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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
NEOLITHIC FURNITURE
CLASSICAL WORLD
EARLY MODERN EUROPE
19
TH
CENTURY
EARLY NORTH AMERICAN
MODERNISM
ECO DESIGN
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introduction
Household equipment designed for a variety of purposes. It may be
made of wood, metal, plastics, marble, glass, fabrics, and related
materials. It ranges from the simple pine chest or country chair to the
elaborate work cabinet or gilded console table. It is usually movable,
though it can be built-in, as are kitchen cabinets and bookcases. It can
either reveal or hide how it was constructed, and it can be highly
stylized.

Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work
(as horizontal surfaces above the ground), or to store things.

Furniture can be a product of design and is considered a form
of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a
symbolic or religious purpose.

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History of furniture design
Furniture design has been a part of the human experience since the beginning
of history. Evidence of furniture survives from as far back as the Neolithic
Period in the form of paintings, wall Murals discovered at Pompeii, in sculpture
and examples have also been excavated in Egyptian Pyramids and found in
tombs in Ghiordes (modern day Turkey).
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1. Neol i t hi c peri od
A range of unique stone furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village located
in Orkney. The site dates from 31002500 BC and due to a shortage of wood in Orkney, the
people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be
worked easily and turned into items for use within the household.
Each house shows a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive
assortment of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers and beds to shelves, stone
seats, and limpet tanks.
The stone dresser was regarded as the most important as it symbolically faces the entrance in
each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic
objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic Carved Stone Balls also found at
the site.
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2. CLASSI CAL WORLD

Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century
BC Phrygian tumulus the Midas Mound, in Gordion ,Turkey .Pieces
found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also
surviving works from the 9th-8th-century BC Assyrian palace
of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was
discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the
6th and 3rd century BC.

Recovered Ancient Egyptian Furniture includes 3rd millennium BC beds
discovered at Tarkhan as place for the deceased, a c. 2550 BC gilded
bed and two chairs from the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I and many
examples (boxes, beds, chairs) from c. 1550 to 1200 BC from Thebes.

Ancient Greek furniture design beginning in the 2nd millennium BC,
including beds and the klismos chair is preserved not only by extant
works, but by images on Greek vases . The 1738 and 1748 excavations
of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in
the ashes of the 79 A.D.eruption of Vesuvius to the eighteenth century.

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Ancient Egyptian furniture
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Ancient Greek furniture
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This chair, commissioned in
1805 for the Waln family of
Philadelphia, is thought to be
the first American adaptation
of the klismos form in the
United States, although here,
the legs only flare and are not
true saber legs. This design
was as avant-garde as
anything produced in London
or Paris at the same date. As a
true example of unique styling
each crest rail in the set of
chairs features a different
composition of mythological
creatures.
3. Earl y Modern Europe
The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with
carved designs. Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the
fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by
the Greco-Roman tradition.
A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general, occurred in
Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.
The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was
characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently
incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the
eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly.
Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such
as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such
as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western
Europe.
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4. 19
t h
CENTURY
The nineteenth century is usually defined by concurrent revival styles,
including Gothic, Neoclassicism, Rococo, and the EastHaven Movement.
The design reforms of the late century introduced the Aesthetic
movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was
influenced by both of these movements
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5. EARLY NORTH AMERI CAN
This design was in many ways
rooted in necessity and
emphasizes both form and
materials. Early American
chairs and tables are often
constructed with turned
spindles and chair backs often
constructed with steaming to
bend the wood. Wood choices
tend to be deciduous
hardwoods with a particular
emphasis on the wood of
edible or fruit bearing trees
such as Cherry or Walnut.

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6. MODERNI SM
The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the
march towards Modernism. Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Wiener
Werksttte, and Vienna Secession designers all worked to some degree
within the Modernist idiom.
Born from the Bauhaus and Art Deco/Streamline styles came the post
WWII "Mid-Century Modern" style using materials developed during
the war including laminated plywood, plastics and fiberglass. Prime
examples include furniture designed by George Nelson Associates,
Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia,
Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladamir Kagan and Danish modern
designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen.
Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam
in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-
based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to fill a
place between Traditional and Modern tastes

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7. ECO DESI GN
Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies
has led to the manufacturing of products with higher
sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture is
based on environmentally friendly design. Its use and
popularity are increasing each year

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