The School As A Social System
The School As A Social System
What is an organizational theory? - A set of interrelated concepts, assumptions, and generalizations that systematically describes and explain regularities in behaviour in educational organizational. (Kerlinger, 1986). Generalizatio ns Concepts Assumptions
Elements of Theory
Guide research
Guide practice
Purpose of research
What is a hypothesis? - A conjectural statement that indicates a relationship between at least two concepts or variables.
Theory Concepts
Concepts
Variables
Hypotheses
Empirical testing
A SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE
Early system analyses of the school viewed organizations as closed systems which means sealed off from the outside world. There are three competing systems perspective have emerged and continue, each with its share of advocates which are: Rational-systems Natural-systems Open-systems
Rational-Systems Models : Closed to Open -Views organizations as formal instruments designed to achieve specific organizational goals. -A set of actions is organized and implemented to achieve predetermined goals with maximum efficiency. -Rational systems were considered closed.
Henri Foyal
Scienctific Management Time and motion studies
Functions of Administration Planning Organizing Commanding Coordinating Controlling Functions of Chief Executive Planning Organizing Staffing Directing Coordinating Reporting Budgeting
Federick Taylor
Luther Gulick
Goals--Organizations exist to attain collective goals Division of Labor for efficiency Specialization for expertise Standardization for routine performance Formalization for uniformity and coordination Hierarchy for unity of command and coordination Span of Control for effective supervision Exception Principle to free superiors from routine Coordination for administrative effectiveness Formal Organization is the official blueprint of the structure that guarantees efficiency and effectiveness. The formal organization is the key to organizational effectiveness.
Views organizations as more akin to organisms than machines. Its early roots in the human relations approach of the 1930s.
Organizations take inputs from the environment, transform them, and produce outputs.
Equifinality
Environment
Transformation Process
Individual: the individual is a key unit in any social system; regardless of position, people bring with them individual needs, beliefs, and a cognitive understandings of the job. Culture: represents the unwritten feeling part of the organizations: its shared values
Politics: informal power relations that develop spontaneously. Core: core of the teaching-learning process is the technical schools.
Environment: everything outside the organization; source of inputs. Outputs: students. Feedback: products of the organizations, e. g. educated
Environment
Transformation Process
Structural System (Bureaucratic Expectations)
Inputs
Outputs