Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks
Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks
WIRELESS NETWORKS:
AN INTRODUCTION AND ROUTING
CHALLENGES
A PRESENTATION UNDER THE COURSE WORK OF ADHOC & SENSOR NETWORKS
PRESENTED BY:
SAQUIB MAZHAR
CONTEN
TS
1. Motivation
2. Dynamic Spectrum Access
3. Cognitive Radio
4. CR Networks
5. Network Classifications
6. Routing Approach and Challenges
7. IEEE Standards
8. Conclusion
MOTIVATION
Fixed spectrum assignment policy - regulated by
governmental agencies, only assigned to license
holders.
Spectrum usage is concentrated on certain
portions - significant amount remains unutilized.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
report variations in the usage of allocated
spectrum between 15% to 85% (year 2010,
USA).
In parallel, the unlicensed bands (majorly 2.4Ghz
ISM band) have been overcrowded.
At the same time, several frequency licensed
bands such as in the 400700 MHz range, are
under-utilized.
The limited available spectrum and the
inefficiency in the spectrum usage.
FCC approval for the use of unlicensed devices in
licensed bands.
DSA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PRINCIPLES OF
DSA:
Link Adaptation also
called Adaptive
Modulation and Coding (AMC): matching of the
modulation, coding and other signal and
protocol parameters to the conditions on the
radio link (e.g. pathloss, interference, sensitivity
of the receiver, available transmitter power,
etc.)
Bandwidth Management
Multi-user MIMO - multiple-input and multipleoutput technologies for wireless communication
Pre-cancellation of estimated interference technique for efficient transmission of digital
data through a channel subjected to some
interference known to the transmitter
Link aggregation - Combining unused channels
(not pre-allocated) for a single user in order to
increase throughput beyond single connection
COGNITIVE RADIO
INTRODUCTION
Main characteristics:
1. Cognitive Capability ability to sense the
information from radio environment; unused
spectrum portions can be identified
2. Reconfigurability
enables radio to be
dynamically programmed according to radio
environment
. It can be programmed to transmit and receive on
a variety of frequencies and to use different
transmission access technologies supported by
its hardware design.
CR SPECTRUM
CR FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS
CR NETWORKS
NETWORK CLASSIFICATION
CR NETWORK
CLASSIFICATION DIAGRAM
b)
ROUTING IN CR NETWORKS:
APPROACH
Classical routing algorithms for wireless networks
attempt to optimize an end-to-end metric such as
latency, number of hops, etc.
Dynamic spectrum access techniques allow CR to
operate in best available channel.
Once best available channel selected, next
challenge make network protocol adaptive to
available spectrum.
Need for spectrum aware communication protocol.
Dynamic use of spectrum adverse effects on
performance of conventional communication
protocols.
Conventional protocols designed considering
fixed frequency band for communication
Due to so many interactions required among
different layers, cross-layer design approach
Spectrum
sensing:
Detecting
unused
spectrum and sharing the spectrum without
harmful interference with other users.
Spectrum management: Capturing the best
available spectrum to meet user communication
requirements.
COGNITIVE CYCLE
ROUTING IN CR NETWORKS:
CHALLENGES
ROUTING IN CR NETWORKS:
CHALLENGES
- the very same concept of route quality is to be redefined under CRN scenario.
- the actual topology of multi-hop CRNs is highly
influenced by PUs behavior, and classical ways of
measuring/assessing the quality of end-to-end routes
(nominal
bandwidth,
throughput,
delay,
energy
efficiency and fairness) should be coupled with novel
measures on path stability, spectrum availability/PU
presence.
ROUTING IN CR NETWORKS:
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSIO
CRNs viable solution to solve spectrum efficiency
N
problems by an
licensed bands.
opportunistic
access
to
the
REFERENCES
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_radio
THANKS