18 A + B - Lect Modified

THIRD EDITION
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.
Chapter 18
Gas Exchange and Transport
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
About this Chapter
Getting CO2 & O2 dissolved for transport

How oxygen is transported, role of hemoglobin
How carbon dioxide is transported
Regulators that sense and coordinate respiration
with circulation for gas transport
Overview of Respiratory Exchange
Figure 18-1: Overview of oxygen and exchange and Transport CO2
Solubility of Gasses
Pressure gradient: lower at high altitudes
Temperature: constant in warm blooded humans
Solubility (solute & solvent): O2 or CO2 in water
Figure 18-2: Gases in solution

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues: Oxygen

Diffusion through alveolar thin cells
Down diffusion gradient
Higher in alveoli
Lower in blood
Diffusion from blood
Also down gradient
To ECF
To tissue cells (convert O2 to CO2)
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues: Oxygen
Figure 18-3a: Gas exchange at the alveoli and cells
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Carbon Dioxide
Diffusion out of cells (down diffusion gradient)
Into blood
Buffer role
Conversions:
Plasma
Bicarbonate
On Hb
Into alveolus & expiration
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Carbon Dioxide
Figure 18-3b: Gas exchange at the alveoli and cells
Movement of Gases in Body
Alveolar Exchange and Diseases Related to

Exchange
Wet surface
Thin epithelia
Little ECF
Diseases:
Emphysema
Fibrotic Lung
Pulmonary edema
Asthma
Alveolar Exchange and Diseases Related to

Exchange
Figure 18-5: Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar and endothelial cells to enter the plasma
Diseases of the Lung
Figure 18-4: Pulmonary pathologies that affect alveolarventilation and gas exchange
Gas Transport in the Blood: Oxygen
2% in plasma
98% in
hemoglobin (Hb)
Blood holds O2
reserve
Figure 18-6: Summary of oxygen transport in the blood
Gas Transport in the Blood: Oxygen
Figure 18-7 : The role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport
Hemoglobin Transport of Oxygen:

Disassociation Curve
4 binding sites per Hb molecule

98% saturated in alveolar arteries
Resting cell PO2 = 40 mmHg
Working cell PO2 = 20 mmHg
More unloaded with more need
75% in reserve at normal activity
Hemoglobin Transport of Oxygen:

Disassociation Curve
Figure 18-8: Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Factors that Modify Hb Transport of Oxygen
Bohr effect: pH causes O2 binding -releasing

it
2,3 DPG decreases O2 binding to hemoglobin
(response to high altitude)
PCO2 decreases O2 bindingreleasing it
(Temperature affects the curve but doesn't vary
in humans)
Factors that Modify Hb Transport of Oxygen
Figure 18-9: Physical factors alter oxygen binding to hemoglobin

Summary of Oxygen Transport

How many of these choices are likely to be
variable?
Figure 18-12: Factors contributing to the total oxygen content of arterial blood
Gas Transport in the Blood: Carbon Dioxide
Excess CO2 in blood (Hypercapnia)

Leading to: acidosis, CNS depression & coma
7% in plasma, 23% bound to Hb
70% as HCO3- acts as a buffer [H+]
Gas Transport in the Blood: Carbon Dioxide
Figure 18-13: Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

Review of Respiratory Exchange & Transport
Figure 18-14: Summary of gas transport
Movement of Gases in Body
Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator
Integrates input from cortex, limbic &

chemoreceptors
Rhythmic contractions of ventilation
Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator
Figure 18-15: Reflex control of ventilation
Regulation of Ventilation: Pons Center
Dorsal respiratory group inspiration

Ventral respiratory group forced breathing
Regulation of Ventilation: Pons Center
Figure 18-16: Rhythmic breathing

Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors

Carotid & aortic bodies:
O2, CO2 & H+ receptors
Medullary CO2 receptor
Low [O2], high [CO2] &
low pH ventilation
Figure 18-17: Carotid body oxygen sensor

releases neurotransmitter when decreases PO2
Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors
Figure 18-18: Central chemoreceptor monitors in cerebrospinal fluid

Summary of Regulatory Ventilation Reflexes
Figure 18-19: Chemoreceptor response to increased PCO2

Protective Reflexes
Bronchoconstriction
Irritant receptors
Toxic particles
Irritating particles (i.e. pollen)
Hering-Breuer Reflex prevents over inflation via
the activation of stretch receptors (present in
smooth muscle of the airways)
Unconscious reflexes take over voluntary
breathing
Summary
Oxygen is transported bound to Hb and this is
affected by temperature, pH, CO2 , and DPG
Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, bound
to Hb and acts as the buffer bicarbonate
Respiration is regulated by CNS central pattern
generator, pons center and peripheral carotid and
aortic receptors
Feedback reflexes coordinate circulation and
ventilation to maintain blood O2, CO2, and H+
concentrations

18 A + B - Lect Modified

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THIRD EDITION

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by

About this Chapter

Getting CO2 & O2 dissolved for transport

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of Respiratory Exchange

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-1: Overview of oxygen and exchange and Transport CO2

Figure 18-2: Gases in solution

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues: Oxygen

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues: Oxygen

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-3a: Gas exchange at the alveoli and cells

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-3b: Gas exchange at the alveoli and cells

Movement of Gases in Body

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alveolar Exchange and Diseases Related to

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alveolar Exchange and Diseases Related to

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Diseases of the Lung

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Transport in the Blood: Oxygen

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-6: Summary of oxygen transport in the blood

Gas Transport in the Blood: Oxygen

Figure 18-7 : The role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hemoglobin Transport of Oxygen:

4 binding sites per Hb molecule

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hemoglobin Transport of Oxygen:

Figure 18-8: Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Factors that Modify Hb Transport of Oxygen

Bohr effect: pH causes O2 binding -releasing

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Factors that Modify Hb Transport of Oxygen

Figure 18-9: Physical factors alter oxygen binding to hemoglobin

Summary of Oxygen Transport

Gas Transport in the Blood: Carbon Dioxide

Excess CO2 in blood (Hypercapnia)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Transport in the Blood: Carbon Dioxide

Figure 18-13: Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

Review of Respiratory Exchange & Transport

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-14: Summary of gas transport

Movement of Gases in Body