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Materi 8 Akuntansi Forensik1
Materi 8 Akuntansi Forensik1
Fraud Examination
Conversio
n
Element
s
Of
Fraud
Concealme
Theft
nt
Accounting 537
Whistle-blowing Systems
A reporting hotline or online system that allows others to call in
or submit an anonymous tip of a fraud suspicion
Examples:
Internal systems/hotlines
The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners
Allegience
Interview
Suspect
Testimoni
al
Evidence
Documenta
ry Evidence
Physical
Evidence
Personal
Observati
on
Accounting 537
Includes
Interviewing,
Interrogation &
Honesty Tests
Fingerprints,
Weapons, Stolen
Property Often
Involves Forensic
Analysis
Physical
2Documentary
Gathered from
Papers, Computers &
Written & Printed
Sources
Personal
Observation
Collected by the
Investigator, includes
Invigilation,
Surveillance and
Operations
AccountingCovert
537
Fraud Investigation
Testimonial Evidence
Evidence gathered from individuals
Techniques:
Interviewing
Interrogation
Honesty tests
Fraud Investigation
Documentary Evidence
Gathered from paper, computers, and other written or
printed sources
Techniques:
Document examination
Data mining
Public records searches
Audits
Computer searches
Net worth calculations
Financial statement analysis
Corporate databases
E-mail servers
Fraud Investigation
Physical Evidence
Fingerprints
Tire marks
Weapons
Stolen property
Identification numbers
Marks on stolen objects
Other tangible evidence
Techniques:
Forensic analysis by experts
Fraud Investigation
Personal Observation
Evidence that is sensed (seen, heard, felt,
etc.) by the investigators
Techniques:
Invigilation
Surveillance
Covert operations
Evidence Gathering
Surveillance & Undercover Operations
Invigilation
Physical Evidence
Documents paper and electronic
Sources of Information
Public Records
Government
Federal
State
Local
Private
Sources
Utility Records
Previous
Acquaintances
Trash Cover
Credit Agencies
Financial
Institutions
Online
Databases
Subscription
Per-Search
Fee
Free
Accounting 537
Internet
Searches
Google
Altavista
Etc.
Indirect Method
This is to be used when the books are not adequate,
or unavailable.
Indirect Methods of
Reconstructing Income
2. Graphology
3. Voice Stress
Analysis &
Polygraphs
Accounting 537
Interviewing
Accounting 537
Fraud Investigation
Fraud Examination
Fraud Investigation
Fraud Investigation
The Fraud Element
Triangle: Conversion
Interviews Obtain
1. Information that Establishes Essential
Elements of the Crime
Personal Background
Age
Education
Marital Status
Attitude Toward
Investigation
Accounting 537
Interviewers Demeanor
Sit Fairly Close, Stay Seated
Dont Talk Down
Be Sensitive & Business Like
Do Not Dominate Interview
Do Not Use Jargon
Do Not Use Paper & Pencil, Keep Out of
Sight
Interview Language
Short Questions, Stay on One Topic
Seek Narrative Answers
No Leading Questions
Get the Facts for Opinions
Keep Interviewees on Track
Stay on Topic
Concentrate on Answers
Accounting 537
Accounting 537
End
Fraud Investigation
Fraud Examination
Co
Et d e
hi of
cs
Accurate
Easy to Tabulate
Accounting 537
Graphology
The study of handwriting
Increased Utilization
Banking, Manufacturing & Insurance
Fraud Examiners Skeptical
Accounting 537