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The Sine and Cosine Rule
The Sine and Cosine Rule
Instant Trig
Trigonometry is math, so many people find it scary
Its usually taught in a one-semester high-school course
However, 95% of all the trig youll ever need to know
can be covered in 15 minutes
And thats what were going to do now
68
44
68
+ 68
180
68
30
120
20
30
+ 130
180
Right triangles
We only care about right triangles
Heresthe
rightangle
opposite
hyp
ote
nus
e
Herestheangle
wearelookingat
adjacent
32 + 42 = 52, or 9 + 16 = 25
hyp = sqrt(adj2 + opp2)
5 = sqrt(9 + 16)
5-12-13
There are few triangles
with integer sides that
satisfy the Pythagorean
formula
3-4-5 and its
multiples (6-8-10, etc.)
are the best known
5-12-13 and its multiples
form another set
25 + 144 = 169
opp
hyp
adj
hyp
ote
nus
e
adjacent
opposite
Ratios
hyp
ote
nus
e
adjacent
opposite
e
s
u
en
t
o
hyp
adjacent
opposite
TheSineRuleisusedtosolveanyproblemsinvolving
triangleswhenatleasteitherofthefollowingis
known:
a)twoanglesandaside
b)twosidesandanangleoppositeagivenside
SinB
CP
CP bSinA
b
aSinB bSinA
a
P
Draw CP perpendicular to BA
CP
CP aSinB
a
also SinA
aSinB
b
SinA
a
b
SinA SinB
or equivalently
a
b
c
Or
a
b
c
sin A
sin B
sin C
a
b
c
[1]
[2]
Example:
7cm
Given
Angle ABC =600
Angle ACB = 500
Find c.
c
b
sin C sin B
c
7
sin 50 0 sin 60 0
7 x sin 50 0
c
sin 60 0
c= 6.19 ( 3 S.F)
In BAC AC 6cm,
BC 15cm and A 120 0
Find B
C
SOLUTION:
sin B sin A
b
a
sin B sin 120 0
6
15
6 x sin 60 0
sin B
15
sin B = 0.346
B= 20.30
6 cm
15 cm
A
1200
Calculating Sides
Using The Sine Rule
Example 1 : Find the length of a in this triangle.
B
a
10m
A
41
34o
10
a
o
sin 34o
sin 41
10sin 41o
a
sin 34o
Solve for a.
10 0.656
11.74m
0.559
Calculating Sides
Using The Sine Rule
Example 2 : Find the length of d in this triangle.
D
10m
o
133
C
37o
E
d
d
10
o
sin133
sin 37 o
Solve for d.
10sin133o
d
sin 37 o
10 0.731
= 12.14m
0.602
12cm
(1)
32
72o
47o
b
93o
a = 6.7cm
11 Feb 2015
(2)
16mm
b = 21.8mm
Calculating Angles
Using The Sine Rule
Example 1 :
Find the angle A
45m
38m
23o
45
38
45sin 23o
sin A
= 0.463
38
Calculating Angles
Using The Sine Rule
75m
Example 2 :
Find the angle Bo
Bo
143o
38m
75
38
o
sin143o
sin B
75sin B o 38sin143o
o
38sin143
sin B o
75
= 0.305
100o
8.9m
Ao
(2)
12.9cm Bo
14.5m
Ao = 37.2o
14o
14.7cm
Bo = 16o
DRILL:
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING USING THE SINE RULE:
Problem 1 (Given two angles and a side)
In triangle ABC, A = 59, B = 39 and a = 6.73cm.
Find angle C, sides b and c.
Problem 2 (Given two sides and an acute angle)
In triangle ABC , A = 55, b = 16.3cm and
a = 14.3cm. Find angle B, angle C and side c.
Answer Problem 1
C = 180 - (39 + 59)
= 82
ANSWER PROBLEM 2
14.3
16.3
0
sin B
sin 55
16.3
c
0
sin 69
sin 56 0
16.3 sin 55 0
sin B
14.3
16.3 sin 56 0
c
sin 69 0
= 0.9337
= 14.5 cm (3 SF)
B 69.0
C 180 0 69 0 55 0
56 0
Answer Problem 3
14
300
18
a
14
18
0
sin B sin C
sin 30
Where there are too many unknowns.
Cosine Rule
Learning Intention
1. To show when to use the
cosine rule to solve REAL
LIFE problems involving
finding an angle of a
triangle .
11 Feb 2015
Success Criteria
1. Know when to use the cosine
rule to solve REAL LIFE
problems.
2. Solve REAL LIFE problems
that involve finding an angle of
a triangle.
Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle
a =b +c - 2bc cos A
2
c
A
11 Feb 2015
C
b
Finding Angles
Using The Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle
Consider the Cosine Rule again:
We are going to change the subject of the formula to cos A o
b2 + c2 2bc cos Ao = a2
-2bc cos Ao = a2 b2 c2
2
2
2
a
c
cos Ao
2bc
b c a
cos A
2bc
o
Divide by 2 bc.
Divide top and bottom by -1
You now have a formula for
finding an angle if you know all
three sides of the triangle.
Finding Angles
Using The Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle
Example 1 : Calculate the
unknown angle xo .
2
2
2
b
a
cos Ao
2bc
a = 11 b = 9
Ao = ?
92 162 112
cos A
2 9 16
Cos Ao = 0.75
Calculate cos Ao .
Ao = 41.4o
Finding Angles
Using The Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle
Example 2: Find the unknown
Angle in the triangle:
2
2
2
b
a
cos Ao
2bc
A o = yo
a = 26
b = 15
2
2
2
15
13
26
cos Ao
2 15 13
cosA = - 0.723
o
Ao = yo = 136.3o
Ao
10m
Ao =111.8o
7m
(2)
12.7cm
Bo
8.3cm
7.9cm
Bo = 37.3o
A
c b
B
C
B a C
(One side)
=
(other side)2+(last side)2
2(other side)(last side)cos(angle of
1st side)
3 sig figs!!
3.38
0
8.3
72
3 sig figs!!
5.4 cm
cm
8.39
0
11 cm
cm
68.7
0
12 cm
3 sig figs!!
cm
m
c
0
1
7 cm
112
0
3 sig figs!!
104
0
A
b
B
c
c
B
<>
Mixed problems
Learning Intention
1. To use our knowledge
gained so far to solve
various trigonometry
problems.
11 Feb 2015
Success Criteria
1. Be able to recognise the
correct trigonometric formula
to use to solve a problem
involving triangles.
T
10o
36.5
35o
B
The angle of
elevation of
the top of a
building
measured
from point A
o
is 25 . At
145o
25o
D
15 m
Sin 35o
TB
36.5
The angle of elevation of the top of a column measured from point A, is 20o. The
angle of elevation of the top of the statue is 25o. Find the height of the statue when
the measurements are taken 50 m from its base
Angle BCA = 180 110 = 70o
Angle ATC =
65o
110o
C
70o
50
TC
53.21
21
53.
5o
20
25o
50 m
A fishing boat leaves a harbour (H) and travels due East for 40 miles to a
marker buoy (B). At B the boat turns left and sails for 24 miles to a
lighthouse (L). It then returns to harbour, a distance of 57 miles.
(a) Make a sketch of the journey.
(b) Find the bearing of the lighthouse from the harbour. (nearest degree)
57 miles
24 miles
A
40 miles
b2 c 2 a2
CosA
2bc
5302 6702 5202
CosP
2x 530x 670
P 48.7o
Bearing 180 48.7 229o
Not to Scale
670 miles
530 miles
Q
520 miles
Bearings
L.I. To use compass bearings to describe position.
Bearings
Tell us in what direction something is
Are more accurate than using compass points
Are always three figures
Always measure the angle clockwise from North
29
270
3
24
225
8
33
8
20
180
02 045
3
06
090
8
11
135
3
15
Measuring bearings
Find the bearing of B from A.
Mark the North line on at A
(if there isnt a North line
draw one in)
Draw the line connecting A
to B.
A
B
Measuring bearings
Find the bearing of B from A.
Place your protractor over
the north line with 0 at the
top.
Give the answer as a threefigure bearing
Measuring bearings
Find the bearing of A from B.
Mark the North line on at B
(if there isnt a North line
draw one in)
Draw the line connecting B
to A.
Ax
xB
Measuring bearings
Find the bearing of A from B.
Place your protractor over
the north line with 0 at the
bottom.
Ax
xB
Measuring bearings
Find the bearing of A from B.
1
3Ax
5
xB
Bearings
A
Worksheet 3
060o
B
1. Draw a straight line between both points.
2. Draw a North line at A.
3. Measure the angle between.
Bearings
B
240o
Worksheet 3
Bearings
240o
Worksheet 3
060o
B
How are the bearings
of A and B from each
other related and
why?
Bearings
P
1. Draw a straight line between both points.
2. Draw a North line at P.
3. Measure angle between.
118o
Q
Worksheet 3
Bearings
Q
Worksheet 3
Bearings
P
118o
Worksheet 3
3 6 0 /0 0 0
B e a r ing s
B e a r in g s a r e M e a s u r e d
1 . F ro m N o rth
2 . C lo c k w i s e
3 . U s in g 3 fi g u r e s
330
F in d t h e b e a rin g s o f t h e f o llo w in g :
1 . A fro m B
4 . M f ro m N
2 . C f ro m D
5 . P f ro m Q
3 . T f ro m S
6 . V f ro m W
2.
A
B
4.
270
060
120
240
5.
M
Worksheet 4
150
S
180
3. S
030
300
210
1.
090
Bearings:
Trainee pilots have to to learn to cope when the unexpected
happens. If their navigation equipment fails they can quickly find
Fixing
Position
their position by
calling controllers
at two different airfields for
a bearing. The two bearings will tell the pilot where he is. The
initial call on the controllers radio frequency will trigger a line on
the radar screen showing the bearing of the calling aircraft.
Thankyou
300o
050o
Airfield (A)
283.2 MHZ UHF
Airfield (B)
306.7 MHZ UHF
B
A
D
Worksheet 5
Bearings
000/360o
N
270o
Worksheet 1
180o
090o