2 - Fibres - Classification of Fibres According To Origin and Chemical Composition
2 - Fibres - Classification of Fibres According To Origin and Chemical Composition
Fibres
According
to origin
Chemical composition
Fibers
Fibers
textiles.
They
Yarns
Yarns used in the production of fabrics use
different types of fibres as their raw material.
Developments of fibres
Till the beginning of 20th century all fibres in use were natural
Around 1891-92 the first man-made Artificial Silk (Viscose rayon) was discovered
In 1938, Dupont developed the first synthetic polyamide fibre Nylon, followed by the
development of polyester
In the last fifty years of research a host of new improved man-made cellulosic,
protein, aramid and functional fibres have been developed
Fibres
Natural fibres
Classification of fibres
Fibres
Natural
Vegetable/Cellulosic
Animal/Protein
Mineral
Man-made
Cellulosic
Synthetic
Protein
Mineral
Metallic
Natural fibres
Man made fibres are fibres created by man through technology. The fibreforming ingredients of man-made fibres are extruded, twisted or spun to
form a long chain polymer.
True man made fibres- True man- made fibres are synthesized
completely from non cellulosic substances or chemical substances such as
petroleum derivatives, nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon.
Origin
Cotton
Kopak
Coir
Hemp
Jute
Flax
Ramie
Pina
Sisal
Fibre type
Origin
Silk
Specialty Fur fibers
Specialty hair fibres
Wool
Mineral fibers
Asbestos
Rubber Fibers
Natural Rubber
Rubber Plant
Fiber Type
Origin
Acetate
Rayon
Triacetate
Protein Fibers
Azlon
Corn or Soybean
Mineral Fibers
Ceramic
Glass
Graphite
Minerals
Silica, sand, limestone
Carbon
Metal Fibers
Metallic
Rubber fibers
Rubber
Fiber Type
Origin
Anidex
Acrylic
Modacrylic
Nylon
Nytril
Olefin
polyester
Saran
Spandex
Vinal
Vinyon
Essential properties
Abrasion Resistance- is the ability to resist wear from rubbing that contributes to fabric
durability.
Exp- Nylon is used extensively in action outerwear, such as ski jackets , and soccer shorts,
because it is very strong and resist abrasion .
Hydrophilic fibers- all natural animal and vegetable fibers and two manufactured fibers,
rayon and acetate.
Hydrophobic fibers- fibers that have difficulty absorbing water and are only able to absorb
small amounts .
Skin comfort, Static build-up, dimensional stability in water, stain removal, water
repellency, wrinkle recovery
Cover- cover is the ability to occupy an area. A thick fiber or one with crimp or curl gives
fabric better cover than a thin, straight fiber.
Elasticity- is the ability to increase in length when under tension (elongation ) and then
return to the original length when released (recovery)
Lengthening when tension is placed on the fiber or fabric makes for a more comfortable
garment and causes less seam stress.
Wool garments needs to be mothproofed when stored because they are susceptible to damage
by these wool eating insects.
Nylon and silk show strength losses from extended exposure to sunlight. Therefore , they are
normally not used for curtains and drapes.
Cotton has poor resistance to mildew and should not be allowed to remain wet for long
periods of time.
Flame-resistant fibers- have a relatively high ignition temperature and slow rate of
burning .
Flexibility- is the capability of fibers to bend easily and repeatedly without breaking.
Hand- is the way a fiber, yarn or fabric feels when handled. The hand of the fiber is affected
by its shape, surface and configuration .
Luster- refers to the light reflected from a surface. Various characteristics of a fiber effect
the amount of luster.
Increased light reflection occurs from a smoother surface, less crimp, flatter cross sectional
shape and longer fiber length.
Pilling- is the formation of groups of short or broken fibers on the surface of a fabric that are
tangled together in the shape of tiny ball called pill.
Resiliency- is the capability of a material to spring back to shape after being creased, twisted
or distorted.
A fabric that has good resiliency does not wrinkle easily
Specific gravity- is the ratio of the mass of the fiber to an equal volume of water at 4degree
c.
Static Electricity- is a frictional electric charge caused by the rubbing together of two
dissimilar materials.
Tenacity- the force needed to break the fiber, is known as tenacity and expressed in grams
per denier or grams per fiber weight.
Glass, Nylon and Polyester are very strong. Acetate and acrylic are weak.
Thermo plasticity- the ability of fibers to withstand heat exposure is an important factor
affecting their suitability for many end uses.
Wicking- is the ability of fiber to transfer moisture from one section to another. Usually the
moisture is along the fiber surface, but it may also pass through the fiber when a liquid is
absorbed by the fiber.