Process Concept Process Scheduling Operations On Processes Cooperating Processes Interprocess Communication Communication in Client-Server Systems
Process Concept Process Scheduling Operations On Processes Cooperating Processes Interprocess Communication Communication in Client-Server Systems
Process Concept Process Scheduling Operations on Processes Cooperating Processes Interprocess Communication Communication in Client-Server Systems
Process Concept
An operating system executes a variety of programs:
Batch system jobs Time-shared systems user programs or tasks
Textbook uses the terms job and process almost interchangeably. Process a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion. A process includes:
Process State
As a process executes, it changes state
new: The process is being created. running: Instructions are being executed. waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur. ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a process. terminated: The process has finished execution.
Schedulers
Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue. Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) selects which process should be executed next and allocates CPU.
Schedulers (Cont.)
Short-term scheduler is invoked very frequently (milliseconds) (must be fast). Long-term scheduler is invoked very infrequently (seconds, minutes) (may be slow). The long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming. Processes can be described as either:
I/O-bound process spends more time doing I/O than computations, many short CPU bursts. CPU-bound process spends more time doing computations; few very long CPU bursts.
Context Switch
When CPU switches to another process, the system must save the state of the old process and load the saved state for the new process. Context-switch time is overhead; the system does no useful work while switching. Time dependent on hardware support.
Process Creation
Parent process create children processes, which, in turn create other processes, forming a tree of processes. Resource sharing
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ
Parent and children share all resources. Children share subset of parents resources. Parent and child share no resources.
Execution
Parent and children execute concurrently. Parent waits until children terminate.
UNIX examples
fork system call creates new process exec system call used after a fork to replace the process memory space with a new program.
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ
Process Termination
Process executes last statement and asks the operating system to decide it (exit).
Output data from child to parent (via wait). Process resources are deallocated by operating system.
Child has exceeded allocated resources. Task assigned to child is no longer required. Parent is exiting.
Operating system does not allow child to continue if its parent terminates. Cascading termination.
Cooperating Processes
Independent process cannot affect or be affected by the execution of another process. Cooperating process can affect or be affected by the execution of another process Advantages of process cooperation
Information sharing Computation speed-up Modularity Convenience
Producer-Consumer Problem
Paradigm for cooperating processes, producer process produces information that is consumed by a consumer process.
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ
unbounded-buffer places no practical limit on the size of the buffer. bounded-buffer assumes that there is a fixed buffer size.
Implementation Questions
How are links established? Can a link be associated with more than two processes? How many links can there be between every pair of communicating processes? What is the capacity of a link? Is the size of a message that the link can accommodate fixed or variable? Is a link unidirectional or bi-directional?
Direct Communication
Processes must name each other explicitly:
send (P, message) send a message to process P receive(Q, message) receive a message from process Q
Indirect Communication
Properties of communication link
Messages are directed and received from mailboxes (also referred to as ports).
Each mailbox has a unique id. Processes can communicate only if they share a mailbox.
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ
Link established only if processes share a common mailbox A link may be associated with many processes. Each pair of processes may share several communication links. Link may be unidirectional or bi-directional.
Indirect Communication
Operations
create a new mailbox send and receive messages through mailbox destroy a mailbox
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ
Primitives are defined as: send(A, message) send a message to mailbox A receive(A, message) receive a message from mailbox A
Indirect Communication
Mailbox sharing
P1, P2, and P3 share mailbox A. P1, sends; P2 and P3 receive. Who gets the message?
Solutions
Allow a link to be associated with at most two processes. Allow only one process at a time to execute a receive operation. Allow the system to select arbitrarily the receiver. Sender is notified who the receiver was.
Synchronization
Message passing may be either blocking or non-blocking. Blocking is considered synchronous Non-blocking is considered asynchronous send and receive primitives may be either blocking or nonblocking.
Buffering
Queue of messages attached to the link; implemented in one of three ways.
1. Zero capacity 0 messages Sender must wait for receiver (rendezvous). 2. Bounded capacity finite length of n messages Sender must wait if link full. 3. Unbounded capacity infinite length Sender never waits.
Client-Server Communication
Sockets Remote Procedure Calls Remote Method Invocation (Java)
Operating System Concepts FAROOQ
Sockets
A socket is defined as an endpoint for communication. Concatenation of IP address and port The socket 161.25.19.8:1625 refers to port 1625 on host 161.25.19.8 Communication consists between a pair of sockets.
Socket Communication
Execution of RPC
Marshalling Parameters