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ETOPS Refresher
ETOPS Refresher
EXTENDED TWIN
OPERATIONS
ETOPS
(Extended Twin Operations)
EXTENDED RANGE
OPERATIONS
Series O, Part-VIII. Operators of twinengined aircraft of AUW > 5,700 kgs cannot
operate an aircraft beyond 60 minutes on
single engine inoperative cruise speed. Any
operation beyond 60 mins will require prior
approval of DGCA and the segment of
operations beyond 60 mins will be termed as
Extended Twin Operations.
RELEVANT SECTIONS OF
AIR INDIA OPERATIONS
MANUAL
Chapter 4 : Extended Range Operations
(ETOPS/ER)
Chapter 7.6 : clearance of flights under
ETOPS Regulations.
Chapter 7.24 : ETOPS Minima
Part D Volume III (b) of Air India Ops
Manual is ETOPS Training Manual
RELEVANT SECTIONS OF
AICL OPS MANUAL
Chapter 4 : deals with ETOPS.
Chapter 7-2.4 & 7-9 : deal with the
ETOPS.
AICL ETOPS Training Manual : Contains
B737-800 ETOPS Training Manual.
ADEQUATE AIRPORT
An airport is considered "adequate" when it satisfies the
aircraft performance requirements applicable at the expected
landing weight. The local operational authorities must then
acknowledge it.
The following considerations should be met at the
expected time of use:
Availability of the airport,
Capability of ground operational assistance (ATC,
meteorological and air information services offices,
lighting etc.),
Availability of nav-aids such as ILS, VOR, NDB (at least
one let-down nav-aid must be available for an instrument
approach),
Airport category for rescue and fire fighting (ICAO Doc
9137-AN/898 Part 1).
ADEQUATE AIRPORT
(Contd)
The following criteria may also be considered:
Capability of technical assistance,
Capability of handling and catering (fuel, food,
etc.),
Ability to receive and accommodate the passengers.
Other particular requirements applicable to the
airlines.
SUITABLE AIRPORT
A suitable airport is an adequate airport
with weather reports, or forecasts, or any
combination thereof, indicating that the
weather conditions are at or above
operating minima, as specified in the
operation specifications and the field
condition reports indicate that a safe landing
can be accomplished at the time of the
intended operation.
SUITABLE AIRPORT
(Contd)
Available forecast should show the airport suitable for a period
commencing one hour before the earliest expected time of arrival
and ending one-hour after latest expected time of arrival. And
during this time the forecast cross wind component including
gusts for the landing runway expected to be used should be less
than the maximum permitted cross wind for landing.
As suitability of the airport is decided prior to departure and due
to the variability of weather with time, the enroute alternate
weather minima for despatch should be higher than the normal
landing minima.
DEFINITIONS
Diversion / En-route Alternate Airport :
A "diversion" airport, also called "en-route
alternate" airport, is an adequate / suitable
airport to which a diversion can be
accomplished.
DEFINITIONS (Contd)
Maximum Diversion Time :
The
maximum diversion time (75, 90, 120 or
180 mins) from an enroute alternate airport.
It is granted by DGCA and is included in
Air Indias operating specifications. It is only
used for determining the area of operation, and
therefore is not an operational time limitation for
conducting a diversion, which has to cope with the
prevailing weather conditions.
DEFINITIONS (Contd)
Maximum Diversion Distance :
It is
the distance covered in still air and ISA (or
delta ISA) conditions within the maximum
diversion time at the selected one-engineout diversion speed schedule and at the
associated cruise altitude (including the
descent from the initial cruise altitude to the
diversion cruise altitude). It is used for
dimensioning the area of operations.
DEFINITIONS (Contd)
One-Engine-Out Diversion Speed : The
one-engine-out diversion speed is a
Mach/IAS speed combination where the
Mach is selected at the beginning of the
diversion descent down to the transition
point where the Indicated Airspeed (IAS)
takes over.
DEFINITIONS (Contd)
ETOPS Area of Operation : The ETOPS
area of operation is the area in which it is
authorised to conduct a flight under ETOPS
regulations and is defined by the maximum
diversion distance from an adequate airport
or set of adequate airports. It is represented
by circles centred on the adequate airports,
the radius of which is the defined maximum
diversion distance.
D . A LT
E .A L T 1
ETP2
(C P )
D e s tin a tio n
E .A L T 2
EEP
D e p a rtu re
E
E
E
D
EP
TP
.A L T
.A L T
:
:
:
:
ETP 1
E T O P S E n tr y P o in t
E q u it im e P o in t
E n -r o u te A lte r n a te A ir p o rt
D e s t in a tio n A lt e r n a t e
A r e a o f O p e r a t io n
DEFINITIONS (Contd)
ETOPS Entry Point (EEP) : The ETOPS
Entry Point is the point located on the
aircraft's outbound route at one hour flying
time, at the selected one-engine-out
diversion speed schedule (in still air and
ISA conditions), from the last adequate
airport prior to entering the ETOPS
segment. It marks the beginning of the
ETOPS segment.
DEFINITIONS (Contd)
ETOPS Segment : The ETOPS segment
starts at the EEP and finishes when the route
is back and remains within the 60-minute area
from an adequate airport. An ETOPS route
can contain several successive ETOPS
segments well separated from each other.
DEFINITIONS (Contd)
ETOPS Exit Point (EXP) : The point
located on the aircrafts route, where the
aircraft has been flying in an ETOPS segment,
it enters an area of one hour flying time, at the
selected one-engine out diversion speed
schedule (in still air and ISA condition), to an
adequate airport. It marks the end of that
particular ETOPS segment.
DEFINITIONS (Contd)
Equi-time Point (ETP): A point on the
aircraft route which is located at the same
flying time from two suitable diversion
airports.
Critical Point (CP) :
The Critical Point is
the point on the route, which is critical with
regard to the ETOPS fuel requirements, if a
diversion has to be initiated from that point.
ETOPS APPROVAL
ICAO Annex 6, Section 4.7.2 specifies that the
regulatory authority must ensure that the overall
level of safety is met with respect to:
ETOPS APPROVAL
(Contd)
ETOPS is a Two Step Process
1) Manufacturer must get Type Design
Approval for the airframe / engine
combination.
2) Airline operators must get Operational
Approval to fly ETOPS.
The approval, however, is not automatic.
ETOPS MINIMUMS
A Suitable Airport must have forecast weather equal to or
better than the higher of the following conditions :
Two or more separate precision approach runways
400 ft ceiling + 1600 mtrs visibility or
200 ft ceiling + 800 mtrs visibility above minima *
DIVERSION STRATEGIES
STANDARD STRATEGY
OBSTACLE CLEARANCE STRATEGY
FIXED SPEED STRATEGY
ETOPS FUEL
REQUIREMENTS
Determine both, a standard and an ETOPS
fuel plan. The higher of the two shall be the
minimum required fuel for the flight.
As per AI policy, consider the latest updated
aircraft performance factor for correct fuel
planning.
FLIGHT PROFILE
ENGINE FAILURE AND DEPRESSURISATION
FUEL RESERVES
- fuel burn-off from the CP to the (enroute) alternate
airport (1500 ft overhead the airport),
- 15 minutes holding at 1500 ft,
- first (IFR) approach/Go-Around / second (VFR)
approach,
- 5% of the above fuel burn-off, as contingency fuel,
- 5% fuel mileage penalty or a demonstrated
performance factor,
- effect of any CDL and /or MEL item,
- effect of icing conditions being forecast.
ADDITIONAL PROCEDURS
Cockpit Preparation
Additional system / critical systems checks
FMS Preparation (Contd)
Recommended that FMS check is carried out
by both the crew members.
Particular attention be given to wpts that are
not defined in the FMS data base.
IN-FLIGHT ETOPS
PROCEDURES
General:
Maintain awareness of any system failure and
its impact on ETOPS sector.
Monitor fuel with critical fuel scenario in mind.
For ETOPS flight, as for normal flight, Nonnormal procedures are performed using the
standard non-normal checklist.
IN-FLIGHT ETOPS
PROCEDURES (Contd)
Weather Update
Before ETOPS Entry Point (EEP)
Obtain weather forecasts & reports for en-route
alternates. Forecasts at ETAs at alternate airports
must be higher than the normal minima. (ETOPS
dispatch minima do not apply when airborne. If
weather forecasts are lower than the normal minima
then re-routing or a turn-back is required if no route at
the authorised distance from an enroute alternate
airport can be used).
IN-FLIGHT ETOPS
PROCEDURES (Contd)
Weather Update (Contd)
After ETOPS Entry Point (EEP)
Continue to update on weather forecasts and
reports for ETOPS en-route alternates. No
requirement to modify the normal course of
flight if weather degrades below normal
minima. As per normal flight, continue to
update yourself on weather at destination and
destination alternate.
IN-FLIGHT ETOPS
PROCEDURES (Contd)
FUEL MONITORING : Procedure remains same as for
normal flight, even though ETOPS fuel planning is the
limiting factor.
Note : If the estimated FOB at the CP is lower than the fuel
required by the critical fuel scenario, there is no
requirement to make a diversion, provided the estimated
fuel at destination is above the minimum required to divert
to the destination alternate. However, if the CP is
regularly overflown with a FOB lower than the fuel
required by the critical fuel scenario, the appropriate
corrective actions need to be taken.
IN-FLIGHT ETOPS
PROCEDURES (Contd)
SPECIAL ETOPS REQUIREMENTS : It
is the PIC's responsibility not to accept an
ATC clearance that would take the airplane
outside the approved diversion time or
diversion distance.
INFLIGHT DIVERSION
Conducting a Diversion : Irrespective of
one-engine inoperative speed schedule
assumed in the determination of the area of
operation, the crew is free to adopt the strategy
considered most appropriate after assessing the
overall situation. (It means that in conducting
the diversion, the application of the preplanned speed strategy is not mandatory).
ETOPS
(AS SEEN BY PASSENGERS)
Engines
Turn
Or
Passengers
Swim
THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION !