Connective tissue is composed of cells, fibers and ground substance. The major component is the extracellular matrix, which consists of protein fibers like collagen and reticular fibers, as well as glycosaminoglycans that bind to cells. Connective tissue contains fibroblasts that synthesize the matrix, macrophages that phagocytose, mast cells with secretory granules, plasma cells that produce antibodies, and adipocytes that store fat. Collagen fibers impart strength while elastic fibers allow stretch. Connective tissues include loose connective tissue, dense regular tissue, cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue.
Connective tissue is composed of cells, fibers and ground substance. The major component is the extracellular matrix, which consists of protein fibers like collagen and reticular fibers, as well as glycosaminoglycans that bind to cells. Connective tissue contains fibroblasts that synthesize the matrix, macrophages that phagocytose, mast cells with secretory granules, plasma cells that produce antibodies, and adipocytes that store fat. Collagen fibers impart strength while elastic fibers allow stretch. Connective tissues include loose connective tissue, dense regular tissue, cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue.
Connective tissue is composed of cells, fibers and ground substance. The major component is the extracellular matrix, which consists of protein fibers like collagen and reticular fibers, as well as glycosaminoglycans that bind to cells. Connective tissue contains fibroblasts that synthesize the matrix, macrophages that phagocytose, mast cells with secretory granules, plasma cells that produce antibodies, and adipocytes that store fat. Collagen fibers impart strength while elastic fibers allow stretch. Connective tissues include loose connective tissue, dense regular tissue, cartilage, bone, and adipose tissue.
Histologi FK-UPH Connective Tissue Connective tissue is formed by 3 classes of components: 1. cells 2. fibers 3. ground substance
The major constituent of connective tissue is the extracellular matrix. Extracellular Matrix Consist of different combinations of protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and ground substance. Ground substance is a hydrophilic complex of anionic macromolecules (glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans), and multiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, ect) that imparts strength and rigidity to the matrix by binding to receptor proteins (integrins) on the surface of cells Cells of the connective tissue Fibroblasts Synthesize fibers and ground substance The most common cell in connective tissue Two stages of activity: active & quiescent Active fibroblast: abundant and irregularly branched cytoplasm. Its nucleus is ovoid, large, and pale- staining, with fine chromatin and a prominent nucleolus. Quiescent fibroblast (Fibrocyte) is smaller, tends to be spindle-shaped, a smaller, darker, elongated nucleus.
Fibroblast dan fibrocyte Fibroblast Branched cytoplasm Large, oval nucleus, with fine chromatin
Simplified representation of the connective tissue cell lineage derived from the multipotential embryonic mesenchyme cell. Dotted arrows indicate that intermediate cell types exist between the examples illustrated. Note that the cells are not drawn in proportion to actual sizes, eg, adipocyte, megakaryocyte, and osteoclast cells are significantly larger than the other cells illustrated Macrophages and Mononuclear Phagocyte System Phagocytic ability Morphologic feature: correspond to their state of functional activity and to the tissue they inhabit. Oval, kidney-shaped, or indented nucleus, with coarser chromatin granules than that of fibroblasts Cytoplasm: vacuolated or granulated Macrophages and Mononuclear Phagocyte System Macrophages derive from bone marrow precursor cells that divide, producing monocytes that circulate in the blood. Monocytes can cross the walls of venules and capillaries to penetrate the connective tissue, where they mature and become macrophages. Macrophages, which are distributed throughout the body, are present in most organs and constitute the mononuclear phagocyte system (Kupffer cells, microglial cells, Langerhans cells, osteoclasts). Mast cells Oval to round connective tissue cells Cytoplasm is filled with basophilic secretory granules. Small, spherical nucleus is centrally situated, frequently obscured by the cytoplasmic granules.These granules contain pre-formed mediators such as histamine and proteoglycans. Function: storage of chemical mediators of the inflammatory response. Mats cell granules are metachromatic
Mast Cell
Section of rat tongue. Several mast cells in the connective tissue surround muscle cells and blood vessels. PT stain. Medium magnification. Plasma Cells
Plasma cell Large ovoid cell, with basophilic cytoplasm The nucleus is spherical, eccentrically placed Coarse heterochromatin, alternating with lighter areas (resembles the face of a clock) Average life: 10-20 days
Adipose Cells Photomicrograph of unilocular adipose tissue of a young mammal. Arrows show nuclei of adipocytes (fat cells) compressed against the cell membrane. Note that, although most cells are unilocular, there are several cells (asterisks) with small lipid droplets in their cytoplasm, an indication that their differentiation is not yet complete. Pararosaniline toluidine blue (PT) stain. Medium magnification. Connective Tissue Fibers The 3 main types of fibers are: Collagen Reticular Elastic
The predominant fiber type is responsible for conferring specific properties on the tissue. Collagen Representing 30% of the bodys dry weight Fibrillar Birefringent 640 (64 nm) periodicity Specific stain: Mallory : purple blue Masson : green van Gieson : red
Collagen Consist of tropocollagen molecules Length : 280 nm Width : 1.5 nm Triple helix consists of 3 polypeptide chain (= chain) make up of 3 amino acids 1. other than (2) and (3) 2. proline 3. always glycine Differences in the chemical structure of these polypeptide chains are responsible for the various types of collagen Collagen Types Collagen type I Location skin (loose connective tissue) tendon bone, dentin Function Resistance to tension Collagen Types Collagen type II Location Cartilage Vitreous body
Function Resistance to pressure Collagen Types Collagen type III Location Skin Muscle Blood vessels Function Structural maintenance in expansible organs Collagen Types Collagen type IV Location All basement membranes
Function Support of delicate structures Filtration Collagen Types Collagen type V Location and function Fetal tissues Skin Bone Placenta Most interstitial tissues Function: Participates in type I collagen function
Elastic Fiber Elastic Homogenous Can branch Resistant to boiling, acid and alkali extractions Specific stains: Orcein brown Resorcin fuchsin purple blue Reticular Fibers Are extremely thin, collagen III fibers Not birefringent 64 nm periodicity Form extensive network in certain organs, particular abundant in smooth muscle, endoneurium, and the framework of hematopoietic organs, and constitute a network around the cells of parenchymal organs. Specific stain Silver Impregnation (eg Bielschowsky method) PAS (periodic acid Schiff) Ground Substance The intercellular ground substance is a highly hydrated, complex mixture of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins. Glycosaminoglicans (originally called acid mucopolysaccharides) are linear polysaccharides formed by repeating disaccharide units, usually a uronic acid and a hexosamine. The proteoglycans are composed of a core protein with 4 main glycosaminoglycans,
Connective Tissue with special properties Adipose tissue common (univacuolar/unilocular/yellow) brown (multilocular) Elastic tissue Hematopoietic tissue (lymphatic and myeloid) Mucous tissue
Supporting Connective Tissue Supporting connective tissue: Cartilage Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilago Bone Compact bone Cancellous bone
Connective Tissue Proper Loose connective tissue Fills spaces between muscle cells, supports epithelial tissue, and forms a layer that sheathes the lymphatic and blood vessels. The most numerous cells are fibroblasts and macrophages Dense connective tissue Is adapted to offer resistance and protection. Fewer cells and predominance of collagen fibers. Dense regular and dense irregular. Common Adipose Tissue Color: white to yellow One large lipid droplet (unilocular/univacuolar) Lipid removed, each cell appears as a thin ring of cytoplasm surrounding the vacuole, called signet ring cell Eccentric and flattened nuclei Common Adipose Tissue Storage of energy (triglycerides) Thermal insulation Shock absorbers (soles and palms) Shape the body (subcutaneous fat) Found throughout the human body, except the eyelids, the penis, the scrotum, auricle Developed from lipoblast (mesenchym) Multilocular Adipose Tissue Smaller cell Multiple lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria (colored cytochromes) Limited distribution Nucleus at the center Function: heat production
Supporting Tissue Cartilage Avascular, no lymphatics or nerves Nourished by diffusion of nutrients from capillaries in perichondrium or by synovial fluid from joint cavities. Perichondrium: dense connective tissue. Joint cartilage is devoid of perichondrium (nutrients from synovial fluid). Growth: interstitial + appositional Hyalin Cartilage Chondroblasts at the periphery Chondrocytes in lacunae Homogenous matrix Territorium: matrix surrounding chondrocytes is metachromatic due to glycosaminoglycans Nest/isogenous cells A perichondrium present Location Elastic Cartilage Location: auricle, eustachian tube, epiglottis, walls of external auditory canal, the cuneiform cartilage of the larynx Matrix appear dirty (elastic fibers) A perichondrium present
Fibrocartilago Always between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage. The border areas is not clear-cut. Chondrocytes usually in rows or singly separated by coarse collagen type I fibers Location: intervertebral disks and symphysis pubis No perichondrium Photomicrograph of Fibrocartilago Note the rows of chondrocytes separated by collagen fibers. Fibrocartilago is frequently found in the insertion of tendons on the epiphyseal hyaline cartilage. Bones Main constituent of adult skeleton Supports fleshy structures, protects vital organs (thorax, cranium), harbors the bone marrow. Reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions Bone matrix with 3 cell types: osteoblasts (synthesize organic components), osteocytes (in lacunae), and osteoclasts (resorption and remodeling of bone tissues). A periosteum present Bone Long bone diaphysis Showing haversian systems, outer and inner circumferential lamellae. The protruding haversian system on the left shows the orientation of collagen fibers in each lamella. At the right is a haversian system showing lamellae, a central blood capillary and many osteocytes with their processes. Osteoblasts Synthesize organic components of bone matrix. Newly formed bone matrix: osteoid (not yet calcified) Located at the surfaces of bone tissue Once surrounded by newly formed matrix, these cells are now called osteocytes, located in lacunae and connected to one another via canaliculi, each housing cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes. Growth: appositional Part of a haversian system Note the numerous canaliculi that permit communication between lacunae and the haversian canal. In adjacent lamellae, the collagen fibers are oriented in different directions, which provide the bone with great strength.
Osteocytes Osteocytes derived from osteoblasts, lie in lacunae situated between lamellae. One osteocyte is found in each lacuna. The thin, cylindrical matrix canaliculi house cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes. Actively involved in the maintenance of the bony matrix. Osteoclasts Multinuclear cells (5-50 nuclei in 1 cell) Lie within enzymatically etched depression in the matrix known as Howships lacuna Secretes collagenase and other enzymes and pumps protons into a subcellular pocket, promoting digestion of collagen and dissolving calcium salt crystals. Its activity is controlled by cytokines and hormones. Bone Matrix Inorganic matter represents 50% of the dry weight of bone matrix. Storage of calcium and phosphor Organic matter: type I collagen and ground substance. After bone decalcification, its shape is preserved but become as flexible as tendon Removal of the organic part of the matrix, mainly collagen, also leaves the bone with its original shape; however, it becomes fragile, breaking and crumbling easily when handled. Types of Bone Compact and cancellous (spongy) bone Epiphysis consists of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone Diaphysis is almost totally compact bone Flat bones have two layers of compact bone called plates, separated by a layer of spongy bone called diplo.
Histogenesis Bone can be formed in 2 ways: Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Newly formed bone (osteoid) is primary bone and soon replaced by the definitive lamellar, secondary bone. The combination of bone synthesis and removal (remodeling) occurs not only in growing bones but also throughout adult life. Remodeling Intramembranous Ossification Also called desmal ossification Is so called, because it takes place within condensations of mesenchymal tissue. Forming of flat bones The starting point for ossification is called a primary ossification center. It begins with the differentiation of osteoblasts, forming bone matrix which calcifies, forming islands of developing bone. Several islands fuse to form spongy bone. Endochondral Ossification Takes place within a piece of hyaline cartilage whose shape resembles a small version (model) of the bone to be formed. Principally responsible for the formation of short and long bones. Endochondral ossification of a long bone consists of the following sequence of events. Growing at the epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal Plate Resting zone : no morphologic changes Proliferative zone: chondrocytes divide rapidly and form columns of stacked cells parallel to the long axis of bone Hypertrophic zone: large chondrocytes whose cytoplasm has accumulated glycogen. Calcification zone: calcification, death of chondrocytes, Ossification zone: bone tissue appears Fracture Repair Bone fracture hemorrhage + clotting Fibroblasts + blood capillaries enters blood clot granulation tissue fibrous dense connective tissue cartilage formation endochondral ossification callus formation (bone trabeculae reunite both ends of fractured bone). Spongy bone replaced by lamellar bone Bone Repair