Hydraulic Fracturing Design
Hydraulic Fracturing Design
Hydraulic Fracturing Design
Hydraulic fracturing
CONTENT
Introduction
The objective of the hydraulic fracturing
Fracture Mechanism
Fracture Orientation
Fracturing fluids
Types of Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing
Example problem
References
Introduction
Continue
Nature
Continue
5.
6.
7.
Fracture Mechanism
1.
Fracture Initiation.
2.
Fracture Extension.
In-situ stress
Underground formation are confined and under
stress. Figure.1 illustrates the local stress state at
depth for an element of formation. The stresses can
be divided into 3 principal stresses. In Figure. 1, z is
the vertical stress, x is the maximum horizontal
stress, while y is the minimum horizontal stress
z Gob D
Where:
z = Over burden stress, psi.
Gob = Overburden gradient, psi/ft.
D = Depth, ft.
Fracture Orientation
Horizontal fractures
A vertical fracture
Fracturing fluids
1.
2.
3.
4.
3)
4)
5)
Water-Base fluids .
Oil-base fluids:
Napalm gels ,viscous refined oil and lease
crude oils
Acid based fluids .
Foams .
Emulsions .
Propping agents
3D
fracture model
Pseudo three-dimensional (P-3D).
Planar three-dimensional (PL-3D).
Fully three-dimensional (3D).
Example
DEPTH.
12,000 FT
Formation thickness
80 ft
4185 psi
1.1 psi/ft
Fracturing angle
30 degree
1110-6 psi-1
2 10-6 psi-1
5.3010-4 psi-1
Gas saturation
0%
Oil saturation
75 %
Gas gravity
0.890
1.17 resbbl/STB
25%
Formation porosity
25 %
Poisson's ratio
0.2
6 cp
12 ppg
0.1501 psi/ft
5 md
4000 PSI
2 cp
45 cm2
100 psi
Yong's modulus
3107
9.6250 in
8.6810 in
0.292 in
Drainage radius
745 ft
20/40 mesh
35 %
2.63
1200 psi
Biot constant
0.8
650 psi
0.010 gal/ft2
3.5 in
2.9910 in
Assume that:
hf = h , qi =30 bbl/min ,Vi = 900 bbls
Calculate:
1. The formation fracturing pressure.
2. The effective fracturing fluid coefficient.
3. The fracture volume.
4. The fracture efficiency.
5. The concentration of proppant in the fracturing
fluid.
6. Well head injection pressure.
7. The well productivity ratio.
8. The bottom hole flowing pressure after
fracturing.
9. The oil flow rate after fracturing
Calculation
Pf
2
Pp
z
1
2 1 2
Where:
= Poisson's ratio.
= Initiation shear stress.
= Biot constant
Pp
Continue
0.2
13200
4000
650
0.2
4000 7,750
Pf
2 0.8 1 2 0.2
1 0.2
Psi
CT
1
1
1
Cc
Cw
ff
k P
ff
C 0.0469
0.0050.25 3750
0.04145 ft / min
0.0164
mact
Cw
A
f
0.01037 ft / min
mact mlab
Pact
Plab
0.0164
9.186 0.00335
Cw
45
1
CT
1
1
0.04145 0.01037
ft / min
0.00239
0.00335
ft / min
Vi
q
i
t Vi 900 30 min
qi
30
C
T t
ww 8 Sp
0.1856
8 CT t 8 0.00239 30
ww 8 Sp
8 0.01 0.262 ww 0.0107
ww
12
7.48
L
w
w
7.48
64 hf CT2 12
3
0
5.615
8
0.01
e .erfc( ) 2 1
L
w
w
7.48
64 80 0.00239 2 12
2
0.262 ww 0.011 e .erfc(
L 2571
)
1
AQ
q
2
3
0
5.615
336
.9
WW
ASSUM
E
CAL.
0.05
7.798
0.2
2
e
1
.erfc
(
)
L
CAL.
A
CAL.
AQ
CAL.
7.87087
334
110,080
327
2.941
2.50205
290
92,800
275
0.4
1.607
1.11824
237
75,840
225
0.6
1.105
0.64740
199
63,680
189
0.8
0.842
0.42495
172
55,040
163
1.0
0.681
0.30190
151
48,320
143
0.350
ff qi L
E' hf
E
'
E
2
1
3 107
'
3.125 107 Psi
E
2
1
0
.
2
40
15
ww 0.350
7
1.099 10 95
A
A
2 30 5.615 336.9
L/re
Assume
L
Cal.
ww
Cal.
A
Cal.
AQ
Cal.
0.2
149
0.069
47,680
142
0.4
298
0.099
95,360
283
0.6
447
0.121
143,040
425
0.8
596
0.140
190,720
566
1.0
745
0.156
238,400
708
(in)
300
(Min/ft)
A=AQ x 2 x qi x 5.615
L A
4 hf
101,070
4 80 316
ft
Vi 900 5.615
Cpp Wpp 35,277 0.933 lbm/gal (ppg)
Vi 900 42
8.34 12 0.933
8.34
8.34 f Cpp
mix.
12.405
lbm / gal
103
Kf = 160 x103 md
Fc 160 103 0.1 1,047 md ft
12 4
0.1 160 10 3
Jf
Jo
Wf kf
ke
40
A
40 2225
51
Jf
7.13
Jo 0.472 re
ln
rw
3.2
Jf
Jo
Then,
0.929
7.13
2.66
PI =
3
k h
7.08 10
re
Bo ln
r
w
7.08 10 3 5 80
745
2 1.17 ln
0.292
PI
Pe Pwf
q PI (Pe Pwf )
=0.154 BPD/Psi
PWF, ASSUME
Q, (BPD)
4000
3,000
154
2,000
308
1,000
462
616
PTH
PWF
800
120
1,390
1,000
160
1,520
2,000
280
2,000
440
2.66
4000
P
wf '
4000
1200
PWF' , ASSUME
QF , (BPD)
4000
3,000
544
2,000
1,088
1,000
1,632
2,176
1640
1200
440
1270
References:
Reservoir
Stimulation.
Production Operation.
Howard and Fast Hydraulic Fracturing.
Petroleum Engineering Hand Book.