Failure of Materials
Failure of Materials
Failure of Materials
t
|
\
|
.
|
1/ 2
= K
t
o
o
t
Crack growth condition:
Yo ta
Largest, most stressed cracks grow first.
--Result 1: Max flaw size
dictates design stress.
--Result 2: Design stress
dictates max. flaw size.
o
design
<
K
c
Y ta
max
a
max
<
1
t
K
c
Yo
design
|
\
|
.
|
|
2
K K
c
DESIGN AGAINST CRACK GROWTH
27
Brittle Fracture of Ceramics
Most ceramics
(at room
temperature)
fracture before
any plastic
deformation can
occur.
Typical crack
configurations
for 4 common
loading
methods.
28 28
Brittle Fracture of Ceramics
Surface of a 6-mm
diameter fused silica rod.
Characteristic fracture
behavior in ceramics
Origin point
Initial region (mirror) is flat
and smooth
After reaches critical
velocity crack branches
mist
hackle
29
Fracture of Polymers
fibrillar bridges
microvoids
crack
aligned chains
The fracture strengths of polymers are low relative to ceramics and
metals.
The fracture mode in thermosetting polymers (heavily crosslinked
networks) is typically brittle.
For thermoplastic polymers, both ductile and brittle modes are possible.
Reduced temperature, increased strain rate, sharp notches, increased
specimen thickness are some factors that can influence a brittle fracture.
One phenomenon that occurs in thermoplastics is crazing, very localized
plastic deformation and formation of microvoids and fibrillar bridges
30 30
Impact Testing
final height initial height
Impact loading:
-- severe testing case
-- makes material more brittle
-- decreases toughness
(Charpy)
31
Charpy Impact Energy (A) and Shear Fracture
% (B) Correlated with Temperature
32
Steel Charpy Samples
Fracture surfaces after impact showing
the variation in ductility with testing
temperature (C).
33
Izod Test
Similar to Charpy Testing.
Only difference is manner of specimen support as shown.
IZOD CHARPY
34 34
Increasing temperature...
-- increases %EL and K
c
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT)...
Temperature
BCC metals (e.g., iron at T < 914C)
I
m
p
a
c
t
E
n
e
r
g
y
Temperature
High strength materials ( o
y
> E/150)
polymers
More Ductile Brittle
Ductile-to-brittle
transition temperature
FCC metals (e.g., Cu, Ni)