Exp 2-Ch 9-EIGRP

EIGRP
Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 9
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction
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EIGRP
Roots of EIGRP: IGRP
-Developed in 1985 to overcome RIPv1s limited hop count -Distance vector routing protocol -Metrics used by IGRP bandwidth (used by default) Delay (used by default) Reliability (not used by default) Load (not used by default)
-Discontinued support starting with IOS 12.2(13)T & 12.2(R1s4)S
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EIGRP
EIGRP is a distance vector, classless routing protocol that was released in 1992 with IOS 9.21. As its name suggests, EIGRP is an enhancement of Cisco IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol). Both are Cisco proprietary protocols and only operate on Cisco routers. The main purpose in Cisco's development of EIGRP was to create a classless version of IGRP. EIGRP includes several features that are not commonly found in other distance vector routing protocols like RIP (RIPv1 and RIPv2) and IGRP. These features include:
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) Bounded Updates Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) Establishing Adjacencies Neighbor and Topology Tables
Although EIGRP may act like a link-state routing protocol, it is still a distance vector routing protocol.
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EIGRP
The Algorithm
EIGRP uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL). EIGRP does not send periodic updates and route entries do not age out. Only changes in the routing information, such as a new link or a link becoming unavailable cause a routing update to occur.
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EIGRP
Path Determination
EIGRP's DUAL maintains a topology table separate from the routing table, which includes both the best path to a destination network and any backup paths that DUAL has determined to be loop-free. If a route becomes unavailable, DUAL will search its topology table for a valid backup path. If one exists, that route is immediately entered into the routing table. If one does not exist, DUAL performs a network discovery process to see if there happens to be a backup path that did not meet the requirement of the feasibility condition.
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
EIGRP
Convergence
EIGRP does not use holddown timers.
Instead, loop-free paths are achieved through a system of route calculations (diffusing computations) that are performed in a coordinated fashion among the routers.
The detail of how this is done is beyond the scope of this course, but the result is faster convergence than traditional distance vector routing protocols.
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EIGRP
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)
EIGRP uses PDM to route several different protocols i.e. IP, IPX & AppleTalk PDMs are responsible for the specific routing task for each network layer protocol
As you can see in the figure, EIGRP uses different EIGRP packets and maintains separate neighbor, topology, and routing tables for each Network layer protocol.
How do people route IPX or Appletalk today if they still get either IPX or Appletalk?
EIGRP
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
Purpose of RTP
Used by EIGRP to transmit and receive EIGRP packets EIGRP was designed as a Network layer independent routing protocol; therefore, it cannot use the services of UDP or TCP because IPX and Appletalk do not use protocols from the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Characteristics of RTP
Involves both reliable & unreliable delivery of EIGRP packet Reliable delivery requires acknowledgment from destination Unreliable delivery does not require an acknowledgement from destination Packets can be sent Unicast Multicast Using address 224.0.0.10
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EIGRP
Hello Update EIGRPs 5 Packet Types ACK Query Hello packets Reply Used to discover & form adjacencies with neighbors
EIGRP hello packets are multicasts and use unreliable delivery.
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EIGRP
Update packets
Update packets are used to propagate routing information Update packets are sent only when necessary. EIGRP updates are sent only to those routers that require it. When a new neighbor is discovered, unicast update packets are sent so that the neighbor can build up its topology table. In other cases, such as a link-cost change, updates are multicast. Updates always are transmitted reliably
Hello Update ACK Query Reply
Acknowledgement packets
Used to acknowledge receipt of update, query & reply packets An acknowledgment packet is a hello packet that has no data. EIGRP acknowledgement packets are always sent as an unreliable unicast
R2 has lost connectivity to the LAN attached to its FastEthernet interface. R2 immediately sends an unicast Update to R1 and R3 noting the downed route. R1 and R3 respond with an unicast acknowledgement.
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EIGRP
Query & Reply packets
Used by DUAL for searching for networks Queries and replies use reliable delivery. Query packets can use Multicast Reply packet use only unicast
Hello Update ACK Query Reply
R2 has lost connectivity to the LAN and it sends out queries to all EIGRP neighbors. All neighbors must send a reply regardless of whether or not they have a route to the downed network.
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EIGRP
Query Update Reply Hello
Acknowledge
Reliable
Reliable
Reliable
Unreliable
(not require acknowledgment )
Unreliable
(a hello packet that has no data )
multicast
Multicast & unicast
unicast
multicast
unicast
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EIGRP
Purpose of Hello Protocol
To discover neighbors & establish adjacencies with neighbor routers
Characteristics of hello protocol

Time interval for sending hello packet 5 seconds - high bandwidth (greater than T1) 60 seconds - multipoint circuits T1 bandwidth or slower -Holdtime This is the maximum time router should wait before declaring a neighbor down Default holdtime 3 times hello interval
15 seconds
180 seconds
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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EIGRP
EIGRP Bounded Updates EIGRP only sends update when there is a change in route status
Partial update
A partial update includes only the route information that has changed the whole routing table is NOT sent
Bounded update
When a route changes, only those devices that are impacted will be notified of the change
EIGRPs use of partial bounded updates minimizes use of bandwidth
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EIGRP
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
Purpose EIGRPs primary method for preventing routing loops And also hold-down timers and split horizon, too. Advantage of using DUAL Provides for fast convergence time by keeping a list of loopfree backup routes DUAL maintains a list of backup routes it has already determined to be loop-free. If the primary route in the routing table fails, the best backup route is immediately added to the routing table.
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EIGRP
Administrative Distance (AD)
Defined as the trustworthiness of the source route
EIGRP default administrative distances

Summary routes = 5 Internal routes = 90 Imported routes = 170
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EIGRP
Authentication
EIGRP can
Encrypt routing information Authenticate routing information
It is good practice to authenticate transmitted routing information.

This practice ensures that routers will only accept routing information from other routers that have been configured with the same password or authentication information.
Note: Authentication does not encrypt the router's routing table.

http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1171169&seqNum=3
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EIGRP
Network Topology Topology used is the same as previous chapters with the addition of an ISP router
ISP router does not physically exist

EIGRP will automatically summarizes at classful boundaries, similar to RIP.
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Basic EIGRP Configuration

Autonomous System (AS) & Process IDs
This is a collection of networks under the control of a single authority (reference RFC 1930) AS Numbers are assigned by IANA Entities needing AS numbers ISP Internet Backbone prodiers Institutions connecting to other institutions using AS numbers These ISPs and large institutions use the exterior gateway routing protocol or BGP, to propagate routing information.
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EIGRP autonomous system number actually functions as a process ID
The vast majority of companies and institutions with IP networks do not need an AS number The ISP is responsible for the routing of packets within its autonomous system and between other autonomous systems.
Process ID represents an instance of the routing protocol running on a router
Example
Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system
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The router eigrp command
The global command that enables eigrp is

router eigrp autonomous-system -All routers in the EIGRP routing domain must use the same process ID number (autonomous-system
number)
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The Network Command Functions of the network command
Enables interfaces to transmit & receive EIGRP updates Includes network or subnet in EIGRP updates
Example
Router(config-router)#network network-address
The network-address is the classful network address for this interface. a single classful network statement is used on R1 to include both 172.16.1.0/24 and 172.16.3.0/30 subnets:
When EIGRP is configured on R2, DUAL sends a notification message to the console stating that a neighbor relationship with another EIGRP router has been established.
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The network Command with a Wildcard Mask -This option is used when you want to configure EIGRP to advertise specific subnets -Example
Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask]
192.168.10.8 192.168.10.11
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Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask]
Think of a wildcard mask as the inverse of a subnet mask. The inverse of subnet mask 255.255.255.252 is 0.0.0.3.
To calculate the inverse of the subnet mask, subtract the subnet mask from 255.255.255.255:
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255.252
--------------0. 0. 0. 3 Wildcard mask
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Verifying EIGRP EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies with their neighbors before any updates can be sent or received Command used to view neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has established adjacencies with neighbors is show ip eigrp neighbors
H column - Lists the neighbors in the order they were learned.
SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Timer) Queue Count - Should always be zero. RTO (Retransmit Interval) - Used by RTP to manage reliable EIGRP packets.
Sequence Number - Used to track updates, queries, and reply packets.
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EIGRP
The show ip protocols command is also used to verify that EIGRP is enabled Remember, the process ID must be the same on all routers for EIGRP to establish neighbor adjacencies and share routing information. EIGRP's internal and external administrative distances are also displayed:
Distance: internal 90 external 170
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Examining the Routing Table
The show ip route command is also used to verify EIGRP
EIGRP routes are denoted in a routing table by the letter D EIGRP is a classless routing protocol (includes the subnet mask in the routing update), it supports VLSM and CIDR.
We will configure the bandwidth later.
By default , EIGRP automatically summarizes routes at major network boundary We can disable the automatic summarization with the no autosummary command. We will examine this in more detail in a later.
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EIGRP Null0 Summary Route

EIGRP has automatically included a summary route to Null0 (192.168.10.0/24 and 172.16.0.0/16)
Null0 is not a physical interface
In the routing table summary routes are sourced from Null0 Reason: routes are used for advertisement purposes EIGRP will automatically include a null0 summary route as child route when 2 conditions are met At least one subnet is learned via EIGRP Automatic summarization is enabled If the packet matches the level 1 parent - the classful network address - but none of the subnets, the packet is discarded.
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R3s routing table shows that the 172.16.0.0/16 network is automatically summarized by R1 & R3
R1 and R2 are not propagating the individual subnets because of automatic summarization.
[Tony] We will configure the bandwidth later. Once the bandwidth is reconfigured, you will not see the equal-cost route on R3.
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EIGRP Metric Calculation

EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values
EIGRP uses the following values in its composite metric

-Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load (reliability and load are not used)
The composite metric used by EIGRP

formula used has values K1 K5 K1 & K3 =1 K2, K4, K5 =0
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Using the Bandwidth Command
Modifying the interface bandwidth

-Router(config-if)#bandwidth kilobits
Verifying bandwidth
Use the show interface command
Note bandwidth command does not change the links physical bandwidth
The bandwidth command only modifies the bandwidth metric used by routing protocols such as EIGRP and OSPF.
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The EIGRP metric can be determined by examining the
bandwidth delay
The value before change the bandwidth is 2172416
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EIGRP uses the lowest bandwidth (BW)in its metric calculation Calculated BW = reference BW / lowest BW(kbps) Delay EIGRP uses the cumulative sum of all outgoing interfaces Calculated Delay = the sum of outgoing interface delays EIGRP Metric = calculated BW + calculated delay
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10,000,000 is divided by 1024. If the result is not a whole number, then the value is rounded down. In this case, 10,000,000 divided by 1024 equals 9765.625. The .625 is dropped before multiplying by 256. The bandwidth portion of the composite metric is 2,499,840.
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End of part 1
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DUAL Concepts
The Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used to prevent looping
Successor Feasible Distance (FD)
Feasible Successor (FS)

Reported Distance (RD) or Advertised Distance (AD) Feasible Condition or Feasibility Condition (FC)
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DUAL Concepts
Successor The best least cost route to a destination found in the routing table Feasible distance The lowest calculated metric along a path to a destination network
2 commands can be used to find the successor and feasible distance:

show ip route show ip eigrp topology
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DUAL Concepts
EIGRP Topology Table dissected
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DUAL Concepts
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition & Reported Distance Feasible Successor
This is a loop free backup route to the same destination as successor route
If the link between R2 and R3 failed, the R1 will become the successor for sending traffic to 192.168.1.0
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EIGRP technologies (cont.)

Feasible Successor, FC: RD30 < FD31 172.30.1.0
FD to 172.30.1.0 is 31 via Router Y
Current Successor = 31 RD of RTY= 21
RTZ is NOT Feasible Successor, FC: RD220 not< FD31 Neighbor X In Topology Table Y In Routing Table Z Not in Topology Table
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Advertised or Destination Feasible Dist. Reported. Dist. 172.30.1.0 40 30 172.30.1.0 31 21 172.30.1.0 230 220
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Verifying basic EIGRP
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What if the successor fails?

1) If feasible successor exists: If current successor route fails, feasible successor becomes the current successor, i.e. the current route. Routing of packets continue with little delay.
2) If no feasible successor exists:
This may be because the Reported Distance is greater than the Feasible Distance.
Before this route can be installed, it must be placed in the active state and recomputed. Routing of packets continue but with more of a delay.
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DUAL Concepts
Feasibility Condition (FC) Met when a neighbors reported distance (RD) is less than the local routers FD to the same destination network
The reported distance is simply an EIGRP neighbor's feasible distance to the same destination network. The reported distance is the metric that a router reports to a neighbor about its own cost to that network.
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DUAL Concepts
Reported distance (RD) The metric that a router reports to a neighbor about its own cost to that network
R2 examines the reported distance (RD) of 2172416 from R1. Because the reported distance (RD) of R1 is less than R2's own feasible distance (FD) of 3014400, R1 meets the feasibility condition. R1 is now a feasible successor for R2 to the 192.168.1.0/24 network.
Why isn't R1 the successor if its reported distance (RD) is less than R2's feasible distance (FD) to 192.168.1.0/24?
Because the total cost for R2, its feasible distance (FD), to reach 192.168.1.0/24 is greater through R1 than it is through R3.
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DUAL Concepts
EIGRP Topology table
Viewed using the show ip eigrp topology command Contents of table include: all successor routes all feasible successor routes
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DUAL Concepts
EIGRP Topology Table dissected
P - This route is in the passive state. When DUAL is not performing its diffusing computations to determine a path for a network, the route will be in a stable mode, known as the passive state. A - If DUAL is recalculating or searching for a new path, the route will be in an active state. All routes in the topology table should be in the passive state for a stable routing domain.
if there is not a second entry, then there are no feasible successors

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DUAL Concepts
Finite State Machines (FSM) To examine output from EIGRPs finite state machine us the debug eigrp fsm command
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More EIGRP Configurations

The Null0 Summary Route By default, EIGRP uses the Null0 interface to discard any packets that match the parent route but do not match any of the child routes EIGRP automatically includes a null0 summary route as a child route whenever both of the following conditions exist One or subnets exists that was learned via EIGRP Automatic summarization is enabled
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Regardless of whether classful or classless routing behavior is being used, the null0 summary will potentially be used and denying the use of any supernet or default route. Disabling Automatic Summarization
The no auto-summary command is used to disable automatic summarization
This causes all EIGRP neighbors to send updates that will not be automatically summarized this will cause changes in both -routing tables
-topology tables
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The no auto-summary command
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Manual Summarization
EIGRP can be configured to summarize routes, whether or not automatic summarization (auto-summary) is enabled.
EIGRP is a classless routing protocol & include subnet mask in update
Command used to configure manual summarization

Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp asnumber network-address subnet-mask
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EIGRP Default Routes quad zero static default route -Can be used with any currently supported routing protocol -Is usually configured on a router that is connected a network outside the EIGRP domain (for example, to an ISP. ) EIGRP & the Quad zero static default route Requires the use of the redistribute static command to include the static default route in EIGRP routing updates to other routers.
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In the routing tables for R1 and R3, notice the routing source and administrative distance for the new static default route. The entry for the static default route on R1 is the following: D*EX 0.0.0.0/0 [170/3651840] via 192.168.10.6, 00:01:08, Serial0/1
D: This static route was learned from an EIGRP routing update. *: The route is a candidate for a default route. EX: The route is an external EIGRP route, in this case a static route outside of the EIGRP routing domain. 170: This is the administrative distance of an external EIGRP route.
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Configuring Hello Intervals and Hold Times
-Hello intervals and hold times are configurable on a per-interface basis -The command to configure hello interval is Router(config-if)#ip hello-interval eigrp as-number seconds
Changing the hello interval also requires changing the hold time to a value greater than or equal to the hello interval
-The command to configure hold time value is
Router(config-if)#ip hold-time eigrp as-number seconds
Defaults For low-speed, NBMA networks: 60 seconds For all other networks: 5 seconds
Defaults For low-speed, NBMA networks: 180 seconds For all other networks: 15 seconds
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Summary
Background & History
EIGRP is a derivative of IGRP EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol released in 1994
EIGRP terms and characteristics

EIGPR uses RTP to transmit & receive EIGRP packets EIGRP has 5 packet type: Hello packets Update packets
Acknowledgement packets
Query packets Reply packets Supports VLSM & CIDR
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Summary
EIGRP terms and characteristics
EIGRP uses a hello protocol Purpose of hello protocol is to discover & establish adjacencies EIGRP routing updates Aperiodic Partial and bounded
Fast convergence
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Summary
EIGRP commands
The following commands are used for EIGRP configuration RtrA(config)#router eigrp [autonomous-system #] RtrA(config-router)#network network-number The following commands can be used to verify EIGRP Show ip protocols Show ip eigrp neighbors Show ip route
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Summary
EIGRP metrics include
Bandwidth (default) Delay (default)
Reliability
Load
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Summary
DUAL
Purpose of DUAL To prevent routing loops Successor Primary route to a destination Feasible successor Backup route to a destination Feasible distance Lowest calculated metric to a destination Reported distance The distance towards a destination as advertised by an upstream neighbor
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Summary
Choosing the best route
After router has received all updates from directly connected neighbors, it can calculate its DUAL 1st metric is calculated for each route 2nd route with lowest metric is designated successor & is placed in routing table 3rd feasible successor is found
Criteria for feasible successor: it must have lower reported distance to the destination than the installed routes feasible distance
Feasible routes are maintained in topology table
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Summary
Automatic summarization
On by default Summarizes routes on classful boundary
Summarization can be disabled using the following command

RtrA(config-if)#no auto-summary
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Exp 2-Ch 9-EIGRP

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EIGRP

Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 9

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

-Discontinued support starting with IOS 12.2(13)T & 12.2(R1s4)S

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hello Update ACK Query Reply

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hello Update ACK Query Reply

Multicast & unicast

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of hello protocol

EIGRPs use of partial bounded updates minimizes use of bandwidth

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

EIGRP default administrative distances

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

It is good practice to authenticate transmitted routing information.

Note: Authentication does not encrypt the router's routing table.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ISP router does not physically exist

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic EIGRP Configuration

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic EIGRP Configuration

Process ID represents an instance of the routing protocol running on a router

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic EIGRP Configuration

The global command that enables eigrp is

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic EIGRP Configuration

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

Basic EIGRP Configuration

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic EIGRP Configuration

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic EIGRP Configuration

Sequence Number - Used to track updates, queries, and reply packets.