Traverse

Traversing
BY: A B H I S H E K S H A R M A
15520003
INTRODUCTIO
N
T h e Traversing consists of using a variety of
instrument combinations to create polar vector
in space, that is 'lines' with a magnitude
(distance) and direction (bearing).
These vectors are generally contiguous and
create a polygon which conforms to various
mathematical and geometrical rules.
T h e equipment used generally consists of
something to determine direction like a
compass or
theodolite, and something to
determine distance
like a tape or
Electromagnetic Distance Meter (EDM).
FUNCTION OF
TRAVERSE
Traverses are normally performed around
a parcel of land so that features on the
surface or the boundary dimensions can
be determined.
A traverse provides a simple network of
'known' points that can be used to derive
other information.
TYPES OF
TRAVERSE
There are two types of traverse
used in survey.
These are open traverse,
and closed traverse.
Close Traverse: When a series

of connected lines forms a close
circuit,
is called a close
it
Close traverse is
traverse. for the
survey
suitable
boundaries
of ponds,
of forests
estates. or starts at a known
points and ends at a
known point.
second
Open Traverse: When a sequence

of connected lines extends along a
general direction and doesnt
return to the starting point, it is
known as
open traverse or
unclosed traverse. Open traverse
is suitable for the survey of roads,
rivers and coastlines.
METHODS OF
TRAVERSING
Traverse Survey may be Conducted by the
following methods:
1. Chain Traversing (by chain angle)
2. Compass Traversing (by free neddle)
3. Theodolite Traversing (by fast needle)
4. Plane Table Traversing (by plane table)
TERMS
Bearing
Bearing of line is its
direction
relative to
meridians
like
magnetic,
true or
arbitary meridians and
are
expressed in
angles.
True Meridian and True Bearing/Azimuth

The line or plane passing through the geographical north
pole, geographical south pole and any point on surface of
the earth is known as the true meridian or geographical
meridian. The true meridian at a station is Constant. The
true meridians passing through different points on the
earths surface are not parallel, but coverage towards the
pole. But for surveys in small areas, the true meridians
passing through the different points are assumed parallel.
True Bearing: Angle between true meridian and a line is
known as True Bearing of the line. It is also known as the
Azimuth
Magnetic Meridian and Magnetic Bearing:

When a magnetic needle is suspended
freely and balanced properly, unaffected by
magnetic substances, it indicates
direction. This
a is known as
direction magnetic
the
meridian.
Magnetic Declination
The horizontal angle between the
magnetic meridian and the true
meridian is known as magnetic
declination.
When a north end
magnetic needle is
towards the west side of
meridian the position is
Declination West
of the
pointed
the true
termed
When the north end of the

magnetic needle is pointed
toeards the east side of the true
meridian the position is termed
as Declination East
Isogonic Line: Lines

pass through the equal
declination known as
isogonic lines.
Agonic Line: Lines
pass through the zero
declination known as
agonic line.
Reduced Bearing:The reduced bearing

(R.B)
also known as quadrantal
bearing(Q.B) of a line is defined by the
acute angle which the line makes with the
meridian. Thus, it depends on the quadrant
in which the line presents. It is measured in
clockwise or anti-clockwise direction
either from the North or from the South limb
of the meridian whichever is nearer and thus
provides minimum angle.
reduced bearing of a line is designated by
the direction from which it is measured (i.e.,
either N for North or S for South) followed
by the value of the angle at the end, the
direction to which it is measured (i.e., either
N
E for East or W for West).
D
A E
B
From O, the
reduced bearing
A:
of:
N70E
B:
S75E
C:
S42W
D:
N37W
Fore bearing or Forward

Bearing: The bearing of a
line
in
measured
forwrard direction
the
progress (i.e.,
along
known as
survey)
the
of
is
= Back
Fore
bearing.
fore
bearing
bearing 180
Back
Bearing:The
bearing
of
a line
measured
in the
direction (i.e.,
opposite
backwardto the direction
of progress of survey) is
known as back bearing.
Back
Bearing
Bearing 180
Fore
TRAVERSE
CALCULATIONS
PROCEDURE FOR TRAVERSE
CALCULATIONS (BOWDITCH
ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Adjust angles or directions
Determine bearings or azimuths
Calculate and adjust latitudes and
departures
Calculate rectangular coordinates
ADJUSTMENT OF ANGLES
DETERMINING BEARINGS OR AZIMUTHS

Requires the direction of at least one line within the
traverse to be known or assumed
For many purposes, an assumed direction is sufficient
A magnetic bearing of one of the lines may be measured
and used as the reference for determining the other
directions
For boundary surveys, true directions are needed
The general formula that is used to compute the azimuths
is:
forward azimuth of line = back azimuth of previous line +
clockwise (internal) angle
The back azimuth of a line is computed from
back azimuth = forward azimuth 180
DETERMINING BEARINGS OR AZIMUTHS
Therefore for a traverse from points 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5, if the angles

measured at 2, 3 and 4 are 100, 210, and 190 respectively, and
the azimuth of the line from 1 to 2 is given as 160, then
Az23 = Az21 + angle at 2 = (160 +180) + 100 = 440
80 Az34 = Az32 + angle at 3 = (80+180) +210 = 470
110 Az45 = Az43 + angle at 4 = (110+180) +190 = 480
120
1
100
210
190
4
CALCULATION OF LATITUDES
(Y) AND DEPARTURES
(X)
X
Latitude = L Cos Y
T2
Y
Departure = L Sin X
T1
Latitudes and Departures computed for each leg of a traverse
LINEAR
MISCLOSURE/CLOSING
ERROR
Linear misclosure = [(departure misclosure)2 + (latitude misclosure)2]1/2
LINEAR MISCLOSURE/
CLOSING ERROR
CALCULATION OF
TRAVERSE STEP 1
1010 24 12
1490 13 12
800 58 42
1160 19 12
920 04 42
1010 24 00
1490 13 00
800 58 30
1160 19 00
920 04 30
Total = 5390 59 00
= 5400 00 00
Should = 5400 00 00 = (n-2)*180

Misclosure = 01 00 = 60
Adjustment = 60/5 = +12 per angle
0 04
2
9
=
=
=
=
=
0. 1
Adjusted
382.20
E
0
20
0
0 2
8 149 1300
1
5
3 0
5
.
8
1
N
0 5
40
80
1010 2400
11 6 0
35
A
B
C
D
E
Observed
190
30
C
368.28
Check Interior Angle Closure
D
579.03
observations
COMPUTE
AZIMUTHS STEP 2
B
AB
= 510 22 00
(given)
BA = 2310 22 00
= 1490 13 12
BC = 820 08 48
CB = 2620 08 48
C
CD
DC
D
DE
ED
E
EA
AE
A
AB
= 800 58 42
= 1810 10 06
= 10 10 06
== 101
11600 24
19 12
5000
54Check
== 244
510 022
= 640 50 54
= 920 04 42
= 3320 46 12
= 1520 46 12
51
22
1490 1312
0
80
1010 2412
0 04
2
9
11 6 0
42
4 2
8
5
191
COMPUTE LATS AND DEPS STEP 3

Leg
Azimuth
(LCos
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
160.193
510 22 00
820 08 48
1810 10 06
2440 50 54
3320 46 12
Distance Lat
401.58
382.20
368.28
579.03
350.10
Total
250.720
52.222
-368.203
-246.097
311.301
-0.057
Total Traverse Distance = 2081.19

Linear Misclosure = (0.057)2 + (0.480)2 = 0.483
Precision = 0.483/2081.19 = 1/4305 1/4300
Dep
(LSin)
313.697
378.615
-7.509
-524.130
-
0.480
COMPASS RULE/BOWDITCH
ADJUSTMENT STEP 4
Correction to Lats
=
Traverse leg distance* Lat

Misclosure Total traverse distance
Correction to Deps
=
Traverse leg distance * Dep Misclosure

Total traverse distance
Leg
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Lats
Deps
Corrn Lat
250.720
313.697
0.011
52.222
378.615
0.010
-368.203
-7.509
0.010
-246.097 -524.130
0.016
311.301 -160.193
0.010
Total
0.480
0.001
Corrn Dep
-0.093
-0.088
-0.085
-0.134
-0.081
Adj Lats
Adj Deps
250.731
313.604
52.233
378.527
-368.193
-7.594
-246.081
-524.264
311.311
-160.274
0.057
0.000
Final Lats and Deps should be rounded to 2 decimal places
AREA
COMPUTATION
SIMPSONS RULE
By Simpsons Rule, the area is
determined as: Area

Where, A=Sum of the first and the last
ordinate D=Sum of odd ordinates
E=Sum of even ordinates
S=Width of each strip
The area is equal to the sum of the two end ordinates plus four times
the sum of the even intermediate plus twice the sum of the odd
intermediate ordinates, the whole multiplied by one-third the common
interval between them.
AVERAGE
ORDINATE RULE
Area = [(O1+ O2+ O3+ .... + On)*L]/(n+1)

L = length of baseline
n = number of equal parts (the baseline divided)
d = common distance
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
Area = [(O1+ On)/2+ O2+ .... + On-1]*d
PROBLEM
The following perpendicular offsets were
taken at 10 meters intervals from a survey
line to an irregular boundary line:
3.25,5.60,4.20,6.65,8.75,6.20,3.25,4.20,5.65
AREA FROM DEPARTURE AND

LATITUDES
LEG
1
The
of
LATS
Area=
DEP
CORR
LAT
(Total latitude Algebraic Sum
Adjoining Departures)
CORR
DEP
ADJ
LAT
ADJ
STATION
TOTAL
LAT
Algebric
Sum of
Adj.Dep
DEP
Double Area
AB
250.720
313.697
0.011
-0.093
250.731
313.604
250.731
692.131
173538.6977
BC
52.222
378.615
0.010
-0.088
52.233
378.527
302.964
370.933
3112379.3454
CD
368.203
-7.509
0.010
-0.085
-368.193
-7.594
-65.236
-531.854
34696.027544
DE
246.097
-524.130
0.016
-0.134
-246.081
-524.264
-311.317
-684.538
213108.3165
EA
311.301
-160.193
0.010
-0.081
311.311
-160.274
153.504
Total
3533722,387144
Area
Total/2

Traverse

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Traverse

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Traversing

Close Traverse: When a series

Open Traverse: When a sequence

True Meridian and True Bearing/Azimuth

Magnetic Meridian and Magnetic Bearing:

When the north end of the

Isogonic Line: Lines

Reduced Bearing:The reduced bearing

Fore bearing or Forward

DETERMINING BEARINGS OR AZIMUTHS

DETERMINING BEARINGS OR AZIMUTHS

Therefore for a traverse from points 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5, if the angles

Latitudes and Departures computed for each leg of a traverse

Linear misclosure = [(departure misclosure)2 + (latitude misclosure)2]1/2

Should = 5400 00 00 = (n-2)*180

Check Interior Angle Closure

COMPUTE LATS AND DEPS STEP 3

Total Traverse Distance = 2081.19

Traverse leg distance* Lat

Traverse leg distance * Dep Misclosure

Final Lats and Deps should be rounded to 2 decimal places

By Simpsons Rule, the area is

determined as: Area

Area = [(O1+ O2+ O3+ .... + On)*L]/(n+1)

AREA FROM DEPARTURE AND

(Total latitude Algebraic Sum

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