Chapter 14 Cardiology Human Cardiovascular System

THIRD EDITION
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.
Chapter 14
Cardiovascular Physiology
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
About this Chapter
Blood flow pumping & distribution

Anatomy and histology of the heart
Mechanism of cardiac contraction
Heart beat sequencehow the pump works
Regulators of hear beat and volume pumped
Overview of the Cardiosvascular System

Heart and Blood vessels
Products transported to sustain all cells
Table 14-1: Transport in the Cardiovascular System

Circulation Reviewed
Heart "four chambered"
Right atrium & ventricle
Pulmonary circuit
Left atrium & ventricle
Systemic circuit
Blood Vessels "closed circulation"

Arteries from heart
Capillaries cell exchange
Veins to heart
Circulation Reviewed- its a closed circuit but stuff can get into the circuit in
two places; which ones?
What is the general

rule regarding
the direction of blood
flow through blood
vessels?
(capillaries, veins,
arteries)
What is the exception
to this general rule?
Figure 14-1: Overview of circulatory system anatomy
Why does blood flow? Think physics. . .
P__________ G__________
Whats this mean?
Pressure Gradient
What cardiovascular structure

generates this pressure gradient?
The heart; why is the left side of the heart

hypertrophied compared to the right side?
Blood Flow: Pressure Changes
Figure 14-2 : Pressure gradient in the blood vessels

Some Physics of Fluid Movement: Blood Flow

Flow rate: (L/min)
Flow velocity
= rate/C-S area of vessel
Resistance slows flow
Vessel diameter
(radius)
Blood viscosity
Tube length
Which 2 above are
relatively
constant?
Figure 14-4 c: Pressure differences of static and flowing fluid
Blood viscosity and tube length are basically

constant.
Vessel diameter has the most influence on blood
flow.
So now we understand 2 factors effecting blood
flow; 1. Pressure gradient and 2. Resistance
(VESSEL DIAMETER, tube length, blood viscosity)
How velocity of blood flow is effected by crosssectional area (A)
Figure 14-6: Flow rate versus velocity of flow

Heart Structure anatomy review
Which two veins return

deoxygenated blood to the
heart? Which chamber is this,
RA, LA, RV, LV?
Deoxygenated blood is pumped

to the lungs via what blood
vessel?
Oxygenated blood returns to

the heart by what blood vessel?
To which chamber?
Name the 4 heart valves.
What are chordae tendinae?
Figure 14-7 g: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Heart
Cardiac Muscle Cells:

Myocardial Autorhythmic Cells
Membrane potential never rests
pacemaker potential.
Myocardial Contractile Cells
Have a different looking action
potential due to calcium channels.
General cardiac cell stuff:
Intercalated discs
Allow branching of the
myocardium
Gap Junctions (instead of synapses)
Fast Cell to cell signals
Many mitochondria
Large T tubes
Figure 14-10: Cardiac muscle
Mechanism of Cardiac Contractile Cell Muscle

Excitation, Contraction & Relaxation
Figure 14-11: Excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac muscle

Modulation of Contraction
Graded Contraction: proportional to crossbridges
formed
More [Ca++]: crossbridges, more force & speed
Under catecholemine control:
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Modulation of Contraction- what is the key ion?
Figure 14-12: Modulation of cardiac contraction by catecholamines

Action potential
of a cardiac
contractile cell
What is the
Main difference
Between this and
The neuron
Action potential?
There is a
Physiological
Reason for this
difference; what
Could it be?
A longer (time duration) action potential means

there will be a longer
R______ P_______
Refractory period
So what does a longer action potential PREVENT

in the myocardium?
Summation and tetanus! We dont want tetany in

our myocardium.
A myocardium in a state of tetanus ceases to be a
pump.
Autorhythmic Cells: Initiation of Signals
Pacemaker membrane potential

I-f channels Na+ influx
Ca++ channels influx, to AP
Slow K+ open repolarization
Action potentials of Autorhythmic Cells: Pacemaker

potential; FUNNY Ca++ CURRENTS
Depolarization due to calcium NOT sodium!

Figure 14-16: Action potentials in cardiac autorhythmic cells
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Sympathetic speeds heart rate by Ca++ & I-f
channel flow
Parasympathetic slows rate by K+ efflux &
Ca++ influx
Figure 14-17: Modulation of heart rate by the nervous system

Coordinating the Pump: Electrical Signal Flow
Figure 14-18: Electrical conduction in myocardial cells

Coordinating the Pump: Electrical Signal Flow
Figure 14-19a: Electrical

conduction in the heart
CLEAR!
Electrocardiogram (ECG):
Electrical Activity of the Heart
Einthoven's
triangle
P-Wave
atria
QRS- wave
ventricles
T-wave
repolarization
Figure 14-20: Einthovens triangle
Electrocardiogram (ECG):
Electrical Activity of the Heart
Figure 14-21: The electrocardiogram
Electrical events of the

cardiac cycle
Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle:

Heart Chambers and the Beat Sequence
1. Late diastole: all chambers relax, filling with
blood
2. Atrial systole: atria contract, add 20% more
blood to ventricles
3. Isovolumic ventricular contraction: closes AV
valves ("lub"), builds pressure
Cardiac Cycle: Finish and Around To the Start
4. Ventricular ejection: pushes open semi lunar

valves, blood forced out
5. Ventricular relaxation: aortic back flow slams
semi lunar valves shut ("dup")
AV valves open refilling starts back to start of
cycle
Cardiac Cycle; mechanical events
Figure 14-25: Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle
Cardiac cycle: events in the left ventricle
Figure 14-26: The Wiggers diagram
QUIZ, 8 questions
Match the following segments to the corresponding
ventricular events.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A B
BC
CD
DA
___
___
___
___
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Ejection of blood into aorta

Isovolumic contraction
Isovolumic relaxation
Passive filling and atrial contraction
Quiz
Match the following events to points A D
on the figure.
Aortic valve opens
Mitral valve opens
Aortic valve closes
Mitral valve closes
5. A __________________
6. B ___________________
7. C __________________
8. D __________________
Summary of Heart Beat:

Electrical, Pressure and Chamber Volumes
Figure 14-27: The Wiggers diagram
Regulators of the Heart: Reflex Controls of Rate
Range: about 50 near 200

Typical resting: near 70
AP conduction
Muscle Contraction
Parasympathetic slows
Sympathetic speeds
Cardiac Output: Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
Around 5L :
(72 beats/m 70 ml/beat = 5040 ml)
Rate: beats per minute
Volume: ml per beat
EDV - ESV
Residual (about 50%)
Regulators of the Heart:

Factors Influencing Stroke Volume
Starlings Law stretch

Force of contraction
Venous return:
Skeletal pumping
Respiratory pumping

Figure 14-29: Length-force relationships in the intact heart


Figure 14-31: Factors that affect cardiac output


Chapter 14 Cardiology Human Cardiovascular System

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THIRD EDITION

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

About this Chapter

Blood flow pumping & distribution

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of the Cardiosvascular System

Table 14-1: Transport in the Cardiovascular System

Left atrium & ventricle

Blood Vessels "closed circulation"

What is the general

Figure 14-1: Overview of circulatory system anatomy

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Why does blood flow? Think physics. . .

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Whats this mean?

What cardiovascular structure

The heart; why is the left side of the heart

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Flow: Pressure Changes

Figure 14-2 : Pressure gradient in the blood vessels

Some Physics of Fluid Movement: Blood Flow

Blood viscosity and tube length are basically

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

How velocity of blood flow is effected by crosssectional area (A)

Figure 14-6: Flow rate versus velocity of flow

Heart Structure anatomy review

Which two veins return

Deoxygenated blood is pumped

Oxygenated blood returns to

Name the 4 heart valves.

What are chordae tendinae?

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 14-7 g: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Heart

Cardiac Muscle Cells:

Figure 14-10: Cardiac muscle

Mechanism of Cardiac Contractile Cell Muscle

Figure 14-11: Excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac muscle

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Modulation of Contraction- what is the key ion?

Figure 14-12: Modulation of cardiac contraction by catecholamines

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

A longer (time duration) action potential means

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

So what does a longer action potential PREVENT

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summation and tetanus! We dont want tetany in

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Autorhythmic Cells: Initiation of Signals

Pacemaker membrane potential

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Action potentials of Autorhythmic Cells: Pacemaker

Depolarization due to calcium NOT sodium!

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Figure 14-17: Modulation of heart rate by the nervous system

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coordinating the Pump: Electrical Signal Flow

Figure 14-18: Electrical conduction in myocardial cells

Coordinating the Pump: Electrical Signal Flow

Figure 14-19a: Electrical

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings