1.overview of Agricultural Extension

OVERVIEW OF
AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION
Maria Emily S. Damag
Central Mindanao University
EXTENSION
Elements in the definition of
extension science:
non-formal education
intervention
communication
depends on
voluntary
change
targeting process
deployed by
institution
DEFINITION OF EXTENSION
Agricultural
extension
is a system which
assists farm people
through educational
procedures to
improve farming
methodology and
income, better levels
of living and lift the
social and educational
standards of rural life.
Extension education
is a non-formal education and applied
science, focused on the problem of outof-school education for adults and youth
MEANING OF EXTENSION IN
OTHER COUNTRIES
COUNTRY
WORD
MEANING
The Netherlands
voorlichting
Lighting the path

ahead to help people
find their way
Indonesia
penyuluhan
Lighting the pathway

ahead with a torch
COUNTRY
WORD
MEANING
Great Britain
Advisory work
& Germany
an expert
gives advice
Germany
Enlightenment
-stresses where
we are going
Education
Auflrung
Erziehung
COUNTRY
WORD
Austria
Forderung
France
vulgarisation
Spain
capacitacion
MEANING
Furthering,
stimulating one to
go in a desirable
direction
need to simplify
the message for
the common man
improving
peoples skills
PURPOSES OF EXTENSION
Emancipatory extension
intends to free and uplift the poor
Formative extension
emphasizes the formation or enhancement of the
peoples capacity
Informative extension
is undertaken to help people make well-considered
choices among alternatives
Persuasive extension
aims to achieve societal objectives and collective
utilities
MAIN OBJECTIVES OF
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
1.To act as intermediary between
agricultural development
institutions and target groups
2. To aid in the transfer and
adaptation of research results
to/by farmers
3.To establish/structure new

institutions that can influence
the whole agricultural
production system
4.To mobilize all the
necessary resources in
extension work
GOALS OF AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION
It promotes the utilization of
appropriate production
technologies
It accelerates the transformation
of Philippine agriculture and

fisheries from a resource-based
to a technology-based industry
3. It improves productivity, farm

income, social conditions of the
people; induces voluntary change
4. It helps people form sound
opinions, make good decisions,
plan for changes and move them
to actions
PRINCIPLES OF EXTENSION
PROCEDURES
- Extension activities
should go to members
of rural families - where
they are
- Extension should treat
all farmers and their

wives as rational adults
Extension contacts
should be fitted into

times when farmers are
not too busy
Intensity and activities
should be varied in
different localities
PRACTICE/TECHNOLOGY
- Practices must be both

technically, financially
profitable and socially
desirable
- Practices should be discussed
or demonstrated with farmers
just before the time to use it
METHODS
-
Good extension teaching

uses a wide variety of
teaching methods
- The unit of instruction

should, in most cases, be a
single new method or
changed practice
IMPACT
-Extension impact is
greatest for areas
which are accessible
and have established
facilities (inputs,
credit, market)
GENERAL BASIC PRINCIPLES

OF EXTENSION
Extension starts where the people
are and with what they know and
have.
The classroom is where the people
are: on the farms, homes and
villages
Extension programs are based on the
needs of people and are decided
upon
by the people
Extension works with and thru
Extension is carried
on either with
groups of people or
with individuals;
and with different
target groups in the
community
The spirit of selfhelp is essential for

democratic
living
People learn to do
by doing
Extension cooperates and
coordinates with other
development organizations
Extension is a two-way
exchange of information
SHIFT IN EXTENSION PARADIGM

ASPECTS
OLD
NEW
Main objective
Technology transfer
Empowerment of
farmers
Desired outcomes
Widespread adoption of
technology
Wider choices for

farmers
Needs analysis
Outsiders
Farmers
Decision making
Centralized &
standardized
Decentralized; adapted
to context
Mode of planning &

delivery of technology
services
Static design; fixed

packages; supply push
Evolving design; wide

choice; demand pull
The menu
Fixed
Ala carte
Linkages & alliances
Institutions work in
isolation
Institutions linked
formally & informally
Outsiders role in
diagnosis
Extractive; obtain &

analyze data
Enabling; facilitate
farmers own analysis
Outsiders role
on technology
Prescribe &
transfer
Search & supply
Farmers are
Passive, adopt &

follow
instructions, hear
messages, act on
precepts, adopt,
adapt or reject
package
Active, test &

experiment; use
methods; apply
principles;
choose from
basket of
technologies
PARADIGM SHIFT IN
AGRICULTURAL R & E
Farming to produce sufficient
food
Farming as business in a
competitive market
(entrepreneurial agriculture)
Farming as a natural resource

management function
(sustainable agriculture)
PROACTIVE VS. REACTIVE

EXTENSION
PROACTIVE- foresight, anticipating the
future consequences
REACTIVE reacting to present
problem

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OVERVIEW OF

Lighting the path

Lighting the pathway

3.To establish/structure new

It accelerates the transformation

of Philippine agriculture and

3. It improves productivity, farm

- Extension should treat

all farmers and their

should be fitted into

- Practices must be both

Good extension teaching

- The unit of instruction

GENERAL BASIC PRINCIPLES

The spirit of selfhelp is essential for

SHIFT IN EXTENSION PARADIGM

Wider choices for

Mode of planning &

Static design; fixed

Evolving design; wide

Linkages & alliances

Extractive; obtain &

Search & supply

Passive, adopt &

Active, test &

Farming as a natural resource

PROACTIVE VS. REACTIVE

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