Wellbore Hydraulics, Pressure Drop Calculations
Wellbore Hydraulics, Pressure Drop Calculations
Wellbore Hydraulics, Pressure Drop Calculations
Drilling Engineering
Lesson 4
Wellbore Hydraulics,
Pressure Drop Calculations
1
Wellbore Hydraulics
Hydrostatics
Buoyancy
Pipe Tension vs. Depth
Effect of Mud Pressure
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Pressure Drop Calculations
Bingham Plastic Model
API Power-Law Model
2
Assignments:
READ:
ADE Ch. 4
HW #3:
Tension
Due 09-20-04
3
Fig. 4-3.
A Complex
Liquid
Column
p 0.052 D p0
p 0.052 D
n
p p 0 0.052 i (D i D i 1 )
i 1
PPUMP = ?
Figure 4.4
p 0.052 D
p0 0 psig
p a 1,266 psig
6
We W Fb
W - f V
W
W - f
s
f
We W 1
s
Buoyancy Factor
Valid for a solid body or an open-ended pipe!
Example
For steel,
(= 490 lbm/ft3 )
immersed in mud,
the buoyancy factor is:
f
1
s
15.0
1
0.771
65.5
10
10,000 ft
0 lbf
OD 2 ID 2
4
DEPTH, ft
OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in
195,000 lbf
A = 5.265 in2
AXIAL TENSION, lbf
OD = 5.000 in
ID = 4.276 in
A
OD 2 ID2
4
DEPTH, ft
- 41,100
10,000 ft
A = 5.265 in2
AXIAL TENSION, lbf
F=P*A
= 7,800 * 5.265
= 41,100 lbf
12
Example
A1
5
.
73
in
490 lb / ft 3
ft 2
600
14
Example contd
A1
147
2
A2
*144 43.2in
490
A2
Differenti al area A 2 A1
43.2 5.73 37.5 in
15
Example - contd
3
2
lbf
8,268 2 * 43.2in 2
in
= 357,200 lbf
[ axial tension = - 357,200 lbf ]
16
Example - contd
Fb = FBIT = 0
3
2
= 88,200 - 357,200
= -269,000 lbf
17
Example - contd
3
2
Example - contd
4. At Surface
F T = W 1 + W2 + F 1 - F 2 - F b
= 19.5 * 10,000 + 88,200
292,500 - 357,200 - 0
= 218,500 lbf
Alternatively: FT = WAIR * BF
= 283,200 * 0.7710 = 218,345 lbf 19
3
2
Example - Summary
1. At 10,600 ft
2. At 10,000 + ft
3. At 10,000 - ft
4. At Surface
22
23
even
vn c d
p
8.074 * 10 4
q
& v n 3.117 A
t
8.311 * 10 q
-5
pbit
2
d
C A
2
t
Cd = 0.95
24
Hydraulic Horsepower
of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power, in field units:
qp
HHP
1714
400 * 3,000
HHP
1714
Hydraulic Horsepower of Pump = 700 hp
25
CD 0.95
q 400 gal/min
12 lb/gal
p n 1,169 psi
Fj 0.01823 c d q p
26
q vn
mv m
Fj
v
t
32.17 * 60
t
Fj 0.01823 c d q p
Fj 0.01823 * 0.95 * 400 12 * 1,169 820 lbf
27
Laminar Flow
Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power-Law (ADE & API)
Rotational Viscometer
Laminar Flow in Wellbore
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Fluid Flow in Annuli
28
Experimentally:
F
V
A
L
29
i.e.,
dyne
1
2
cm
sec
dyne sec
2
cm
Slope of line
32
Apparent Viscosity
Apparent viscosity = /
is the slope at each shear rate,
1, 2 , 3 .
33
(Plotted
on linear paper)
Typical Drilling Fluid
Vs. Newtonian,
Bingham and Power Law Fluids
34
Rheological Models
1. Newtonian Fluid:
shear stress
absolute viscosity
shear rate
y p
What if y
y yield point
p plastic viscosity
35
Rotating
Sleeve
Viscometer
36
Rotating
Viscometer
Figure 3.6
Rheometer
We
determine
rheological
properties
of drilling
fluids in
this device
Infinite
parallel
plates
37
Rheometer (Rotational
Viscometer)
sleeve
BOB
fluid
f ( )
Shear Stress = f (Dial Reading)
Shear Rate = f (Sleeve RPM)
Shear Stress = f (Shear Rate)
sec-1)
5.11
10.22
170
340
511
1022
Example
A rotational viscometer containing a Bingham plastic
fluid gives a dial reading of 12 at a rotor speed of 300
RPM and a dial reading of 20 at a rotor speed of 600 RPM
Compute plastic viscosity and yield point
p 600 300
= 20
= 12
20 - 12
p 8 cp
See Appendix A
40
= 20
= 12
Example
y 300 p
(See Appendix A)
12 - 8
y 4 lbf/100 ft
41
Gel Strength
42
Gel Strength
= shear stress at which fluid movement begins
The yield strength, extrapolated from the
300
and 600 RPM readings is not a good
representation of
the gel strength of the fluid
Gel strength may be measured by turning the
rotor at a low speed and noting the dial
reading at
which the gel structure is broken
(usually at 3 RPM)
43
Gel Strength
The gel strength is the maximum dial reading
when the viscometer is started at 3 rpm.
In field units,
g 1.06
lbf / 100 ft 2
g = max,3
lbf / 100 ft
44
Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)
or
a 300
300
a
N
N
5.066
N
2
r
47
p 600 300
y 300 p
oror
300
p
( N 2 N1 )
N 2 N1
or
or
N1
y N1 p
300
Example 4.22
Compute the frictional pressure loss for a 7 x 5
annulus, 10,000 ft long, using the slot flow
representation in the annulus. The flow rate is 80
gal/min. The viscosity is 15 cp. Assume the flow
pattern is laminar.
6
7
49
Example 4.22
The average velocity in the annulus,
q
80
v
2
2
2
2
2.448(7 5 )
2.448(d 2 d1 )
_
v 1.362 ft/s
_
dp f
v
2
dL
1000 d 2 d1
50
Example 4.22
_
dp f
v
2
dL
1000 d2 d1
p f
D
dL
1000 (7 5) 2
p f 51 psi
51.0750
51
( varies)
52
Types of flow
Laminar
Turbulent
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent
flow
53
N Re
928 v d
d pipe I.D., in
viscosity of fluid, cp.
_ 1.75
dp f
dL
1800d1.25
0.75
0.25
_ 1.75
0.25
v
p
dp f
1.25
dL
1800d
0.75
In Annulus
_ 1.75
dp f
1.25
dL
1,396 d2 d1
0.75
0.25
_ 1.75
0.25
v
p
dp f
1.25
dL
1,396 d2 d1
0.75
55
API RP 13D
=Kn
SHEAR
STRESS
psi
0
SHEARRATE,,sec1
56
SHEAR RATE
3
100
ANNULUS
5.11
170.3
300
600
DRILL
STRING
511
1022
BOB
sec -1
SLEEVE
57
R3
= 3
(at 3 RPM)
R100 = 20
R300 = 39
R600 = 65
58
PPUMP
Pressure Drop
Calculations
Q = 280 gal/min
= 12.5 lb/gal
PPUMP = PDP + PDC
+ PBIT NOZZLES
+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN
+ PHYD
59
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft
65
0.737
39
3.32 log
5.11 R600
n
1,022
5.11 * 65
dyne sec n
2.017
0.737
1,022
cm 2
0.408 * 280
ft
8.00
2
3.78
sec
60
96 V
e 100 K
D
n 1
96 * 8
e 100 * 2.017
3.78
3n 1
0.737 1
4n
OD = 4.5
in
ID = 3.78
in
L = 11,400
ft
3 * 0.737 1
4 * 0.737
0.737
53 cP
928 D V
6,616
53
61
log n 3.93
50
1.75 log n
So,
a
NRe
NRe
0.2690
7
OD = 4.5
in ID =
3.78 in
L = 11,400
ft
0.0759
0.007126
0.2690
6,616
62
dL
f V
25.81 D
OD = 4.5
in ID =
3.78 in
L = 11,400
ft
0.007126 * 8 2 * 12.5
psi
0.05837
25.81 * 3.78
ft
0.05837 * 11,400
Pdp = 665
psi
63
65
0.737
39
3.32 log
OD = 6.5
in ID =
2.5 in
L = 600
ft
5.11R 600
1,022
5.11 * 65
dyne sec n
2.017
0.737
1,022
cm2
0.408 * 280
ft
18.28
2
2 .5
sec
64
96 V
e 100 K
n 1
3n 1
4n
96 * 18.28
e 100 * 2.017
2. 5
0.737 1
3 * 0.737 1
4 * 0.737
OD = 6.5
in ID =
2.5 in
L = 600
ft
0.737
38.21 cP
928 D V
13,870
38.21
65
a
NRe
log n 3.93
a
50
0.0759
50
1.75 log n
0.2690
7
So,
a
f
b
NRe
OD = 6.5
in ID =
2.5 in
L = 600
ft
0.0759
0.005840
0.2690
13,870
66
dL
f V
25.81 D
OD = 6.5
in ID =
2.5 in
L = 600
ft
0.3780
25.81 * 2.5
ft
dL
0.3780 * 600
Pdc = 227
psi
67
156 Q 2
2
N1
DN2 DN3
DN1 = 11 32nds
2
(in) DN2 = 11
32nds (in) DN3 =
12 32nds (in)
11
11 12
2
2 2
PNozzles = 1,026
psi
68
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE
Annulus
Q = gal/min
= lb/gal
DHOLE
in
ODDC
in
L
8.5
in
= 8.5
= 6.5
= 600
69
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
DHOLE = 8.5
in
ODDC = 6.5
Power-Law Constant (n):
in
L
=
R100
20
0.657 log
n 0.657 log
0.5413
600 ft
R3
5.11R100
170.2
5.11 * 20
dyne sec n
6.336
0.5413
170.2
cm2
3.808
2
2
2
2
8 .5 6 .5
sec
D2 D1
70
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
Effective Viscosity in Annulus ( e):
144 V
e 100 K
D2 D1
n 1
2n 1
3n
144 * 3.808
e 100 * 6.336
8 .5 6 .5
0.5413 1
2 * 0.5413 1
3 * 0.5413
DHOLE = 8.5
in
ODDC = 6.5
in
L
=
600 ft
0.5413
55.20 cP
928 D2 D1 V
e
1,600
55.20
71
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
NOTE: NRe < 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f):
24
f
NRe
24
0.01500
1,600
2
f V
dP
25.81 D2 D1
dL
dP
dL
So,
DHOLE = 8.5
in
ODDC = 6.5
in
L
=
600 ft
0.05266
25.81 8.5 6.5
ft
0.05266 * 600
Pdc/hole = 31.6
psi
72
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
q = gal/min
= lb/gal
DHOLE
ODDP
= 8.5 in
= 4.5 in
L
=
11,400 ft
73
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
Power-Law Constant (n):
R100
n 0.657 log
R3
DHOLE
ODDP
= 8.5 in
= 4.5 in
L
=
11,400 ft
20
0.5413
3
0.657 log
5.11R100
n
170.2
5.11 * 20
dyne sec n
6.336
0.5413
170.2
cm2
0.408 Q
V 2
2
D2 D1
0.408 * 280
ft
2.197
2
2
8 .5 4 .5
sec
74
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
Effective Viscosity in Annulus ( e):
144 V
e 100 K
D2 D1
144 * 2.197
e 100 * 6.336
8 .5 4 .5
n 1
0.5413 1
2n 1
3n
2 * 0.5413 1
3 * 0.5413
0.5413
97.64 cP
928 D2 D1 V
e
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
NOTE: NRe < 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f):
f
24
NRe
24
0.02299
1,044
fV
dP
dL
25.81 D2 D1
0.01343
25.81 8.5 4.5
ft
dP
P
L
dL
So,
0.01343 * 11,400
psi
Pdp/hole = 153.2
psi
76
2,103 psi
P
=
0
"Friction" Pressures
2,500
DRILLPIPE
2,000
1,500
DRILL COLLARS
1,000
BIT NOZZLES
500
ANNULUS
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
9,000
8,000
BHP
7,000
6,000
5,000
DRILLSTRING
ANNULUS
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Pressures, psi
CIRCULATING
STATIC
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
DRILLSTRING
Depth, ft
4,000
6,000
ANNULUS
8,000
10,000
(Static)
12,000
BIT
14,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Pressure, psi
8,000
82
10,000
16
NRe
and
dP
dL
f V
25.81 D
83
84
n = 1.0
_
2
dp
f v
dL 85 25.8 d