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18 A + B - Lect Modified
18 A + B - Lect Modified
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.
Chapter 18
Gas Exchange and Transport
Solubility of Gasses
Pressure gradient: lower at high altitudes
Temperature: constant in warm blooded humans
Solubility (solute & solvent): O2 or CO2 in water
Figure 18-5: Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar and endothelial cells to enter the plasma
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 18-4: Pulmonary pathologies that affect alveolarventilation and gas exchange
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2% in plasma
98% in
hemoglobin (Hb)
Blood holds O2
reserve
Figure 18-12: Factors contributing to the total oxygen content of arterial blood
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Protective Reflexes
Bronchoconstriction
Irritant receptors
Toxic particles
Irritating particles (i.e. pollen)
Hering-Breuer Reflex prevents over inflation via
the activation of stretch receptors (present in
smooth muscle of the airways)
Unconscious reflexes take over voluntary
breathing
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary
Oxygen is transported bound to Hb and this is
affected by temperature, pH, CO2 , and DPG
Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, bound
to Hb and acts as the buffer bicarbonate
Respiration is regulated by CNS central pattern
generator, pons center and peripheral carotid and
aortic receptors
Feedback reflexes coordinate circulation and
ventilation to maintain blood O2, CO2, and H+
concentrations
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings