurred these are as follows:
Variations in collected data. Regional differences.

Interpreting ideas, clearing up confusions, identifying

alternatives, and raising related issues. Lack of knowledge among rural people.

Analysis Of Project
Ques.1 to 9) Analysis on the basis of
Yes/No.

We Use Percentage Method in these

questions.
Five questions are positive and four questions are negative .

Continued.
Ques.1) Do you trust humankind ?

Attitude is Positive.

Continued.
Ques .2) Does it always happen something bad when you are close to success ?

Attitude is Positive and Negative.

Continued.
Ques.3) Do you think that you should not get too involved in things Because they are going to end, sooner or later ?

Attitude is Positive and Negative.

Continued.
Ques.4) Are there more troubles or satisfactions in life?

Attitude is Positive and Negative.

Continued.
Ques.5) In order to avoid disappointments do you force yourself to have low expectations ?

Attitude is Positive and Negative.

Continued.
Ques.6) You see your plans realized in future ?

Attitude is Positive.

Continued.
Ques.7) Is it possible that something positive happens by chance?

Attitude is Positive.

Continued.
Ques.8) Do you see any positive approach in troubles?

Attitude is Positive.

Continued.
Ques.9) When things are going well you expect them to last forever ?

Attitude is Positive.

Continued.
Overall 5 Positive Questions :

Positive Attitude

Continued
Overall 4 Negative Questions :

Both Negative and Positive Attitude

Continued
For analysing data collected through questinnaire wedivide the whole questionnaire into positive and negative questions in case of liket scale questions. then we give rank to options as given below which is opposite in both positive and negative questions.here we use average for finding results.

Continued.
Ques.10 to 16) Analysis on the basis of Likert scaling : (Range for Positive questions : Under LIKERT SCALE Category :) We have taken five categories under this scaling : Categories Rating
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Range is : 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5 4 3 2 1

High Negative Low Negative Low Positive High Positive

Continued.

Attitude is mainly Low Positive from the Data of 70 Questionnaires.

Continued.
(Range for Negative Questions : Under LIKERT SCALE Category :) We have taken five categories under this scaling : Categories Rating
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Range is : 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 1 2 3 4 5

High Positive Low Positive Low Negative High Negative

Continued.

Attitude is Both Low Positive and Low Negative from tha data of 70 Questionnaires.

Suggestions and Recommendations

Suggestions for improving attitude on the basis of survey and responses of students to questions 1. Clarify your purpose and visulize your purpose realized in future. 2. Expect more from yourself and set goals for yourself 3. Do not wait for happiness,better try to work towards happiness 4. Deal with problems effectively, do not run away from them 5. Develop a routine to start every day in a positive mental state 6. See positive approach in troubles 7. Be optimistic, this is an golden rule to maintain positive attitude 8. Do self talk

Conclusion

Bibliography
1. www.sitehr.com
2. Sahini K.N Organisational Behaviour Kalyani publishers,2007 Chapter Attitude,Page No. 383408

3. 4. 5. 6.

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