Foundations of Individual Behavior
Foundations of Individual Behavior
Foundations of Individual Behavior
Behavior
MARS Model of Individual Behavior
Role
Perceptions
Values
Personality Motivation
Individual
Perceptions Behavior and
Emotions Results
Ability
Attitudes
Situational
Stress
Factors
Employee Motivation
R
M
BAR
A
S
Employee Ability
R
M
BAR
A
S
Situational Factors
Task
Performance
Maintaining
Types of Organizational
Work Citizenship
Attendance Work-Related
Behavior
Joining/Staying Counter-
with the Productive
Organization Behaviors
Schwartz’s Values Model
Self-transcendence
Openness
to Change Conservation
Self-enhancement
Values Congruence
© AP Photo/Yonhap
High
Peru
Italy
Taiwan Portugal
Zimbabwe
Collectivism
China
Turkey
Mexico Chile
Hong
Kong Korea U.S.A.
France
Japan
Egypt
Low
Low Individualism High
Power Distance
High Power Distance
China
The degree that people
Russia accept an unequal
distribution of power in
society
Japan
U.S.A.
Netherland
s
Low Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
High U. A.
Japan
France The degree that people tolerate
ambiguity (low) or feel threatened
by ambiguity and uncertainty (high
uncertainty avoidance).
China
U.S.A.
Singapore
Low U. A.
Achievement-Nurturing
Achievement
Japan
U.S.A. The degree that people value
assertiveness, competitiveness, and
materialism (achievement) versus
relationships and well-being of
China others (nurturing)
Sweden
Nurturing
Long/Short-Term Orientation
Long-Term Orientation
China
Japan The degree that people value thrift,
savings, and persistence (long-term)
versus past and present issues, respect
for tradition and fulfilling social
Netherlands obligations (short-term).
U.S.A.
Russia
Short-Term Orientation
Four Ethical Principles
Fundamental entitlements
Individual Rights
in society
Moral intensity
degree that issue demands ethical principles
Ethical sensitivity
ability to recognize the presence and determine the relative
importance of an ethical issue
Situational influences
competitive pressures and other conditions affect ethical
behavior
Supporting Ethical Behavior