Urinary System
Urinary System
Podocytes
Renal cortex
Renal medulla Renal column papilla of pyramid Renal sinus Major calyx Renal pelvis
Cortex
Medulla
Medulla
Renal corpuscle (Bowmanns capsule and glomerulus) Bowmanns capsule is double layered cap on the glomerulus
a. Arteriole b. Parietal layer c. Proximal convoluted tubule d. Visceral layer
Renal tubules
P D
Efferent arterioles from the glomeruli supply the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
granular cells of the afferent arteriole macula densa (part of the distal convoluted tubule) http://www.wisconline.com/objects/a p2204/ap2204.swf
Urine Production
Kidneys filter the bodys entire plasma volume 60 times each day Glomerular filtrate: contains all plasma components except protein loses water, nutrients, and essential ions to become urine
Urine Production
Urine contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances Urine is produced by the processes of 1. Filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion
Urine production
Glomerular filtration
Water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule
Tubular reabsorption
Water, glucose, amino acids and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood
Tubular secretion - H+, K+, creatinine and drugs are removed from the peritubular
blood and secreted by the tubule cells into the filtrate
Tab. 23.1
Urine Formation
Fig. 23.7
Proteins
Proteinuria Albuminuria
Pus (WBC Pyuria and bacteria) RBC Hemoglobin Bile pigment Hematuria Hemoglobinuria Bilirubinuria
Urine Production
Filtration
The glomerular filtration rate is the amount of filtrate produce per minute The filtrate is plasma minus blood cells, platelets, and blood proteins Most (99%) of the filtrate is reabsorbed
Urine Production
Filtration pressure is responsible for filtrate formation. Glomerular capillary pressure minus capsule pressure minus blood colloid osmotic pressure Changes are primarily caused by changes in glomerular capillary pressure
Urine Production
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Autoregulation dampens systemic blood pressure changes by altering afferent arteriole diameter
Under normal conditions, renal autoregulation maintains a nearly constant glomerular filtration rate Autoregulation entails two types of control Myogenic: responds to changes in pressure in the renal blood vessels Flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback: senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Sympathetic stimulation decreases renal blood flow and afferent arteriole diameter
Tubular Reabsorption
A transepithelial process whereby most tubule contents are returned to the blood
Tubular Reabsorption
Transported substances move through three membranes Luminal and basolateral membranes of tubule cells Endothelium of peritubular capillaries Only Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and some Na+ are reabsorbed via paracellular pathways
Tubular Reabsorption
Filtrate is reabsorbed by: diffusion facilitated diffusion active transport symport antiport from the nephron and collecting ducts into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
Tubular Reabsorption
Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs 65% of filtrate water and NaCl (solutes) Descending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs 15% of filtrate water Ascending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs 25% of filtrate NaCl Distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts reabsorb up to 19% of filtrate water and 9%-10% of filtrate water respectively
Tubular Reabsorption
Waste products and toxic substances are concentrated in the urine
Fig. 23.9
Reabsorption in the Thick Segment of the Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle
Fig. 23.10
Tubular Secretion
Substances are secreted in the proximal or distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts Hydrogen ions, K+, and some substances not produced in the body are secreted by antiport mechanisms
Fig. 23.11
Fig. 23.13
Fig. 23.14
Fig. 23.15
Fig. 23.16
3. Fibrous adventitia
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Fig. 23.17
Urine Movement
Urine Flow Through the Nephron and Ureters
A pressure gradient causes urine to flow from Bowmans capsule to the ureters Peristalsis moves urine through the ureters
Urine Movement
Micturition Reflex
Stretch of the urinary bladder stimulates a reflex that causes the urinary bladder to contract and inhibits the external urethral sphincter Higher brain centers can stimulate or inhibit the micturition reflex Voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter permits urination and contraction prevents it
Micturition Reflex
Fig. 23.18
Renin secretion and vitamin D synthesis decreases Nephron secretion and absorbtion declines
Body Fluids
Today body water volume (60%) body weight Intracellular fluid is inside cells (40%) Extracellular fluid is outside cells (20%)and includes interstitial fluid (80%) and plasma (20%)
Intracellular Fluid
Substances used or produced inside the cell Substances exchanged with the extracellular fluid Plasma membrane regulates the movement of materials The difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid concentrations determines water movement
Fig. 23.19
Wetting of the oral mucosa or stretch of the gastrointestinal tract inhibits thirst
Tab. 23.3
Fig. 23.20
Regulation of Body Fluid Concentration and Volume Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolality
An increase in extracellular fluid osmolality stimulates thirst and ADH secretion
Increased fluid intake Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys
Fig. 23.21
Fig. 23.22
Tab. 23.4
Fig. 23.23
Tab. 23.5
Vitamin D stimulates Ca2+ uptake in the intestines Calcitonin decreases extracellular Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclasts
Fig. 23.24
Tab. 23.6
Fig. 23.25
Carbonic acid/bicarbonate, proteins, phosphate compounds, and ammonia are important buffers
Fig. 23.26
Reabsorption of HCO3-
Fig. 23.27
Fig. 23.28
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