Bio f4 Chap 5 Cell Division
Bio f4 Chap 5 Cell Division
CHAPTER 5
CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION
Concept map
Mitosis Subdivides into
CELL DIVISION
Comprises of Meiosis Consist of
meiosis II
Occur in
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MITOSIS / MEIOSIS
Objectives Students should be able to: Identify and describe the stages of the cell cycle Identify, using prepared slides, the phases of plant and animal mitosis. Describe the phases of mitosis Describe the events of karyokinesis and cytokinesis Identify and describe the phases of meiosis Compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis
Mitosis
Mitosis is a division of the nucleus to produce two new daughter cells containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. Significance of mitosis Growth- allows a zygote to produce more cell in order to grow Repair and replacement- allow the multicellular organism maintain its tissues, example skin cells and blood Asexual reproduction- clone
Mitosis
Mitosis is a continuous process and divided into 4 main phases based on the appearance and behavior of the chromosomes. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
1. 2. 3. 4.
Prophase
Early prophase Chomatids condense and become visible in a light microscope Nucleolus disappears Paired centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell Late prophase Nuclear membrane disappears Spindle form
Metaphase
Spindle fibres are fully form Sister cromatids line up at the spindle equator At the end of metaphase, the centromers divide
Anaphase
Anaphase begin with the separation of the centromers The sister cromatids are drawn to opposite poles of the cell by contraction of spindle fibres
Telophase
Telophase begin when the two sets of daughter chromosomes have reached the two poles of the cell. The spindle fibres disintegrate, the nuclear membrane forms around each set of daughter chromosomes and the nucleoli reappear The chromosomes uncoil and become less visible under the light microscope
In plant cells, the stages of mitosis are same. Only cytokinesis in plant cells is markedly different. A cleavage furrow does not form. Instead, membrane-enclosed vesicle gather at a plant cells equator between the two nuclei. Vesicle fuse to form a cell plate
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasmic division to form two daughter cells. Cytokinesis usually begins before nuclear division is completed. Cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells are different. Animal cells, the cytoplasm contracts to pull the plasma membrane inwards, forming groove called a cleavage furrow
Meiosis
In a diploid cell, chromosomes occur as pairs (homologous chromosomes). Meiosis is a process to convert a diploid cell to a haploid gamete and cause a change in the genetic information to increase diversity in the offspring Meiosis involves two successive nuclear division that produce four haploid cells. The first division (meiosis I) is the reduction division; the second division (meiosis II) separates the chromatids.
The effects of uncontrolled mitosis in living things Mutation is the change in the DNA structure of the cell. This change in the DNA corrupts the coded genetic instructions for mitosis control. This leads to uncontrolled mitosis, which is the non-stop division of cells, producing a mass of new
Causes of cancer 1. Genetic- some forms of cancer like prostate, colon, breast, skin, ovary are suspected to be inherited from the parents 2. Carcinogens- these are chemicals which affect genetic activity and cause cancer, e.g. of carcinogen a diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, hair dyes, soot, arsenic, benzene and formaldehyde.
Cloning
1. Cloning is the process of the making Clones are genetically identical cells produced from a single parent cell by mitotic division, or through asexual reproduction. 2. genetically identical copies of an original plant or animal. 3. We shall study the application of knowledge on mitosis the cloning of a) Microbes b) Plants c) animals
Clone microbes using cells culture and fermenters, Cell culture a) You can easily clone microbes (bacteria and some fungi) in you science laboratory through natural asexual reproduction. b) First, grow a sample of microbial cells on a solid nutrient medium in an agar plate. c) Then identify, isolate and select strain from the agar plate and grow it in liquid medium in a culture flask. Fermenters a) Fermenters are vessels use in biotechnology to grow microbes on a
Cloning of microbes
a) A pieces of tissue, called explants, its taken from a parents plant (e.g. carrot root or stem tissue,) b) The pieces of tissues are sterilised with dilute sodium hypochlorite solution to prevent the growth of pathogens (such as bacteria and fungus). c) Each sterile tissue piece is placed on to a growth medium (gel containing nutrients and growth regulators). d) The tissues cells divided by mitosis to produce a mass of loosely arranged undifferentiated cells called callus. e) Callus is stimulated with shootstimulating hormone to form multiple
Cloning of animals
There are two types of animal cloning according to purpose: 1. Reproductive cloning Producing an entire animal that is genetically identical to the parent animal The entire animal is produced from a single cell by asexual reproduction through mitosis. 2. Therapeutic cloning Is a branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of diseases. Parts of a person skin, heart, liver