QoS Principle

For internal use only
QoS Principle
ISSUE 1.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
HUAWEI Confidential
By taking this course, we can
master the following topics: Basic QoS concepts Traffic policing & traffic shaping Congestion control
Congestion avoidance
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Chapter 1 Basic QoS Concepts Chapter 2 Packet Classification & Marking Chapter 3 Traffic Policing & Shaping Chapter 4 Congestion Control & Avoidance
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Basic QoS Concepts

QoS stands for the quality of service. It refers to the expected
quality of subscriber service in case of packet loss, delay, jitter and bandwidth during network communication.
Targets of IP QoS:
Avoid and control the IP network congestion. Reduce the packet loss rate of the IP packet. Adjust the traffic over the IP network. Provide private bandwidth for specific subscribers or services. Support real-time services on the IP network.
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Bandwidth Limit
IP IP IP IP
512 kbps 256 kbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps
BWmax = min(10M, 256k, 512k, 100M)=256 kbps BWavail = BWmax /Flows
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End-to-End Delay
IP IP IP IP
Propagation Delay (P1) Processing and Queuing Delay (Q1)
Propagation Propagation Delay Delay (P2) (P2) Processing and Queuing Delay (Q2)
Propagation Propagation Delay Delay (P3) (P3) Processing and Queuing Delay (Q3)
Propagation Delay (P4)
Delay = P1 + Q1 + P2 + Q2 + P3 + Q3 + P4 = X ms
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Delay
Forwarding
IP
IP
IP
IP
Processing Delay
Queuing Delay Transit Delay
Processing delay Queuing delay Transit delay
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Bandwidth
Packet Loss
Forwarding
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
Tail-drop Tail-drop
Tail-drop occurs when the transmitting queue is overlong. It is the most common discarding way in case of link congestion. There are many other discarding ways such as input queue drop, ignore, overrun, no buffer, and so on. These ways are used in case of router congestion.
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How To Reduce Delay?

TCP Header Compression RTP Header Compression cTCP Data
Compress the Headers IP TCP Data Compress the Payload Priority Queuing (PQ) Custom Queuing (CQ) Modified Deficit Round Robin (MDRR) Class-Based Weighted Fair Queing (CBWFQ)
Fancy FIFO queuing Queuing
Compressed Packet
Stacker Predictor
Expand the link bandwidth. Forward critical packets preferentially. Compress the valid load of the Layer2 frame. Compress the header of the IP packet.
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How To Reduce the Packet Loss Rate?
Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)
IP
Data
Dropper
Fancy FIFO queuing Queuing
Custom Queuing (CQ) Modified Deficit Round Robin (MDRR) Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ)
Expand the link bandwidth. Provide adequate bandwidth for delay-sensitive services. Use the random discard mechanism to prevent congestion.
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Mapping Between Services and QoS Requirements

Throughput Interactive (e.g., Telnet) Batch (e.g., FTP) Fragile (e.g,. SNA) Voice Video Low High Low Low High Delay Low Not important Loss Low Low None Low Low Jitter Not important Not important Not important
Low Low and predictable Low and predictable
Low Low
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Different Effects of Various Services

Throughput Gold Silver Bronze Best Effort Guaranteed Guaranteed Guaranteed limited No guarantee Delay Low No guarantee No guarantee No guarantee Loss Low No guarantee No guarantee No guarantee Jitter Low No guarantee No guarantee No guarantee
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Three IP QoS Models

Best-Effort: It is the default service model of Internet. Best-Effort
uses the first-in-first-out (FIFO) queue.

IntServ: In this model, the service applies to the network for
specific QoS service by sending signaling. Within the range of traffic parameters, the network reserves resources to meet the requirement.
DiffServ: In case of network congestion, DiffServ controls traffic
based on services and forwards traffic to solve the congestion according to the committed QoS levels of various services.
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Best-Effort
Best-Effort is a single and simple service model. Application programs can transmit any packet in any case if they
are permitted or inform the network of the transmission.

Network tries everything to transmit the packets but does not
guarantee the delay and reliability.

Best-Effort service is the default service model of Internet. It uses
FIFO technology.
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IntServ
Provide controllable and end-to-end service for applications. Network unit supports the QoS control mechanism. Application programs apply to the network for specific QoS
service.
Signaling protocols place the QoS request on network. Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is the mainly used
signaling protocol.
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IntServ
Local Local Admission Admission Control Control request Remote Remote Admission Admission Control Control request Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) request Local Local Admission Admission Control Control request
reserve
reserve
reserve
reserve
request
reply
Policy Decision Point (PDP)
Resource reservation Admission control
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Related Protocols
RSVP is a protocol for reserving resources. The receiver initiates RSVP to set up the resource reservation for the multicast and unicast data traffic. RSVP is used between the host and the network device (FRCs 2205 to 2215). Common Open Policy Service (COPS) is a simple protocol at the application layer. COPS uses the query/response mode. This protocol applies to the policy exchange between the policy server and the policy client. In the COPS protocol, policy server is also the policy decision point (PDP), such as SPS in SIG. Policy client is also the policy enforcement point (PEP), such as the MA5200F. (RFCs 2748 to 2753)
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RSVP Application
RSVP is used to transmit voice or video data on the IP network through application programs. In this case, the host serves as the initiator. RSVP applies to the MPLS traffic engineering and sets up the MPLS/TE tunnel. In this case, the router serves as the initiator.
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IntServ Application
RSVP
Class of Service or Best Effort
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IntServ Application End-to-End

RSVP
All Routers
WFQ applied per flow based on RSVP requests
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IntServ DiffServ Integration

RSVP RSVP
Precedence Classifier
Premium Standard
WRED
Egress Router
RSVP protocol sent on to destination WFQ applied to manage egress flow
Ingress Router
RSVP protocol
Mapped to classes Passed through to egress
Backbone
WRED applied based on class
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IntServ Advantages & Disadvantages

+ RSVP advantages
Simple to control (end-to-end) Dynamic signaling port (such as H.323)
RSVP disadvantages
No expandability Transmission problems of successive signaling caused by the network structure configured with diversified attribute.
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Common Open Policy Service

Compared with RSVP, COPS has the following advantages:
Manage services in an integrated manner. authorize and access the RSVP traffic in an integrated manner.
QoS-based RSVP solution has more expandability.
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DiffServ Model Structure

Various DS fields can have different PHB to provide diversified policies based on services. Cross-regional services are offered between these DS fields by balancing SLA and TCA. . Service Level Agreement (SLA): It refers to the expected quality of the service traffic transmitted over networks. . Traffic Control Agreement (TCA): It is an agreement on the service classification rules, service models, and the related processing. PHB determines the policy of the services provided by the DS filed. DS nodes forward packets according to the PHB attribute. Classify services and adjust traffic on the edge of network. - Service classification . Based on the DS field . Based on other features - Traffic adjustment . Measure . Mark . Discard . Shape
DiffServ network
Inner node Boundary node Boundary node
SLA/TCA
DiffServ network
Boundary node Inner node Boundary node
Traffic control
Subscriber network
Subscriber network
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Differentiated Services Model

The Differentiated Services model describes the relationship between the service and the traffic classification. Classification and shaping of integrated traffic is completed on the edge router. No per-flow/per-application status exists at the core layer. The core layer completes only simple per-hop behaviors during the traffic aggregation. Its aims at retractility.
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Packet Header
DSCP Field: 6 bits Former ToS Byte = New DS Field
DS code point : The DS node chooses corresponding PHB according to the DSCP value.
Unused: 2 bits
DS field: It contains the TOS of the IPV4 packet header or the traffic type field of IPV6 (defined by RFC2474).
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DSCP Code
Three combinations xxxxx0: common xxxx11: pilot or for local use xxxx01: pilot or for local use (It can be also used as the formal one) Default DSCP: 000000 Default PHB: FIFO, tail-drop
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Packet Classification & Marking

ACL , IP priority
Packet classification and marking is the foundation for
implementing the QoS service.

Packet classification uses the ACL and IP priority technologies. Forward packets to other modules to process or mark (coloring)
based on the classification result for the classification on the core network.
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Traffic Shaping and Policing
Meter
Classifier
Traffic Stream
Marker
Dropper
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Application of Traffic Shaping or Policing

High-Speed Link Low-Speed Link
WAN
No congestion on the egress. Queues and WRED do not work. Congestion occurs on links because no packet is intelligently discarded at layer 2.
256 kbps The access resources are limited.
64 kbps
Use TDM on a single physical link or lease links.
FastEthernet
128 kbps Server Farm
Internet
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Traffic Shaping vs. Traffic Policing

Traffic Shaping Traffic shaping does not discard packets. Traffic shaping displays the congestion of frame relay communication. Traffic Policing Traffic policing supports the packet marking. Traffic policing does not require Buffer to be added, whereas traffic shaping requires additional queue system.
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How Does the Router Measure the Traffic Speed?

Bandwidth
Link Bandwidth Exceeding Traffic Rate Limit Conforming Traffic Time
Use the token bucket mechanism to record the arrival rate of packets. The token bucket functions only on the condition of new packets. The conforming traffic and exceeding traffic are returned.
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Token Bucket
700 200
500 bytes
Conform Action
500 bytes
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Token Bucket (cont.)
200
300 bytes
Exceed Action
s byte 300
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Token Bucket
Be
Bc of tokens is added every Tc [ms] Tc = Bc / CIR
Link Utilization Bc Bc Bc Bc Bc Bc
Link BW
Average BW (CIR)
Tc
2*Tc
3*Tc
4*Tc
5*Tc
Time
Bc + Be
Bc refers to the normal burst traffic. Be refers to the excess burst traffic.
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Traffic Shaping & Policing Mechanism

Shaping Generic traffic shaping (GTS) Frame Relay traffic shaping (FRTS) Class-based traffic shaping Policing Committed access rate (CAR) Class-based traffic policing
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GTS
Meter
Classifier
Traffic Stream
Marker
Shaper Dropper
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GTS Model
Forwarder
Classifier
No No Yes Yes No
Shaping WFQ
Classifier
No
Yes
Shaping WFQ
Yes Yes No Yes
Classifier
Shaping WFQ
No
Physical Interface Queue(s)
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GTS Implementation
Transmit packets based on the configured traffic. Transmit packets based on the line rate. Transmit packets based on the line rate.
Shaping Queue
(WFQ)
Software Queue
(FIFO, PQ, CQ, WFQ, ...)
Hardware Queue
(FIFO)
If the hardware queue is empty skip over it directly.
Software queue does not work if the configured shaping rate is much less than the link bandwidth.
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GTS Example #1
ISP expects to provide a service for subscribers. With this service, subscribers can use the whole E1 line for 30s in case of burst, but the normal rate is 256 kbps. GTS parameters Bit rate: 256,000 output rate is 256,000 bps Burst size32,000 the number of bits sent in 125 ms Excess burst size: 61,440,000 = 2,048,000 x 30
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GTS Example #1 (cont.)
WAN Core Customer
interface qos gts ! interface qos gts
ethernet0/0 cir 256000 cbs 32000 ebs 61440000 serial1/0 cir 256000 cbs 32000 ebs 61440000
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GTS Example #2
WAN Core Customer
interface ethernet 0/0 qos gts acl 101 cir 64000 interface serial 1/0 qos gts acl 101 cir 64000 ! access-list 101 permit tcp any any eq www
Subscribers hope that the WEB traffic does not exceed 64 kbps.
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CAR
Meter
Inbound or Outbound
Classifier
Marker
Dropper
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CAR Can Be Configured Both on the Egress and Ingress.

Meter
Inbound
Classifier
Marker
Dropper
Forwarding
Outbound
Meter
Classifier
Marker
Dropper
Queuing
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CAR Implementation
Transmit packets based on the configured traffic. Transmit packets based on the line rate. Transmit packets based on the line rate.
CAR
Software Queue
(FIFO, PQ, CQ, WFQ, ...)
Hardware Queue
(FIFO)
If the hardware queue is empty skip over it directly.
Software queue does not work if the configured CAR value is much less than the link bandwidth.
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CAR Mechanism
drop
Class 1?
CAR
continue drop
transmit
Class 2?
CAR
continue
transmit
Output Queue or Forward
drop
Class n?
CAR
transmit
The CAR mechanism has three behaviors:

Transmit Continue Drop
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CAR Mechanism
Meter Forward or Enqueue
Conforms? Conforms?
Yes / No
Transmit? Transmit? No
Yes
Mark? Mark? Set Set IP IP Precedence? Precedence? Set Set DSCP? DSCP? Set Set MPLS MPLSExperimental? Experimental? Set Set QoS QoS group? group? Yes Set IP Precedence Set DSCP Set MPLS Experimental Set QoS Group
Continue? Continue? No
Yes
Go to Next CAR Command
Yes
Drop? Drop?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Marking depends on the configured conform and exceed parameters.

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CAR: Limiting Example #1

ISP connects all customers through the 2M leased link (or ADSL) by using CAR to limit the communication traffic. Provide various services according to the customer demand.
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CAR: Limiting Example #1 (cont.)

interface serial 0/0 qos car input cir 256000 cbs 4000 ebs 96000 green pass red discard qos car output cir 256000 cbs 4000 ebs 96000 green pass red discard
Customer
2M bp s
2 Mbps
Internet
NAP
Customer
2
ps b M
ISP
Customer
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CAR: Limiting and Marking Example #2

The WEB traffic is limited as 512 kbps and with high priority. The priority of excess traffic is the same as that of normal traffic. All traffic cannot exceed 256 kbps and should have the priority 0. Excess traffic is discarded. Normal burst traffic is 16000 bytes. Extra burst traffic is 24000 bytes.
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CAR: Limiting and Marking Example #2 (cont.)

2 Mbps Internet
Customer
NAP
ISP
interface serial 0/0 qos car input acl 101 cir 256000 cbs 4000 ebs 96000 green remark-prec-pass 1 red continue qos car input cir 256000 cbs 16000 ebs 24000 green remark-prec-pass 0 red discard qos car output acl 101 cir 512000 cbs 64000 ebs 128000 green remark-prec-pass 1 red continue qos car output cir 256000 cbs 16000 ebs 24000 green remark-prec-pass 0 red discard ! access-list 101 permit tcp any any eq www access-list 101 permit tcp any eq www any
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Congestion Control
Inbound
Outbound
In case of network congestion, guarantee that the packets with different
priorities can get different QoS, including delay and bandwidth.

Place the packets with different priorities into different queues. Various
queues are guaranteed with different scheduling priorities, discarding probabilities, and bandwidth.
Algorithm
First In First Out (FIFO) Priority Queue (PQ) Custom Queue (CQ) Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)
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FIFO Queuing
Forwarded Packets
FIFO Queuing System All All in in one one queue queue FIFO Scheduler Hardware Queuing System Hardware Q Interface
Tail-drop
Queue 1
FIFO
FIFO uses one queue. If the queue is full, the newly arrived packet is discarded.
All packets are classified into a class.
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FIFO Advantages & Disadvantages

+
Advantages FIFO is simple and fast. Support many devices manufactured by different vendors. Support all HUAWEI VRP versions. All switching channels support FIFO.
Disadvantages Cannot assign bandwidth fairly. Some traffic occupies bandwidth alone and make other traffic is discarded. Cause jitter and some burst traffic fill in all queues.
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PQ
Forwarded Packets
Priority Queuing System
High? High?
Tail-drop
Queue 1
Medium? Medium?
Tail-drop
Queue 2 Pre-emptive Scheduler
Hardware Queuing System Hardware Q Interface
Normal? Normal?
Tail-drop
Queue 3
Low? Low?
Tail-drop
Queue 4
PQ uses 4 FIFO queues.

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PQ Classification
PQ classification supports the following options (for IP): Source interface IP access list (standard and extended) Fragments TCP source/destination port ID UDP source/destination port ID
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PQ Classification
PQ also supports other protocol options: Other protocol access lists Packet length (longer or shorter than the specified length) The following protocols support PQ:
IPX CLNS DECnet AppleTalk VINES DLSw
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PQ Insertion Policy
Each queue has its maximum capacity. Before packets are placed into queues, the router queues these packets if the queue is not full. Each class uses tail-drop.
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PQ Scheduling
Packet Packet in in HIGH HIGH queue? queue? Yes No
Packet Packet in in MEDIUM MEDIUM queue? queue? Yes
No
Packet Packet in in NORMAL NORMAL queue? queue? Yes
No
Packet Packet in in LOW LOW queue? queue? Yes
No
Dispatch packet and start checking the HIGH queue again
Hardware Q
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PQ Advantages & Disadvantages

+
Advantages
Transmit the packets with high priority at short delay. Support devices manufactured by different vendors. Support all HUAWEI VRP versions.
Disadvantages
Each PQ class has the disadvantages of FIFO. The queue with low priority is discarded when congestion occurs in the queue with high priority. Configure the classification manually on each hop.
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CQ
Forwarded Packets
Custom Queuing System
Class Class 1? 1?
Tail Drop
Queue 1
Class Class 2? 2?
Tail Drop
Queue 2 RoundRoundRobin Robin Scheduler Scheduler
Hardware Queuing System Hardware Q Interface
Class Class 16? 16?
Tail Drop
Queue 16
CQ uses 16 FIFO queues for subscriber queues.
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CQ Flowchart
Forwarded Packets
Custom Queuing System Class 0? Tail Drop Queue 0 Custom queuing has Queue 00 for Custom queuing has Queue for system and link-level messages system and link-level messages that use pre-emptive scheduling. that use pre-emptive scheduling.
Class Class 1? 1?
Tail Drop
Queue Queue 1 1
Pre-emptive Pre-emptive Scheduler Scheduler
Hardware Queuing System Hardware Q

Inter-face Inter-face
Class Class 2? 2?
Tail Drop
Queue Queue 2 2
RoundRoundRobin Robin Scheduler Scheduler
Class Class 16? 16?
Tail Drop
Queue Queue 16 16
Queue 1 is the lowest custom queue that is serviced by the roundrobin scheduler.
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CQ Flowchart
Forwarded Packets
Custom Queuing System Class Class 0? 0? Tail Tail Drop Drop Queue Queue 0 0 Custom queues can be configured to use the preemptive scheduler.
Class Class 1? 1?
Tail Drop
Queue Queue 1 1
Pre-emptive Pre-emptive Scheduler Scheduler
Hardware Queuing System Hardware Hardware Q Q

Inter-face Inter-face
Class Class 2? 2?
Tail Drop
Queue Queue 2 2
RoundRoundRobin Robin Scheduler Scheduler Class Class 16? 16? Tail Drop Queue Queue 16 16
Queue 2 is now the lowest custom queue that is serviced by the roundrobin scheduler.
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CQ Classification
CQ classification covers the following options (for IP): Source interface IP access list (standard and extended) Packet length (longer or shorter than the specified length) Fragments TCP source/destination port ID UDP source/destination port ID CQ classification is the same as the PQ classification.
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CQ Insertion Policy
Each queue has its maximum capacity. Before packets are placed into queues, the router queues these packets if the queue is not full. Each class uses taildrop.
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CQ Scheduling
No Packet Packet in in Queue N? Queue N? Yes No Next Queue (increase N) Yes Is Is Queue Queue N N over the over the threshold? threshold?
Dispatch Packet
Hardware Q
CQ uses the round-robin scheduling. Each queue uses the round-robin scheduling to transmit packets according to the pre-configured threshold.
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CQ Scheduling
1500
1499
1500
Threshold (byte-count) = 3000 Up to 4499 bytes can be forwarded in one round in the worst case.
The threshold parameter byte-count defines the maximum byte number in each forwarding for queues. The router allows to send out a complete packet, even though the byte number exceeds the threshold.
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CQ Advantages & Disadvantages

+
Advantages Guarantee the service for all queues, and no traffic is discarded. Support devices manufactured by different vendors. Support all HUAWEI VRP versions.
Disadvantages Each CQ class has the disadvantages of FIFO. Configure the classification manually on each hop. Bandwidth is assigned inaccurately. Scheduling causes jitter.
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WFQ
Forwarded Packets
Weighted Fair Queuing System
Flow Flow1? 1?
WFQ drop
Queue 1
Flow Flow2? 2?
WFQ drop
Queue 2 WFQ Scheduler
Hardware Queuing System Hardware Hardware Q Q Interface
Flow FlowN? N?
WFQ drop
Queue N
Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) uses the traffic FIFO queue.

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WFQ Tool
Parameter Classification mechanism Weighted fairness Each queue uses the improved tail-drop.
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WFQ Classification
IP TCP Payload
WFQ WFQ classification classification uses uses the the following parameters: following parameters: Source Source IP IP address address Destination Destination IP IP address address Source Source TCP/UDP TCP/UDP port port Destination TCP/UDP Destination TCP/UDP port port Transport protocol Transport protocol Type Type of of service service (ToS) (ToS) The The HASH HASH algorithm algorithm is is used used to to provide provide queue queue indexes indexes when when packets packets enter enter the the queue. queue.
Src. Dest. Addr. Addr.
Protocol
ToS
Src. Port
Dest. Port
Hash Algorithm
#queue (index of the queue)
The packets of the same traffic are terminated in the same queue. The TOS field is the only changeable parameter. Changing this parameter enables the packets of the same traffic to be terminated in different queues.
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WFQ Insertion & Discarding Mechanism

Nth Packet N>HQO? N>HQO? Yes Worst Worst Finish Finish Time? Time? No Drop the packet with the worst finish time (old) and enqueue the Nth packet (new). New Old No N>CDT? N>CDT? Yes Worst Worst Finish Finish Time? Time? Yes No Enqueue Packet
Yes
No
Hold-queue out limit (HQO) restricts the total number of packets that can be placed in all queues. Congestive discard threshold (CDT) limits the number of packets that can be placed in each queue. N is an SN given to the classified packets before the decision that whether the packets enter the queues or are discarded.
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Case Study
WFQ can contain 10 packets at maximum (hold-queue limit = 10). The early packet discarding (for the invasive packet to bandwidth) should be enabled when eight packets arrive. And eight packets is the threshold for discarding packets in case of congestion.
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Case Study: Interface Congestion
HQO reaches its upper threshold 10. Newly arrived packets are discarded as the TDM system places them at the end.
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Case Study: Interface Congestion
HQO reaches its upper threshold 10. Newly arrived packets are not discarded as the TDM system does not place them at the end. Instead, the packets placed at the end are discarded.
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Case Study: Traffic Congestion
CDT exceeds its upper limit 8. Newly arrived packets are discarded for the TDM system places them at the end.
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Case Study: Traffic Congestion
CDT exceeds its upper limit 8. Newly arrived packets enter the queue as they are not placed at the end.
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WFQ Discarding Mechanism
The packets that are placed in the empty sub-queue will not be discarded forever. The packet priority does not affect the discarding mechanism.
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WFQ Scheduling
Each packet are marked with the finish time in the TDM system. WFQ scheduling mechanism sends the packets marked with the earliest finish time out of the TDM system.
refer to the On the Efficient Implementation of Fair Queuing, written by Keshav and Berkeley in 1994.
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Weight
WFQ System (Real-Size Packets)
Flow with P=001 Flow with P=000
2 3 2
1 1
Precedence-1 packets appear half the real size.
Virtual Packet Size = Real Packet Size / (IP Precedence + 1)
WFQ System (Virtual-Size Packets)

Flow with P=001 Flow with P=000
4 3
3 2
2 1
1
Precedence-1 flow gets twice as much bandwidth as Precedence-0 flow.
Hardware FIFO Queue

3 3 2 2 1 1
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Mapping Between IP Priority and Weight

IP Precedence 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 32 (virtual IP Precedence) 1024 (virtual IP Precedence) Weight 4096 2048 1365 1024 819 682 585 512 128 (PAK-Priority) 4 (RSVP)
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WFQ Advantages & Disadvantages

+
Advantages Be simple to configure. Guarantee the transmission of all traffic. Preferentially discard the packets that is invasive to bandwidth. Support devices manufactured by different vendors. Support all HUAWEI VRP versions.
Disadvantages
Each WFQ class has all disadvantages of FIFO.
Multiple traffic is terminated in a queue. Cannot configure classification. Cannot guarantee a certain bandwidth. Performance is damaged by complex classification and scheduling mechanisms.
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Comparison Between Several Queues

Weighted Fair Queuing No queue lists Low-volume traffic given priority Conversation dispatching Interactive traffic gets priority Works well on speeds up to 2 Mbps Enabled by default Priority Queuing 4 queues High-priority queue serviced first Packet-by-packet dispatching Critical traffic gets through Designed for low-bandwidth links Must configure Custom Queuing 16 queues Round-robin service Threshold dispatching Proportional allocation of bandwidth Designed for medium-speed links Must configure
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Disadvantages of Tail-Drop
Simple tail dropping has significant disadvantages: TCP synchronization TCP starvation High delay and jitter Packet discarding without distinguishing them Have no better way to provide the feedback of TCP traffic
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TCP Synchronization
Average link use
Flow A Flow B Flow C
Multiple TCP sessions begin at different time. The TCP slide window increases. Tail-drop causes the packet of multiple sessions lost at the same time. Multiple TCP sessions restart at the same time (synchronization).
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TCP Starvation, Delay, and Jitter

Packet of the staving traffic
Prec. 3 Prec. 3 Prec. 3 Prec. 0 Prec. 3 Prec. 0
Packet of the invasive traffic
Prec. 0
Prec. 0
Queue
TCP has no feedback mechanism when multiple packets are discarded.
Delay
Tail-drop is regardless of the IP priority. If the interface congestion persists, traffic suffers delay for a long time.
Too long queue causes delay. A large amount of invasive traffic causes other traffic discarded. Frequent buffer changes cause jitter. Discard packets without distinguishing them.
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Random Early Detection

Random early detection (RED) discards packets at random before the queue is full. Packets discarded by RED increase gradually with the queue expansion. Influence given by RED : The speed of the TCP session slows down and approaches to the link bandwidth. Compared with the maximum queue length, the average queue length is shortened. The IP priority can be used to preferentially discard the packet that has low priority and is invasive to bandwidth.
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RED Profile
Drop Probability 100% No drop Random drop Full drop
Maximum Drop Probability
10% 20 40
Average Queue Size
Minimum Threshold
Maximum Threshold
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RED Modes
RED has the following modes:
No drop: It functions when the average queue length is between 0 and the lower threshold. Random drop: It functions when the average queue length is between the upper and the lower thresholds. Full drop/tail drop: It functions when the average queue length is equal to or bigger than the upper threshold.
RED can prevent congestion and tail-drop.
HUAWEI Confidential
page92
Before RED
Average link use
The TCP synchronization prevents the value of average link use from approaching to the link bandwidth. Tail drops slows down the TCP session start.
HUAWEI Confidential
page93
After RED
Average link use
The value of average link use gets close to the link bandwidth. Random drops reduces the value of slide windows for the TCP session.
HUAWEI Confidential
page94
WRED
Compared with RED, WRED introduces weight. Various weights have different discarding policy. Each discarding policy contains three RED parameters: Lower threshold Upper threshold Upper discarding probability Weight can be IP Precedence (8 profiles) DSCP (64 profiles) At present, the WRED weight can be divided according to DSCP and the IP priority. The probability of discarding the packet of low priority is higher than that of the packet of high priority.
HUAWEI Confidential
page95
Different RED Parameters

Drop Probability 100%
10% 10 20 40
WRED profiles can be manually set. WRED has 8 default value sets for IP priority-based WRED. WRED has 64 default value sets for DSCP-based WRED.
Average Queue Size
HUAWEI Confidential
page96
Mapping Between the IP Priority and RED Parameters

Drop Probability
100%
10%
IP Precedence
20
1 2 3 22 24 26
4 5 6 7 RSVP 28 31 33 35 37 40
Average Queue Size
HUAWEI Confidential
page97
DSCP-based WRED (Expedited Forwarding)

Drop Probability
100%
10%
EF Average Queue Size
20
36 40
page98
DSCP-based WRED (Assured Forwarding)

Drop Probability
100%
Assured Forwarding Low Drop Assured Forwarding Medium Drop Assured Forwarding High Drop
10%
Average Queue Size
20 24
28 32
40
HUAWEI Confidential
page99
WRED Model
Calculating the average queue length
Queue Queue No Full? Full? Yes Current Queue Size FIFO Queue
IP Packet
IP Precedence or DSCP
WRED
Select the WRED profile
Random Drop
Tail Drop
Minimum Threshold Maximum Threshold
HUAWEI Confidential
page
WRED Policy
IP Priority 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Meaning High-drop, best-effort traffic Low-drop, best-effort traffic Premium traffic outside of the contract Premium traffic in the contract Unused Voice over IP Routing protocol traffic Routing protocol traffic
HUAWEI Confidential
page
WRED Examples
Packet Discard Probability
Priority 3 Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 0

25 10 15 20 30
VoIP Routing
0.1
Average Queue Size

35 37
RSVP
HUAWEI Confidential
page
Thank you
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QoS Principle

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QoS Principle

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By taking this course, we can

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Basic QoS Concepts

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512 kbps 256 kbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps

BWmax = min(10M, 256k, 512k, 100M)=256 kbps BWavail = BWmax /Flows

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Propagation Delay (P1) Processing and Queuing Delay (Q1)

Propagation Delay (P4)

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Queuing Delay Transit Delay

Processing delay Queuing delay Transit delay

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How To Reduce Delay?

Fancy FIFO queuing Queuing

How To Reduce the Packet Loss Rate?

Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)

Fancy FIFO queuing Queuing

Mapping Between Services and QoS Requirements

Low Low and predictable Low and predictable

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Different Effects of Various Services

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Three IP QoS Models

uses the first-in-first-out (FIFO) queue.

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are permitted or inform the network of the transmission.

guarantee the delay and reliability.

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Policy Decision Point (PDP)

Resource reservation Admission control

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Class of Service or Best Effort

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IntServ Application End-to-End

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IntServ DiffServ Integration

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IntServ Advantages & Disadvantages

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Common Open Policy Service

QoS-based RSVP solution has more expandability.

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DiffServ Model Structure

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Differentiated Services Model

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Packet Classification & Marking

Packet classification and marking is the foundation for

implementing the QoS service.

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Traffic Shaping and Policing

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Application of Traffic Shaping or Policing