2a. Tourism
2a. Tourism
Middle East
Africa
Asia & Australasia
N & S America
Europe
Growth in Tourism
Why is tourism growing?
1)
1)
2)
2)
3)
4)
3)
Growth in Tourism
Why is tourism growing?
1) More disposable income
1) Improvement in transport
3) Improved infrastructure
Historic cities
Skiing
EUROPE
What different
environments offer
opportunities for
tourism?
Type
Coast/
City/
Mountains
Attractions
Examples
Type
CITY
MOUNTAINS
COASTAL
Attractions
CULTURE
ENTERTAINMENT
SHOPPING
SCENERY
WALKING
CLIMBING
SKIING
SNOW BOARDING
SWIMMING
SNORKELLING
FISHING
WATER SPORTS
SEA SIDE RESORTS
Examples
LONDON, NEW
YORK, PARIS, ROME
ALPS, ROCKIES
CARRIBEAN
THAILAND
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Contrast the economic importance of tourism in rich and poor countries
(4 marks).
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Is there a link between the GDP per capita and the % of income from tourism
Choose a country where you think people might suffer most if tourism
declined. Explain your choice.
Countryside and
Historic
Landmarks
UK
Tourism
114 billion into UK economy
& 1.4 million jobs
Half of visitors to UK go
to London
The UK economy
earns 80 billion
every year from
tourism & leisure
UK tourist
attractions
Seaside resorts
Places linked to
famous people
Historic sites e.g. Stonehenge
National Parks
e.g Lake District
Can you explain the general trend of each line on the graph.
Tour operators
compete with
each other
The economy is
in better shape
some years than
others
Weather
TV
Terrorism
Exchange rates
Attractions
THE BEACH
The Impacts
Positive impacts:
employment opportunities
income for individuals and Weston
multiplier effect
improved facilities for locals
Overcrowding
Negative
Impacts
Litter
Traffic congestion
and pollution
Dog fouling on beach
Footpath erosion
Beach cleaning
Bins on beach
Public footpaths
Dogs banned from beach
Seafront
improvements
Plans for an
indoor ski centre
24 / 10 / 2010
May 2011
Where is
this place?
Mass Tourism
Economic
Impacts
Social
Impacts
Environment
al Impacts
Negatives
Mass
Tourism
Mass tourism is organised tourism for large numbers of people.
Positives
Negatives
Economic
Impacts
Social
Impacts
Environment
al Impacts
Maintaining Tourism
1.
2.
A
3.
C
I
O
Maintaining Tourism
1. Improve public
transport less
congestion & pollution
2. Limit numbers to
sensitive sites
Cheaper to visit
Improve transport
infrastructure
Offer new activities
Case Study
Benefits
Jobs e.g. workers in hotels,
boat drivers, souvenir sellers.
Money from the jobs, and
money spent by tourists.
Problems
Antiguan culture is being changed
to suit the tourists e.g. KFC in place
of local restaurants.
96% of the money spent goes back to
the USA as tourism dominated by large
travel companies.
Jobs for locals are low paid and low skilled.
All inclusive holidays mean tourists dont
spend money in the local restaurants.
Much of the food for hotels is imported
Attractions
Extreme Tourism
Reasons for
increasing
Damage to the
environment
Adventure holidays
Risk
Attractions
Scenery
Water
pollution
- Sewage
Deforestation
destroys
habitats
Wildlife
Extreme Tourism
Reasons for
Increasing
Improved
transport
Adverts & TV
programmes
More
disposable
income
Trees cut
down for
fuel
Damage to the
Environment
Deforestation
leads to
flooding
e.g.
Paragliding
Rock climbing
e.g.
Mountains
Deserts
White-water
rafting
Rainforests
Cliff diving
Caves
Ice covered
terrain
Positive impacts:
Tourism is the biggest cash
generating industry.
Jobs available e.g. guides, porters,
guest house owners.
The standard of living of the locals
improves as they are wealthier.
There are more opportunities for
locals e.g. western food and clothing.
Negative impacts:
Deforestation due to high demand for
firewood for cooking, heating, hot
showers and building lodges.
Trees not replanted.
Prices at local markets driven higher by
tourists hard for locals to afford prices.
Agricultural decline as more people go
into tourist related jobs = less food
grown so prices go up.
Rubbish generated, esp. glass bottles
Water pollution due to toilet holes
located near to rivers.
Solutions:
Kerosene for cooking instead of wood.
Trees replanted
National Park set up in 1976 to protect the Everest Trail
Possibility of banning glass bottles
Educating the guides on the location of toilets.
Litter collected to keep area clean for tourists
2. Tour operators and tourists are not allowed to leave anything behind, no rubbish
of any sort.
3. Cruise ships carry their used water back to port. They are not allowed to dump it
at sea.
KEY TERMS
STEWARDSHIP
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
CONSERVATION
KEY TERMS
STEWARDSHIP - the
personal responsibility for
looking after the environment.
No one should damage the
present or future environment.
What is ecotourism?
Tourism that focuses on protecting the environment and
the local way of life.
An example of
ecotourism
THE PROBLEM
400,000 visitors each year.
THE SOLUTION
In 2001 the Peruvian government created
a set of rules to ensure the site is
managed in a SUSTAINABLE way.
1. Independent trekkers are not allowed
2. All tour operators must be registered
3. Visitors must pay an entrance fee of
$50 which creates an income for the
maintenance of the trail
4. Numbers restricted to 500 people per
day (200 trekkers & 300 staff eg guides,
cooks and porters.)
5. Maximum group size of 16 with 2
guides.
SOLUTIONS (CONT.)
6. Porters must have reasonable
working conditions.
Wages $10 a day
Maximum weight they can carry 25kg
7. The Inca Trail is closed each
February, the wettest month, to give
the vegetation a chance to recover.
Investment has been made in improving
campsites and toilet facilities. Rubbish is bagged
up and carried out rather than being burned.
Apart from the 200 people arriving from the Inca Trail
there are thousands who visit on day trips by bus or
train.
81
Ecotourism
viewing
small
benefits
environment
protecting
conserving
harm
local
responsibility
Ecotourism
Tourism that does not harm the environment and
benefits the local people
Involves:
Conservation protecting & managing environment
Stewardship Taking responsibility for conserving
environment
Should involve local people & local organisations
Normally small scale with a small number of tourists
Activities often involve wildlife viewing and walking
Environmental Benefits
Economic Benefits
Sustainable Development
Environmental Benefits
Economic Benefits
Sustainable Development