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Toxicology
Toxicology
Todays Objectives!
Explain the relationship between concentration and exposure to HM and onset of symptoms. Define Chronic & Acute Exposure List 7 categories of toxic substances Cite some of the effects of each type of substance on organs.
Objectives (cont.)
Define relevant terms
LD/LC 50 TLV, PEL, STEL IDLH Ppm, ppb,
Hazardous Chemical?
Toxic; Defined
Have either physical or chemical properties that are HARMFUL Present in sufficient amounts Present for sufficient time Have a route into the body Reach a susceptible organ or tissue
Import Factors
Concentration Duration of exposure Dose= the amount of an agent reaching a target organ.
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Concentration
Measurement in vapors/gasses is amount of material per parts of gas.
ppm
Really small 1 can of pop in an Olympic size pool.
ppb
Way small 1ft2 in 36miles2
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Concentrations
Solids suspended in air are measured in mg/M3
Dusts Mists Fumes
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Sample Concentrations
Exposure limits
HCN Cl2 NH3 CO2 4-10 ppm 0.5-1ppm 25-50ppm 5000 ppm
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Duration
How long the substance remains in contact
Influences total amount absorbed Chronic repeated exposure also increases duration.
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Types of Exposure
Acute
Short term usually very high levels Can have
Immediate effects Delayed effects
Chronic
Long term (days weeks, years) Repeated contact Relatively low amounts. In many cases chronic effects are much different than acute.
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Relative Toxicity LD 50
Minimum lethal dose to of test animals. Is not absolute; other factors are involved
Overall victim health
LD100 is the minimum dose lethal to all test animals. LC is lethal concentration
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It is believed that this level of exposure causes no permanent damage NO margin of error and susceptible people may experience toxic affects at lower levels!
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IDLH
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Clarifications
The guidelines and standards are not absolute Some individuals may experience problems at lower levels. Does not consider
Adulterations Commingling of chemicals Underlying medical history
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Asphyxiants
Deprive the body of oxygen Two types
Simple Chemical
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Simple Asphyxiants
Displace Oxygen thereby causing suffocation Not necessarily hazardous
CO2 N, Helium Argon, Neon Methane
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Chemical Asphyxiants
Interfere with the cellular transit of oxygen Are, intrinsically hazardous
CO Cyanide
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Corrosives
Cause irreversible tissue death Can affect
Skin Eyes Mucous membranes
Examples include
Alkalis Acids
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Irritants
Cause temporary (maybe severe) inflammation of the
Eyes, Skin and respiratory tract.
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Sensitizers
Cause allergic reactions after repeated exposure. Tend to become worse over time and more frequent exposures. Examples include;
Formaldehyde Mercury Nickel;
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Carcinogens
Cause cancer Some have been definitely linked with cancer in humans. Some are only suspected. Examples include:
Coal Tar Asbestos
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Mutagens
Toxins that cause genetic changes Material in both sperm & egg may be affected Examples include;
ETO Ionizing radiation HO Benzene
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Teratogens
Cause malformations in unborn children Examples include
Anesthetic gasses Organic mercury compounds Ionizing radiation
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General
Chemicals may belong to more than one hazard class. Information is constantly evolving regard the hazardous properties of chemicals.
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Routes of entry
Integuementary system Respiratory system Digestive system Vectoring agents
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Integumentary System
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Integumentary system
Substances pass via
Traveling through the dermis Entering hair follicles
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Integumentary system
The property of the chemical has a profound affect on absorption
Solvents are the most rapidly absorbed
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Integumentary System
Skin permeability differs by body area Areas that are rich in hair follicles allow for greater absorption
Scalp Forehead Jaw Axial Scrotum/perineal
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Integumentary System
Bodys first line of defense Can be damaged by
Trauma Temp extremes Humidity Prior exposure
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Integumentary System
The contaminant absorbed depends
Amount Concentration Length of contact Exposed surface area
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Integumentary System
Other factors that affect absorption
Sweat Presence of other chemicals
Solvents surfactants
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Integumentary System
Four main types of reactions
Irritation
Dermatitis
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Respiratory System
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Inhalation
Many chemicals are absorbed through the respiratory system after inhalation. Alveoli is when this occurs Size of the inhaled particles are key Respiration is the prime determining factor
MV=TV x RR
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EXPOSURE SURFACE
Route Ingestion / parenteral Ocular Percutaneous Respiratory Surface Area --0.0002 m2 2 m2 50-150 m2
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Anatomy
Upper Airway
Naso/oropharynx to VC
Central Airways
conducting VC to terminal bronchiole
Peripheral Airways
gas exchange respiratory bronchiole to alveoli
2002 Ron Pristera 46
Ingestion
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Ingestion
Most ingested chemicals only produce systemic affects after GI tract absorption. Stomach is usually the first site. Ingestion is least common occupational exposure route. Can be vectored in
Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic
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Eyes
Affected by the same chemicals as skin but more sensitive. Extent of damage is influenced by
Concentration/Duration pH Defense mechanisms
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Eyes
Acid Burns
Can cause
Lid scarring Conjunctiva Damage to tearing ability
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Eyes
Alkali burns Appear mild at first but can get progressively worse Can cause
Ulceration Perforation Clouding of cornea/lens deep eye damage
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Inhalation is the entry routes C-2 materials are more dangerous than C-6, as they are already gasses.
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ORM-C/D do not have common health effects ORM-E includes hazardous waste and other material not specified elsewhere
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MSDS Sheet
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Summary
Toxicology is the basis for understanding the effects of exposure Protect yourself! Dont forget the basics
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Questions
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