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Traverse
Traverse
Traverse survey
Most economical method
Provide a higher standard of accuracy of
control in terms of time and money
Widely used
Flexible method of providing control for
site surveys
Traverse survey
Definitions
Traverse
A series of consecutive lines whose
lengths and directions have been
determined from field measurements.
Lines are known as legs and end points pf
the lines as stations.
Traversing
The act of establishing traverse stations
and making the necessary measurements
Control Survey - Traversing
Closed Traverse
1. Loop. The lines starts and
finish on the same point.
2. Link. The lines close on a
point of known position.
Open Traverse
These commence at a
known point and finish at an
unknown point.
Generally be avoided.
Traverse may be classified by the accuracy attained typically
precise, semi precise or low accuracy.
Precise - An accuracy of greater than 1:10000 is expected.
Semi precise - An accuracy of up to 1:10000 or better.
Low accuracy an accuracy less than 1 : 5000
Closed Traverse
Closed traverses provide checks on the
measured angles and distances
Because of this ability to check the
measurements and the results
mathematically adjusted, closed
traverses are more desirable.
Traversing Fieldwork
1. Choose suitable equipment and the accuracy
required
2. Carry out a reconnaissance. Choose stations
positions carefully
3. Build, protect and witness stations. Prepare
the witnessing stations
4. Measure each traverse legs at least twice
once in each directions.
5. Measure each traverse angle. Take at least 2
rounds at every station
Control Survey - Traversing
N (mag)
Grass
C
Control Survey - Traversing
Traverse Computations
1. Prepare a traverse abstract. Sketch showing
all measurements LHAs and distances,
starting data and direction of working
2. Ensure angles are close
3. Calculate WCBs
4. Calculate the coordinate differences
5. Calculate the traverse accuracy
6. If acceptable distribute misclosure
7. Calculate the final coordinates
Control Survey - Traversing
1. Traverse Abstract
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11
E" KSn
1
2
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Adjustment
When the actual misclosure is known and is
compared to its allowable value, two cases arises:
1. If misclosure is acceptable (less than its
allowable) it is divided equally between observed
angles
2. If its greater than allowable then angles should
be re-measured if no gross error can be
calculated in the angle booking.
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3. Calculate WCBs
The forward WCBs of
all traverse legs are
required.
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N
NAB
AB
DAB
E = D. Sin
N = D. Cos
represent the
WCB of the line.
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e
C
eE
eN
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If the misclosure is
acceptable then distribute
length of leg
a) Bowditch Method eE
total length of traverse
proportional to leg
distances
b) Transit Method
E for the traverse leg
proportional to E and
absolute E for traverse
Northing Values
c) Equal Adjustment
E
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Traverse plotting
Draw an accurate coordinate
grid at the required scale
Plot the traverse stations.
Scale equal distances along
the grid lines
Join the stations to form
traverse lines
Measure these as a check
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Traverse specification
General - general
engineering work include
site surveying and setting
out
1 in 5000 to 1 in 50000
(angular measurement)
Electronic theodolite or
total station
(distance measurement)
Total station or steel
Control Survey - Traversing
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