Water (H2O)

Water(H2O)
Objective
The importance of the water cycle.
Method of water purification.
Important of dissolved oxygen in
water to aquatic life
Water pollution
Impact of water pollutants on the
aquatic environment.
The water cycle

The water cycle also know as the
hydrologic cycle is a natural process
where energy from the sun changes the
state of water to a solid, liquid or gas on
earth.
Water on the earths surface such as
lakes, rivers and oceans enter the
atmosphere by evaporation then
condenses to form clouds and fall back by
precipitation to the earth.
The important the water

cycle
The water cycle is a natural self purifying
system
Without this continuous cycle of water to
replace water on earth organism could not exist.
Water cycle provides fresh drinking , agriculture,
industry and domestic usage
The water cycle is affects climate on earth
because it regulates temperature by absorbing
heat from the equator and circulation around
the earth.
The water cycle
Structure of water
Water is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and
1 oxygen which is held by single covalent
bonds (dipole)
Water has a neutral charge but differs
because oxygen has a slight +ve and
hydrogen ve. The unequal distribution of
change in the molecule is dipole.
Water molecules are attracted by hydrogen
bonding
Hydrogen bonding is due to polarity of the
Properties of water
Surface Tension, Heat of Vaporization, and Vapor Pressure
Water has the highestsurface tensionfor all liquids. Water's

high surface tension is due to the hydrogen bonding in water
molecules.
Water also has an exceptionally highheat of vaporization.
Vaporization occurs when a liquid changes to a gas, which makes it
an endothermic reaction. Water's heat of vaporization is 41 kJ/mol.
Vapor pressureis inversely related to intermolecular forces, so
those with stronger intermolecular forces have a lower vapor
pressure. Water has very strong intermolecular forces, hence the
low vapor pressure, but it's even lower compared to larger
molecules with low vapor pressures.
Viscosity and Cohesion

Viscosityis the property of fluidhaving high resistance to flow.
We normally think of liquids like honey or motor oil being
viscous, but when compared to other substances with like
structures, water is viscous. Liquids with stronger intermolecular
interactions are usually more viscous than liquids with weak
intermolecular interactions.
Cohesionis intermolecular forces between like molecules; this is
why water molecules are able to hold themselves together in a
drop. Water molecules are very cohesive because of the
molecule's polarity. This is why you can fill a glass of water just
barely above the rim without it spilling.
Solid State
When water is cooled, it becomes more dense and forms ice

becuase water continues to become more dense until it reaches
4C. After it reaches 4C, it becomesLESSdense. When freezing,
molecules within water begin to move around more slowly, making
it easier for them to form hydrogen bonds and eventually arrange
themselves into an open crystalline, hexagonalstructure.
Liquid State
is liquid at room temperature moves aroWater und quicker

than it is as solid, enabling the molecules to form fewer
hydrogen bondsresulting in the molecules being packed more
closely together. Each water molecule links to four others
creating a tetrahedral arrangement, however they are able to
move freely and slide past each other, while ice forms a solid,
larger hexagonal structure.
Gas State
As water boils, its hydrogen bonds are broken. Steamparticles

move very far apart and fast, so barely any hydrogen bonds have
the time to form. So, less and less hydrogen bonds are present as
the particles reach the critical point above steam.
Water purification methods

Distillation
Distilled wateriswaterthat has many of its impurities removed
throughdistillation.Distillationinvolves boiling thewaterand then
condensing the steam into a clean container.
Advantages
Removes a broad range of contaminants
Reusable
Disadvanges
Some contaminants can be carried into the condensate
Requires careful maintenance to ensure purity
Consumes large amounts of energy
Ion change
Softening is used primarily as a pretreatment method to reduce water
hardnessprior toreverse osmosis (RO)processing. The softeners contain
beads that exchange two sodium ions for every calcium or magnesium
ion removed from the "softened" water.
Deionization (DI) beads exchange either hydrogen ions for cations or
hydroxyl ions for anions. The cation exchange resins, made of styrene
and divinylbenzene containing sulfonic acid groups, will exchange a
hydrogen ion for any cations they encounter (e.g., Na+, Ca++, Al+++).
Similarly, the anion exchange resins, made of styrene and containing
quaternary ammonium groups, will exchange a hydroxyl ion for any
anions (e.g., Cl-). The hydrogen ion from the cation exchanger unites
with the hydroxyl ion of the anion exchanger to form pure water.
are
Filtration
Screening large object such as fish, logs and leaves screen as
it is drawn into plant.
Sedimentation-the chemical Al2SO4 is add to the raw water in a
large tank this chemical clings to impurities in the water(co
adulation ) forming large heavier particle flux in a process called
flocculation these large particle then sink to the bottom of the
tank and collect to form sludge which is then removed.CaCO3
and other chemical add to improve the quality of the water
Filtration Small particles are removed from the water my
passing it through sand and gravel and this should have
removed impurity like microorganisms.
Chlorination-is the process by which filtered water is disinfected
to kill disease causing bacteria after this process water is
portable
4
UV radiation
Desalination
Removalofsalt(sodium chloride) and othermineralsfrom the sea

water to make it suitable for
humanconsumptionand/orindustrialuse. The
mostcommondesalinationmethodsemployreverse-osmosisin
which salt water is forced through a membrane that allows water
molecules to pass butblocksthe molecules of salt and other
minerals.
The importants of Dissolved O in

water
2
Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Dissolved oxygen refers to the amount

of oxygen gas (O2) that has dissolved into the water. This is an
important test for water quality because oxygen levels reveal a
great deal about the amount of pollutants in the water. In general,
higher dissolved oxygen levels indicate higher water quality.
Dissolved oxygen is required for respiration in aquatic life.
Factors that affect O2 levels in water is temperature and excess
nutrients which can cause eutrophication .Increased temperature
decreased the amount of O2 water And excess nutrients in water
can cause stimulation of algae growth on the surface of water .

Water (H2O)

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Water(H2O)

The water cycle

The important the water

The water cycle

Water has the highestsurface tensionfor all liquids. Water's

Viscosity and Cohesion

When water is cooled, it becomes more dense and forms ice

is liquid at room temperature moves aroWater und quicker

As water boils, its hydrogen bonds are broken. Steamparticles

Water purification methods

Removalofsalt(sodium chloride) and othermineralsfrom the sea

The importants of Dissolved O in

Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Dissolved oxygen refers to the amount

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