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  • Reference: Sense, But Not Every Expression Has Reference

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    Mo Phung
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    The document discusses reference in language. It defines reference as the relationship between a word or expression and the objects it refers to. There are three main types of reference: endophora, which is reference within the text; exophora, which is situational reference to things in the context or world; and anaphora and cataphora, which are subtypes of endophora referring backward or forward within the text. The document provides examples and exercises to illustrate anaphoric, cataphoric, and exophoric reference.

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    Prag Yen+Vinh Refenrence

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    The document discusses reference in language. It defines reference as the relationship between a word or expression and the objects it refers to. There are three main types of reference: endophora, which is reference within the text; exophora, which is situational reference to things in the context or world; and anaphora and cataphora, which are subtypes of endophora referring backward or forward within the text. The document provides examples and exercises to illustrate anaphoric, cataphoric, and exophoric reference.

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    125 views6 pages

    Reference: Sense, But Not Every Expression Has Reference

    Uploaded by

    Mo Phung
    The document discusses reference in language. It defines reference as the relationship between a word or expression and the objects it refers to. There are three main types of reference: endophora, which is reference within the text; exophora, which is situational reference to things in the context or world; and anaphora and cataphora, which are subtypes of endophora referring backward or forward within the text. The document provides examples and exercises to illustrate anaphoric, cataphoric, and exophoric reference.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Reference

    Definition: the relationship that holds between a word or expression and the objects it refers to. Be variable and utter-dependent. By means of reference, a speaker wants to indicate a particular thing in a particular situation, not things in general. In talking of reference, we deal with the relationships between language and the world. In other words, reference is a relationship between parts of a language and things outside in the language (in the world). Note: Every expression that has meaning has sense, but not every expression has reference

    Types of reference
    (According to Halliday and Hassan -1976) Endophora: textual
    Anaphora (anaphoric reference): to preceding text. Cataphora (cataphoric reference): to following text

    Exophora (exophoric reference): situational. e.g. - It is very nice. (It = the room)
    - They are very active (They = The children)

    Anaphora - Anaphoric reference


    Is the use of a word or a group of words which refer back to another part of the text.

    e.g. The students were excited about their first encounter with a
    class. They had prepared carefullty, but they still didnt know how they would cope in front of thirty hormonal teenagers. Can be intrasentential (within a sentence) or intersentential (across sentences)

    e.g. We gave the bananas to the monkeys because they were


    hungry.

    Cataphora - Cataphoric reference


    Is the use of a word or a phrase which refer forward to another word or phrase which will be used later in a text or conversation. e.g. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man

    possession of a good fortune muat be in want of a wife.


    My reasons are as follows. One, I am out of money ... Here is the news. The Prime Minister has ....

    Exercises
    Exercise1: T( True) or F( False) 1. Every expression has reference as well as meaning. F: Every expression has meaning but not every expression has reference 2. Reference is variable and independent on utterance. F: Reference is variable and utter-dependent 3. Exophora is reference to something extra linguistic and not in the same text.

    T
    4. Anaphoric reference unit refers to another unit that is introduced later on in the text/speech.

    F: Using a word or a phrase which refer forward to another word or phrase used later in a text is cataphora 5. Anaphoric reference is more common than cataphoric reference.
    T

    Exercises
    Exercise 2: Indicate anaphoric(A), cataphoric (C) or exophoric (E) referent 1. A few weeks before he died, my father gave me an old cigar box filled with faded letters. ( C) 2. "No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother." ( A) 2. "It disturbed me quite a bit when young children had to get on the evacuation buses and leave their pets behind." (C) 3. Please can you take it for me? ( E) 4. You must not go out of here without my permission. ( E) 5. When she entered , Suzy was shock with a strange man in her room. ( A)

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