Bernoulli
Bernoulli
The laws of Statics that we have learned cannot solve Dynamic Problems. There is no way to solve for the flow rate, or Q. Therefore, we need a new dynamic approach to Fluid Mechanics.
g =specific weight
A streamline is the path of one particle of water. Therefore, at any two points along a streamline, the Bernoulli equation can be applied and, using a set of engineering assumptions, unknown flows and pressures can easily be solved for.
V2 Z
g = gair
Determine the difference in pressure between points 1 and 2 Assume a coordinate system fixed to the bike (from this system, the bicycle is stationary, and the world moves past it). Therefore, the air is moving at the speed of the bicycle. Thus, V2 = Velocity of the Biker Hint: Point 1 is called a stagnation point, because the air particle along that streamline, when it hits the bikers face, has a zero velocity (see next slide)
Stagnation Points
On any body in a flowing fluid, there is a stagnation point. Some fluid flows over and some under the body. The dividing line (the stagnation streamline) terminates at the stagnation point. The Velocity decreases as the fluid approaches the stagnation point. The pressure at the stagnation point is the pressure obtained when a flowing fluid is decelerated to zero speed by a frictionless process
V2 Z
g = gair
Point 1 = Point 2
P1/gair + V12/2g + z1 = P2/gair + V22/2g + z2
Knowing the z1 = z2 and that V1= 0, we can simplify the equation P1/gair = P2/gair + V22/2g P1 P2 = ( V22/2g ) gair
We can assume P2 = 0 because it is only atmospheric pressure P1 = ( V22/2g )(gair) = P1 = ((20 ft/s)2/(2(32.2 ft/s2)) x .0765 lbs/ft3 P1 =.475 lbs/ft2 Converting to lbs/in2 (psi) P1 = .0033 psi (gage pressure) If the bikers face has a surface area of 60 inches He feels a force of .0033 x 60 = .198 lbs
Bernoulli Assumptions
There are three main variables in the Bernoulli Equation Pressure Velocity Elevation To simplify problems, assumptions are often made to eliminate one or more variables
Key Assumption # 1
Velocity = 0 Imagine a swimming pool with a small 1 cm hole on the floor of the pool. If you apply the Bernoulli equation at the surface, and at the hole, we assume that the volume exiting through the hole is trivial compared to the total volume of the pool, and therefore the Velocity of a water particle at the surface can be assumed to be zero
Bernoulli Assumptions
Key Assumption # 2
Pressure = 0
Whenever the only pressure acting on a point is the standard atmospheric pressure, then the pressure at that point can be assumed to be zero because every point in the system is subject to that same pressure. Therefore, for any free surface or free jet, pressure at that point can be assumed to be zero.
Bernoulli Assumptions
Key Assumption # 3
The Continuity Equation
In cases where one or both of the previous assumptions do not apply, then we might need to use the continuity equation to solve the problem
A1V1=A2V2 Which satisfies that inflow and outflow are equal at any section
Part 1:
1
H2O
Apply Bernoullis eqn between points 1 and 2 P1/gH2O + V12/2g + h = P2/gH20 + V22/2g + 0
simplifies to
h = V22/2g solving for V V = (2gh)
A2
2 3
Q = VA
or
Q = A2(2gh)
Solving for V V3 =
( 2g ( h + H ))
A2
2 3
Z=0
V1 ->
A1
A2 V2 ->
Q2 = A2V2 Q1 = A1V1
A1V1 = A2V2
Free Jets
The velocity of a jet of water is clearly related to the depth of water above the hole. The greater the depth, the higher the velocity. Similar behavior can be seen as water flows at a very high velocity from the reservoir behind a large dam such as Hoover Dam
1
V2/2g
2
EL
HGL
P/g
Point 1: Majority of energy stored in the water is in the Pressure Head Point 2: Majority of energy stored in the water is in the elevation head If the tube was symmetrical, then the velocity would be constant, and the HGL would be level
V2/2g
2
P/ g Q
P/g
1
Z
Tank Example
Solve for the Pressure Head, Velocity Head, and Elevation Head at each point, and then plot the Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line Assumptions and Hints:
R = .5
R = .25
4
1
Point 1: Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P1/g = 0 Velocity Head : In a large tank, V1 = 0 V12/2g = 0 Elevation Head : Z1 = 4
1
4
R = .5
R = .25
4
1
Point 4:
1
H2O= 62.4 lbs/ft3
R = .5
R = .25
4
1
Point 3:
1
4
R = .5
R = .25
4
1
Point 2:
1
4
R = .5
R = .25
4
1
Elevation Head : Z2 = 1
g =2.81
V2/2g=3 V2/2g=3
CEVE 101
Mannings Equation
Terms in the Mannings equation:
V = Channel Velocity A = Cross sectional area of the channel P = Wetted perimeter of the channel R = Hydraulic Radius = A/P S = Slope of the channel bottom (ft/ft or m/m) n = Mannings roughness coefficient (.015, .045, .12) Yn = Normal depth (depth of uniform flow)
Area Y
Yn X Slope = S = Y/X
Wetted Perimeter
Mannings Equation
V = (1/n)R2/3(S) V = (1.49/n)R2/3(S)
for the metric system for the English system
Q = A(k/n)R2/3(S)
k is either 1 or 1.49
Yn is not directly a part of Mannings equation. However, A and R depend on Yn. Therefore, the first step to solving any Mannings equation problem, is to solve for the geometrys cross sectional area and wetted perimeter: For a rectangular Channel
Yn B
Area = A = B x Yn
Wetted Perimeter = P = B + 2Yn Hydraulic Radius = A/P = R = BYn/(B+2Yn)
Yn
2m
Yn = 0.47 meters
25 B=35
a = 20
25 35
= 20
A = Yn(B + Yn cot a)
A = 25( 35 + 25 cot(20)) = 2592 ft2 P = B + (2Yn/sin a )
P = 35 + (2 x 25/sin(20)) = 181.2 ft
R = 2592 / 181.2 = 14.3 ft
25 35
= 20
Concrete n=.015
Treat each different portion of the channel separately. You must find an A, R, P and Q for each section of the channel that has a different n coefficient. Neglect dotted line segments.
Concrete n=.015
A = 5 x 3 = 15 ft2
Q = 15(1.49/.03)1.882/3(.005) Q = 80.24 cfs per section For both sections Q = 2 x 80.24 = 160.48 cfs
Concrete n=.015
A = 5 x 6 = 30 ft2
P = 5 + 3 + 3= 11 ft
R = 30 ft2/11 ft = 2.72 ft
Q = 30(1.49/.015)2.722/3(.005) Q = 410.6 cfs For the entire channel Q = 410.6 + 129.3 = 540 cfs
P1/g + V12/2g + z1 =
Hmaj
Energy line with major losses 1 2
Major Losses
Major losses occur over the entire pipe, as the friction of the fluid over the pipe walls removes energy from the system. Each type of pipe as a friction factor, f, associated with it. Hmaj = f (L/D)(V2/2g)
Energy line with no losses
Hmaj
Energy line with major losses 1 2
Minor Losses
Unlike major losses, minor losses do not occur over the length of the pipe, but only at points of momentum loss. Since Minor losses occur at unique points along a pipe, to find the total minor loss throughout a pipe, sum all of the minor losses along the pipe. Each type of bend, or narrowing has a loss coefficient, KL to go with it.
Minor Losses
Hmin = KL(V2/2g)
Kl = sum of loss coefficients V = Velocity g = gravity When solving problems, the loss terms are added to the system at the second analysis point
Minor Losses:
Loss Coefficients
60 m
r/D = 0 r/D = 2
If oil flows from the upper to lower reservoir at a velocity of 1.58 m/s in the D= 15 cm smooth pipe, what is the elevation of the oil surface in the upper reservoir? Include major losses along the pipe, and the minor losses associated with the entrance, the two bends, and the outlet.
60 m
Apply Bernoullis equation between points 1 and 2: Assumptions: P1 = P2 = Atmospheric = 0 V1 = V2 = 0 (large tank) 0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + Hmaj + Hmin
60 m
0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + Hmin Hmin= 2KbendV2/2g + KentV2/2g + KoutV2/2g From Loss Coefficient table: Kbend = 0.19 Kent = 0.5 Hmin = (0.19x2 + 0.5 + 1) * (1.582/2*9.8) Hmin = 0.24 m Kout = 1
60 m
SWMM Input
Rainfall Pattern Pipe Elevations and Sizes Inlets to Pipes
Junction Locations
Bayou Level
SWMM Output
Flooding Areas