Magnetism in Solids
Magnetism in Solids
Harvinder Kaur
P G Govt College for Girls,
Sector 11, Chandigarh
Outline
Types of Magnetism
Langevin classical theory of
Diamagnetism
Langevin classical theory of
Paramagnetism
Quantum theory of Paramagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Hysterisis
Qualitative theory of Antiferromagnetism
INTRODUCTION
Macroscopic properties (Magnetic) are the
result of electron magnetic
moments
Moments come from 2 sources:
Orbital motion around a nucleus
Spinning around an axis
magnetic moments
electron
nucleus
electron
spin
TYPES OF MAGNETISM
The magnetism in solids has been classsified into
the following groups depending upon the number of
valence electrons present in the atoms of the solid
and on the relative orientations of the neighbouring
magnetic moments :
Diamagnetism
Param agnetism
Ferromagnetism
Antiferromagnetism
Ferrimagnetism
DIAMAGNETISM
Magnetic Induction
(B-tesla)
vacuum( = 0)
PARAMAGNETISM
Magnetic Induction
(B-tesla)
(2) Paramagnetism
e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, Na, Ti, Zr
vacuum( = 0)
FERROMAGNETISM
Magnetic Induction
(B-tesla)
vacuum( = 0)
ANTIFERROMAGNETISM AND
FERRIMAGNETISM
Antiferromagnetism
Atoms spin moments couple in
opposite directions
No magnetic moment
MnO
Fe3O4
Ferrimagnetism
Permanent magnetization
Similar macroscopic
characteristics with ferromagnetism
Source of moment is incomplete
cancellation of spin moments
LANGEVIN THEORY OF
DIAMAGNETISM
Langevin gave a satisfactory explanation of diamagnetism on the basis of electron theory the basic
principle of which ia Lenzs law in electromagnetic induction which states that when a magnetic flux
linked with electric current due to revolving electrons is changed, an induced current is set up in such
a direction as to oppose the change in flux. It is manifested by the very small and negative value of
magnetic susceptibility.
If o be the frequency of electron in the absence of applied field and r is the radius of the loop then:
Fo = m o2 r = Ze2/4 or2
Lorentz force acting on the electron moving with velocity v is given by
FL = -Bev = -Ber
= o eB/2m
The ve sigm indicates that these electrons whise orbital magnetic moments are parallel to the
magnetic field are slowed downand those with moments antiparallel are speeded by an amount
eB/2m : LARMOR THEOREM.
The additional current produced due to change in frequency of the electron is given by I = -e2B/4m
and the change in magnetic moment is given by Ma = -e2r2B/4m
<r2> = <x2> +<y2> and <r02> = <x2> +<y2> +<z2>
<r2> = 2/3 <r02>
Magnetization,
M = -e2Z 0HN <r02> /6m
Susceptibility,
= M/H
QUANTUM THEORY OF
PARAMAGNETISM
According to quantum r=theory, the magnetic moments are quantized, so they can orient only in specific
direction with respect to the magnetic field.
= -g B J
B is called Bohr magneton
g = 1+(J(J+1)+S(S+1)-L(L+1))/2J(J+1)
Using Maxwell Boltzmann statistics, magnetization is given as
M= N mJ g B emJ g B/k T/ e mJ g B/k T
CASE I At ordinary temperatures
BmJ g B /kT << 1
Using the exponential series and mJ2 = (1/3)(J+1)(2J+1)
M = Ng2 B2 0 H J(J+1)/3kT
= M/H
para = Ng2 B2 0 Peff 2
Peff = gJ(J+1)
CASE II At low temperature and strong magnetic field BmJ g B /kT is not less than unity
Let x= B g B /kT
M = BmJ g B emJx
As mJ x is a geometric progression with (2J+1) terms
M= Ng B d/dx (ln( eJx (1-e (2J+1)x/(1-e-x)))
= NgJ B BJ(a)
BJ(a) = (2J+1)/2J coth (2J+1)a/2J - 1/2J coth (a/2J),
In the limit J tends to Brillouin function approaches the Langevin function i.e., infinite number of possible
orientations are allowed.
WEISS THEORY OF
FERROMAGNETISM
The Weiss theory is centered about the following two hypothesis :
A ferromagnetic substance contains a number of small regions called
domains which are spontaneously magnetized. The value of spontaneous
magnetization of the specimen is determined by the vector sum of the
magnetic mpments of the individual domains.
The spontaneous magnetization within each domain is due to the
existence of a molecular filed which produces a parallel alignment of the
atomic dipoles. The field is assumed to be proportional to the magnetization
of each domain, B = M. The magnetization of a ferromagnetic material
containing N atoms per unit volume placed in the magnetic field B eff is given
as
M = NgJ B BJ(a) with a = JgBeff/kT = Jg(B+m)/kT