Flatworms, Metazoans and Ribbon Worms
Flatworms, Metazoans and Ribbon Worms
# body cavities differ among taxa Recall blastula: fluid-filled cell ball w/o opening
Gastrula: evaginates & diploblastic (2 germ layers) ectoderm endoderm Embryo w/ 2 cavities blastopore - gut blastocoel - fluid-filled or fills w/ mesoderm tissue (3rd germ layer)
Blastopore
mouth
anus
(anus)
(mouth)
Body Cavities & Germ Layers cont. Mesoderm forms by endoderm into blastocoel gives rise to muscle, connective tissue, bone, circulatory, Coelom fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) completely lined w/ mesoderm Triploblastic: 3 body plans can result: Acoelomate Psuedocoelomate Eucoelomate (aka coelomate)
Eucoelomate Plan
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Four Classes
Turbellaria free-living Monogenea parasitic Trematoda parasitic Cestoda parasitic
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Three germ layers (triploblastic) present. They have a solid body without a coelom; they are acelomate and bilateral Cellular or syncytial tegument with rhabdites Incomplete gut, if present Muscular system of layers of circular, longitudinal, sometimes oblique fibers
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Nervous system with pair of anterior ganglia and longitudinal nerve cords. Simple sense organs (statocysts and ocelli) are present. Asexual reproduction by fragmentation; most are monoecious for sexual reproduction; some with complicated life cycles.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Excretory system of flame cells (protonephridia). Respiratory, circulatory and skeletal system lacking.
All parasitic classes have a syncytial tegument; syncytial means nuclei are not separated by cell membranes. A few turbellarians have a syncytial in sunk epidermis with cells located beneath the basement membrane.
Figure 8_05
Figure 8_06
Figure 14.9
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rb_3KIB 4CmE
Reproduction
Fission 1) Many turbellarians constrict behind the pharynx and separate into two animals. 2) Each half regenerates the missing parts; this provides for rapid population growth. 3) Some do not separate immediately, creating chains of zooids. For flukes asexual reproduction occurs in intermediate hosts. Most flatworms are monoecious but cross-fertilize. Endolecithal eggs are typical and ancestral. In endolecithal eggs, yolk for the developing embryo is contained within the cell. Some turbellarians and all other groups have female gametes with little yolk; it is contributed by separate organs, yolk glands. Yolk cells surround the zygote in ectolecithal eggs. Development may be direct or indirect. Embryo and larval stages are present in some flatworms.
Class Tubellaria
Turbellarians are mostly free-living and range from 5 mm to 50 cm long. The mouth is located on the ventral side and leads to a gut. This class is distinguished by gut form and pharynx type (presence, absence; branched, unbranched; Simple,folded or bulbous pharynx) Most turbellarians with endolecithal eggs have no guts or have simple (unbranched) guts. Polyclades have a folded pharynx, branched gut, and large size.
Class Tubellaria
Very small planaria swim by cilia. Adults move by cilia and gliding over a slime track secreted by marginal adhesive glands. Rhythmical muscular waves pass backward from the head. Turbellarians have a simple life style with no larva. In some freshwater turbellarians, egg capsules are attached by little stalks to plants or stones. Embryos emerge as juveniles that resemble miniature adults.
Class Trematoda
All trematodes are parasitic flukes. Most adults are endoparasites of vertebrates. They resemble ectolecithal turbellaria but the tegument lacks cilia in adults. Adaptations for parasitism include:
penetration glands, glands to produce cyst material, hooks and suckers for adhesion, and increased reproductive capacity.
The mouth of flukes opens near the anterior end. Some trematodes retain ancestral turbellarian characteristics of a well developed gut tube (but with mouth at the anterior or cephalic end) and reproductive, excretory and nervous systems. Sense organs are poorly developed.
Figure 14.10
Clonorchis sinenesis
Figure 14.15
Gynecophoric canal
severe inflammation
Blood Fluke (Schistosoma) of Humans Leading cause death in Egyptian men 20-44 years old Damage caused by unreleased eggs (50% never released) Control: clean water, sewage control, snail reduction Exacerbating factors: poverty & ignorance
Class Monogenea
Monogeneans are external parasites of fish, especially gills, but a few are found in bladders of frogs and turtles. Monogeneans clamp onto the surface of a fish with a hooked opisthaptor Monogeneans have a direct life cycle in a single host. Some are serious economic problems in fish farming.
Class Cestoda
Tapeworms have a unique flattened and segmented shape compared to other flatworms. The scolex is a holdfast head portion with suckers and hooks. Each trailing segment is a proglottid containing a set of reproductive organs Muscles, excretory and nervous systems are similar to other flatworms, they lack a digestive system. They lack sensory organs except for modified cilia. As with Monogenea and Trematoda, the tegument is syncytial and has no cilia.
Class Cestoda
The entire surface of cestodes is covered with projections similar to microvilli seen in the vertebrate small intestine; these microtriches increase the surface area for food absorption). Nearly all are monoecious. Nearly all cestodes require two hosts; the adult is parasitic in the digestive tract of the vertebrate. The main body is a chain of proglottids is called a strobila
Figure 14.19
Figure 14.22
Class Cestoda
Proglottids originate in the germinative zone just behind the scolex. New proglottids differentiate, moves posteriorly and the gonads mature. A proglottid is usually fertilized by another proglottid in the same or different strobila. Shelled embryos form in the uterus; they are either expelled or the whole proglottid is shed. Proglottid formation is not true segmentation; replication of sex organs is not equivalent to metamerism in annelids, etc. Over 4000 species of tapeworms are known, infecting almost all vertebrates. Most tapeworms do little harm to the host.
Phylum Mesozoa
Members are minute ciliated animals 0.5 to 7 mm in length. These are highly specialized parasites or symbionts in marine invertebrates; some in cephalopod kidneys. Mesozoans are made of two layers that are not homologous to germ layers of metazoans. Development does not include gastrulation. Molecular studies indicate similar genetic and biochemical markers in mesozoans and triploblastic animals.
Figure 14.25
Figure 14.27
Amphiporus