Aftermath of World War-II
Aftermath of World War-II
GROUP MEMBERS
Nabeel Hasan Zaidi (Group leader) Tashia Mussawer Madiha Nadeem Rumsha Nadeem Bilal Nasir
Axis
Germany Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Hermann Gring Japan Hirohito Hideki Tojo Fumimaro Konoe Kingdom of Italy Benito Mussolini Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Pietro Badoglio
Treaty Of Versailles
It was often claimed that treaty of Versailles was a failure because of many reasons such as: The treaty didnt satisfy the Big Three (France, US and Britain) Reparations left many people in the victorious nations feeling guilty. The loss of all that land to other countries simply made Hitler's early aggression look justified. Hitler wanted to gain back the pride and glory of Germany. He came into power in 1933 and maintained his military buildup and developed strategies to take his territories back. Most of all, the Treaty made the Germans angry, just waiting their chance for revenge.
Failure Of Appeasement
The policy of appeasement was a contributing factor to the outbreak of World War II because it was used against an opponent (Hitler) whose immediate goals included domination of Europe. Appeasement encouraged war. It made Hitler thinks no one dare stop him, which encouraged him to go further and further until in the end he went too far. The Sudetenland led Stalin to make the NaziSoviet Pact, because he believed he could not trust Britain.
Hitlers Actions
Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Almost immediately he began secretly building up Germany's army and weapons. Hitlers aims in foreign policy: 1. Destroy the treaty of Versailles 2. Unite all German people under one roof. 3. Conquer Lebensraum (living space) for the German people. 4. Destroy communism.
Pie-chart showing percentage of military and civilian deaths by alliance during World War II
Economic effect
At the end of the war, millions of people were homeless European economy had collapse Soviet Union was had been heavily effected United Kingdom had ended the war economically exhausted
Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary program, 194751, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe The initiative was named after Secretary of State George Marshall The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states on a roughly per capital basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as the prevailing opinion was that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. Somewhat more aid per capital was also directed towards the Allied nations, with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral
Country Austria Belgium and Luxembourg Denmark France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal United Kingdom Turkey Total
1948/49 ($ millions) 232 195 103 1085 510 175 6 88 594 471 82 0 1316 28 4803
1949/50 ($ millions) 166 222 87 691 438 156 22 45 405 302 90 0 921 59 3604
1950/51 ($ millions) 70 360 195 520 500 45 15 0 205 355 200 70 1060 50 3645
Cumulative ($ millions) 468 777 385 2296 1448 376 43 133 1204 1128 372 70 3297 137 12052
Effects
The Marshall Plan was originally scheduled to end in 1953. Any effort to extend it was halted by the growing cost of the Korean War and rearmament. American Republicans hostile to the plan had also gained seats in the 1950 Congressional elections, and conservative opposition to the plan was revived. Thus the plan ended in 1951, though various other forms of American aid to Europe continued afterwards The years 1948 to 1952 saw the fastest period of growth in European history Industrial production increased by 35%. Agricultural production substantially surpassed pre-war levels. The poverty and starvation of the immediate postwar years disappeared, and Western Europe embarked upon an unprecedented two decades of growth that saw standards of living increase dramatically
Causes
Keynesian economics Immediate post-war policy Institutional factors Military spending
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a Socialist State in East Germany. The date on which the Wall fell is considered to have been 9 November 1989
Reconstruction of Germany
1945, the Allied forces worked heavily on removing Nazi symbolism from Germany, this process was dubbed "denazification. In 1948, the Deutsche Mark replaced the occupation currency as the currency of the Western occupation zones, leading to their eventual economic recovery. In the years 1947-1952 some $13 billion of economic and technical assistance-equivalent to around $130 billion in 2006--were allocated to Western Europe In the years 1949-1952 West Germany received loans which totaled $1.45 billion dollars--equivalent to around $14.5 billion in 2006. The country subsequently began exporting local products, reduced unemployment, increased food production, reduced the black market, and slowly, but continuously, improved the country's standard of living
Rehabilitation Milestones
In 1948 the Deutsche Mark replaced the almost worthless Reichsmark in the Allied western occupation zones initiating the start of economic recovery in western Germany In 1949 West Germany is formed from the Western occupation zones, with the exception of the Saarland. The Marshall Plan is extended to also include West Germany. In 1950 dismantling of West German heavy industry ends. In 1955 the military occupation of West Germany ends. In 1955 NATO, which was formed in 1948, allowed West Germany to join. In 1957 France returned the Saarland to West Germany. West Germany was one of the founding nations of the European Union. In 1973 West Germany joined the United Nations (formed in 1945). In 1991 Germany was allowed to become fully sovereign after signing the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
Japan
United Nations
Because the League of Nations had failed to actively prevent the war, in 1945 a new international alliance was considered and then created, the United Nations (UN). Yalta, Russia in Feb 4 1945 Churchill (UK) Roosevelt (USA) and Stalin (USSR) set a goal of forming of United Nation which was to be held in San Francisco on 25 April 1945 United Nation mission to held peaceful settlements for all disputes The UN also was responsible for the initial recognition of the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948, in part as a response to the Holocaust. United Nations has taken a more active role in the world, such as fighting diseases and providing humanitarian aid to nations in distress. The UN also served as the diplomatic front line during the Cold War.
European Union
The European Union grew out of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Founded in 1951 by the six founding members: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg(the Benelux countries) and West Germany, France and Italy Its purpose was to pool the steel and coal resources of the member states, and to support the economies of the participating countries The E.U helped defuse tensions between countries which had recently been enemies in the war. In time this economic merger grew, adding members and broadening in scope, to become the European Economic Community, and later the European Union.
Cold War
The end of World War II is seen by many as marking the end of the United Kingdom's position as a global superpower and the catalyst for the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as the dominant powers in the world In the areas occupied by Western Allied troops, prewar governments were re-established or new democratic governments were created In the areas occupied by Soviet troops, including the territories of former Allies such as Poland, communist states were created. These became satellites of the Soviet Union.
Technology
After World War 2 there was massive rise in the field of science and technology The massive research and development involved in the Manhattan Project in order to quickly achieve a working nuclear weapon design greatly impacted the scientific community the pressing for numerous calculations for various things like code-breaking (Colossus) and ballistics tables kick-started the development of electronic computer technology.
Social Effects
One of the social effects which affected almost all participants to a certain degree was the increased participation of women in the workforce (where they took the place of many men during the war years), though this was somewhat reduced in the decades following the war The German soldiers left many war children behind in nations such as France and Denmark, which were occupied for an extended period. After the war, the children and their mothers often suffered recriminations The casualties experienced by the combatant nations impacted the demographic profile of the post war populations.
Military effects
World War II marked the coming of age of airpower. Advanced aircraft and guided missiles were developed late in the war The war was the high-water mark for mass armies, after this victory the major powers relied upon small highly-trained and well-equipped militaries World War II ushered in the nuclear era, with the dropping of the first atomic bombs on the Japanese of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
Conclusion