Introduction To Cosmology
Introduction To Cosmology
By Maman Rukmana
Einsteins Relativity
The first is Special Relativity
That the light velocity is constant. So, if we
move nearest with light velocity, we can have
time dilatation.
The second is General Relativity
That the gravitational force is curve of space
and time, not a attract between two things.
Lorentz Transformation
Assume a vector in r = xi + yj + kz. And
assume an observation in K calculate the
event at t. In the assume, we can find the four
dimension coordinate. All points are spacetime.
If other observation is K, two coordinate is
different but the space-time coordinate is
representstive same place and time.
That statement is a tranformation concept,
are the arrangement that relation two
coordinate (x, y, z) and (x, y, z).
Start of Universe
Big Bang Theory
Universe was created from big bang which
flung many matter to all space.
Cosmolog:
Georges
Lemaitre,
Albert
Einstein, Alexander Friedmann and Stephen
Hawking
Hubbles Law
Radial velocity for sky object which
keepa away from us is approximately
with distance
Relation Vr = H0 d
Where:
Vr = radial velocity (km/s)
H0
d = distance to us (Mpc)
So:
Vr = z c
where c is light velocity (3 x 105 km/s)
But, for relativity:
Hubbles Constant
Hubbles Constant is a constant which show
a parameter of age universe, is young or old.
With the time is not stop, value of Hubbles
Constant is to small
Why?
Analysis with your argument!
Model of Universe
In cosmology, model of universe are:
1. Single component
2. Multiple component
.How the model of universe by simple and
multiple component?
.Read and learn together!
Single Component
According single component,
universe are:
1. Curvature only
2. Spatially flat universe
3. Matter only
4. Radiation only
5. Lambda only
model
of
Curvature only
A particularly simple universe is one which is
empty (no radiation, no matter, no
cosmological constant, no contribution to
of any sort).
Relation:
Matter only
Let's now look at specific examples of spatially
flat universes, starting with a universe
containing only non-relativistic matter (w = 0).
The age of such a universe is
Radiation only
Thus, at early times - long before the time of
radiation matter equality - the universe was
well described by a spatially flat, radiationonly
model. In an expanding, flat universe
containing only radiation, the age of the
universe is
Lambda only
In a Steady State universe, the density of the
universe remains constant because of the
continuous creation of real particles. If, in a
flat, lambda-only universe, you see a light
source with a redshift z, the proper distance to
the light source, at the time you observe it, is
(upper panel)
And lower panel
Multiple component
According multiple component, model of
universer are:
1. Matter + Curvature
2. Matter + Lambda
3. Matter + Curvature + Lambda
4. Radiation + Matter
5. Benchmark Model
Matter + Curvature
In a curved universe containing nothing but
matter, the ultimate fate of the cosmos is
intimately linked to the density parameter 0.
The Friedmann equation in a curved and
matter:
Given this parametric form, it is easy to show
that the time that elapses between the Big
Bang at = 0 and the Big Crunch at = 2 is
Matter + Lambda
The Friedmann equation for the flat matter
plus lambda" universe reduces to
Radiation + Matter
In our universe, radiation-matter equality
took place at a scale factor arm = 2,8 x 10-4.
The Friedmann equation around the time of
radiation-matter equality can be written in the
approximate form
Benchmark Model
Example
In this table is date of a objec from the universe.
Distan
Redshi
Object
ce
ft
(Mpc)
Galaxy
5.7
4000
Supernova
5.9
4250
Ia
Quasar
6.2
4500
6.4 age
5000
With date Hypernova
of the table, estimate
of universe for:
a. Flat Only
b. Matter Only
c. Radiation Only
Answer
Distan
Redshi
ce
ft
(Mpc)
Vr
5.7
4000 286925
5.9
4250 287657
6.2
4500 288645
6.4
5000 289240
Ho
Ho-H
71.7313 6.37968
1
2
67.6839 2.33233
7
6
64.1433
3-1.20831
57.8479
2-7.50371
(HoH)^2
40.700346
8
5.4397891
9
1.4600031
5
56.305693
9
65.351
103.90583
6
SUM (Ho-H)^2
3
AVERAGE Ho
STANDARD DEVIATION
5.096710535
THANK YOU