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Theodolite
Theodolite
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. SABAHAT HUSSAIN
Submitted By
2K9-SCET-25
2K9-SCET-26
2K9-SCET-27
2K9-SCET-28
2K9-SCET-29
2K9-SCET-30
2K9-SCET-31
2K9-SCET-33
2K9-SCET-34
2K9-SCET-35
2K9-SCET-36
2K9-SCET-37
CONTENTS
History Of Theodolite
Purpose
Types And Its Specification
Types Commonly Used In Pakistan
Procedure Of Operation Of Theodolite
Advantages
Disadvantages
Precautions
Conclusion
References
WHAT IS THEODOLITE
Theodolites are electronic devices that are widely used for the
measurement of vertical and horizontal angles for mapping
applications, and in the construction industry.
HISTORY
Early history:
People have been measuring angles for construction purposes for
many centuries. Egyptians used groma, an early version of a
theodolite, to help build the pyramids. Furthermore, there are also
records that indicate that the Romans used tools such as dioptra
(circular plate that marked angles), for similar purposes. In 1571,
Leonard Digges came up with a device which more closely
resembled an early theodolite and called it theodolitus. It was a
divided circle and square with a compass in the center, according to
"Brief History of Turning Angles" at noaa.gov, but it lacked a
telescope (found in modern versions).
HISTORY
Modern History:
The telescope mounted on top of the measuring device came into
being by the mid 1700s. The device also had a horizontal circle with
a vertical semi-circle. Early theodolites were woks of art; they were
hand made out of brass and the angles were scribed by hand. They
did, however, have a significant margin for error because they were
only as accurate as the individual who scribed the angles. This is
important because an error of one second translated into an error of
one foot, at a distance of 40 miles.
HISTORY
Later history:
In 1773, Jesse Ramsden invented a mechanical dividing engine that
allowed for higher accuracy and production of theodolites. This, in
turn, resulted in an increase of theodolite availability and placed
England at the front of the theodolite production industry.
Theodolites came to the United States in 1815, on the request of
Thomas Jefferson. He wanted Ferdinand Hassler, the appointed
Superintendent of the Survey of the Coast, to survey America.
Theodolites remained pretty much unchanged until the 1950s when
electronic distance measurements were adopted.
PUPPOSE OF THEODOLITE
PURPOSE OF THEODOLITE
Repeating Theodolite
Many angle readings are taken on a graduated scale. The average angle
measurement is obtained by dividing the accumulated sum readings
by the number of observed readings. The results of these theodolites
are good. These instruments are confined for locations where the
support is not stable, or space for using other such instruments is
limited.
Direction Theodolites
Vernier Theodolite:
This is most commonly used. In this type of instrument,
observations are taken by using the principle of vernier caliper. The
precision of this type of instrument varies in the order of 10" to 20".
Theodolite T-2
Theodolite DKM 2
Theodolite DKM 2A
Tehodolite Transit
1. Set tripod and instrument with optical plumb almost over the station.
2. Unclamp one of the horizontal clamp (either will do) and traverse
the instrument so that the plate bubble is parallel to two of the
footscrews.
3. Adjust those two footscrews until the plate bubble is level.
4. Traverse the instrument so that the bubble is perpendicular to the
already adjusted footscrews.
5. Re-level using the third footscrew.
Target
Face/Swing
Horiz.Circle Reduced
()
Angle
()
T
T
A
B
L/R
L/R
000-00-00
136-34-20
T
T
B
A
R/L
R/L
316-34-40
180-00-10
136-34-20
136-34-30
Target
Face/Swing
Horiz.Circle Reduced
()
Angle
()
T
T
A
B
L/R
L/R
360-00-00
136-34-20
223-25-40
T
T
B
A
R/L
R/L
316-34-20
180-00-10
223-25-30