DATABASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE

Three Level Architecture of DBMS

A major purpose of a database system is to provide
users with an abstract view of the data. That is, the
system hides certain details of how the data is stored
and maintained.

External or View Level

Conceptual Level
Internal or Physical Level
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Three Level Architecture of DBMS

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External
View 1
Level

View 2

View 3

Conceptual
Level

Physical
Level

Three Level Architecture of DBMS

Sales Officer

External
Level

Conceptual
Level

Physical
Level

View 1
Item_Name
Price

Inventory Controller

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View 2
Item_Name
Stock

Conceptual
Item_Number
Item_Name
Price
Stock

Character (6)
Character(30)
Numeric(5,2)
Numeric(4)

Physical
Stored_Item
Item #
Name
Price
Stock

Length=50
Type = Byte(6), offset = 0, Index = Ix
Type = Byte(30), offset = 6
Type = Byte(8), offset = 36
Type = Byte(4), offset = 44
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External or View Level

This level is closest to the users and is concerned with the
way in which the data is viewed by individual users.
Most of the users are not concerned with all the
information contained in the database. Instead they
need only a part of the database relevant to them. The
system provides many views for the same database.
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External or View Level

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Highest level of abstraction of database.

Allows to see only the data of interest to them.
Users Application programmers or end-users.
Any no. of external views external schema.

External or View Level

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It consists of the definition of logical records and

relationships in the external view.
It also contains the methods for deriving the
objects such as entities, attributes and
relationships in the external view from the
Conceptual View.
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Conceptual Level
This level of abstraction describes what data are actually stored in
the database. It also describes the relationships existing among
data. At this level, the database is described logically in terms of
simple data-structures. The users of this level are not concerned
with how these logical data structures will be implemented at
the physical level, rather they just are concerned about what
information is to be kept in the database.
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Conceptual Level
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The sum total of DBMS users view.

Describes what data are actually stored in the
database (ie,all the records and relationships
included in the database).

Conceptual Level
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The conceptual view is a representation of the

entire information content of the database in a
form that is some what abstract in comparison
with the way in which the data is physically
stored.
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Conceptual Level
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The conceptual view is defined by means of the

conceptual schema, which includes the
definition of each of the various types of
conceptual records and the mapping between
the conceptual schema and the internal schema.
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Internal or Physical Level

Lowest level of abstraction.
Describes how the data are physically stored.
Internal view internal schema (not only defines the
various types of stored record but also specifies what
indexes exists, how files are represented, etc.)

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Internal or Physical Level

The internal level is closest to physical storage.
This level is also termed as physical level. It
describes how the data are actually stored on
the storage medium. At this level, complex lowlevel data structures are described in detail.
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Data Independence
The ability to modify a schema definition in one level
without affecting a scheme definition in the next higher
level is called DATA INDEPENDENCE
Physical Data Independence
Logical Data Independence

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Physical Data Independence

It refers to the ability to modify the scheme followed at the
physical level without affecting the scheme followed at the
conceptual level.
The application programs remain the same even though the scheme
at the physical level gets modified.
Modifications at the physical level are occasionally necessary in
order to improve performance of the system.
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Logical Data Independence

It refers to the ability to modify the conceptual scheme without
causing any changes in the schemes followed at view levels.
The logical data independence ensures that the application
programs remain the same.
Modifications at the conceptual level are necessary whenever
logical structures of the database get altered because of some
unavoidable reasons.
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Physical & Logical

Data Independence
It is more difficult to achieve logical data independence
than the physical data independence.
The reason being that the application programs are
heavily dependent on the logical structure of the database.

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DBMS Structure

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DBMS Structure
Describes the software components used to
enter and process data.
How these s/w components are related and
interconnected.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Application
Programs

System
Calls

Object Code
Of Program

DML
Precompiler

Query

DBA
Database
Schema

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
Manager
File
Manager

Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Application
Programs

System
Calls

Object Code
Of Program

DML
Precompiler

Query

DBA
Database
Schema

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
toManager
define

DDL set of commands required

the format of data.
DML set of commands that modify, process data.
File
DML precompiler converts DML statements
embedded in an
Manager
application program to normal procedural calls in the host
language. It interacts with the query processor in order to
generate the appropriate code.
Data Files
Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Application
Programs

System
Calls

Object Code
Of Program

DML
Precompiler

Query

DBA
Database
Schema

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
Manager

DDL compiler converts DDL statements into a set of tables

File in a form that can be
containing metadata tables which are
Manager
used by other components of the DBMS. These are stored in
system catalog or data dictionary.
Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Application
Programs

System
Calls

Query

Database
Schema

Manages the allocation of space on disk storage.

Object Code
Of Program

DML
Precompiler

DBA

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
Manager
File
Manager

Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Application
Programs

System
Calls

Object Code
Of Program

DML
Precompiler

Query

DBA
Database
Schema

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
Manager
File
Responsible for receiving query language
statements
Manager
and changing to a form the DBMS can understand. It
has two parts : (i) parser (ii) query optimizer
Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

It is Application
referred as theSystem
Database
Programs
Control
system. It Calls
is the
interface b/w file manager and
application
programs
and
Object Code
DML
queries.
It
enforces
constraints
Of Program
Precompiler
to maintain the consistency and
integrity of the data as well as
its security. It synchronizes the
concurrent access. It also
perform backup and recovery
operations.

Query

DBA
Database
Schema

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
Manager
File
Manager

Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Query Optimizer
Transaction Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
Buffer Manager

DBA
Database
Schema

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
Manager
File
Manager

Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

DBA
Database
Schema

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Query
DDL
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Processor
Compiler
Query Optimizer
Transaction Manager
Database
Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
File
Buffer Manager
Manager authorization to
Checks that the user has necessary
carry out the required function.
Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

DBA
Database
Schema

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Query
DDL
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Processor
Compiler
Query Optimizer
Transaction Manager
Database
Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
File
Buffer Manager
Manager
Converts commands to a logical sequence of steps.
Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

DBA
Database
Schema

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Query
DDL
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Processor
Compiler
Query Optimizer
Transaction Manager
Database
Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
File
Buffer Manager
Manager
Checks the requested operation
satisfies all necessary
integrity constraints such as key constraints.
Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

DBA
Database
Schema

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Query
DDL
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Processor
Compiler
Query Optimizer
Transaction Manager
Database
Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
Examines the query language statements
and tries to
File
Buffer Manager
choose the best and most efficient
Managerway to executing
the query. Factors CPU time, disk time, network
time, sorting methods and scanning methods.
Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Query Optimizer
Transaction Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
Buffer Manager

DBA
Database
Schema

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
Manager
File
Manager

The
transaction manager maintains tables of
authorization concurrency.
Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Query Optimizer
Transaction Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
Buffer Manager

DBA
Database
Schema

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Database
Manager

It controls the relative order

operations are executed.

File
Manager

in which transaction

Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

DBA
Database
Schema

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Query
DDL
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Processor
Compiler
Query Optimizer
Transaction Manager
Database
Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
File
Buffer Manager
Manager
Ensures that the database remains in a consistent state
in the presence of failures. Responsible for transaction
commit and abort.
Data Files

Data Dict.

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DBMS Structure
General users

AP

Query

Application
Components System
Programs
Calls

DBA
Database
Schema

Authorization Control
Command Processor
Object Code
DML
Query
DDL
Integrity
Checker
Of Program
Precompiler
Processor
Compiler
Query Optimizer
Responsible for the transfer of data between main
Transaction Manager
memory and secondary storage.Database
Manager
Scheduler
Recovery Manager
File
Buffer Manager
Manager

Data Files

Data Dict.

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Questions ?

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