Acoustical Defects in Enclosed Space

ACOUSTICAL
DEFECTS IN
ENCLOSED SPACE
1
Acoustical defects
List of acoustical defects

Reverberation.
Formations of echoes.
Sound foci.
Dead spots.
Insufficient loudness.
Exterior noises.
2
Acoustical defects
REVERBERATION
Reverberation is the persistence of
sound in the enclosed space , after the

source of sound has stopped.
Reverberant sound is the reflected
sound , as a result of improper
absorption.
Reverberation may results in confusion
with the sound created next.
4
However some reverberation is essential

for improving quality sound.
The time during which the sound persists
is called the reverberation time of sound
in the hall.
As per Prof. W .C. Sabins reverberation
time t is given by formula :t= 0.16V /A
where V=volume of room in cubic meters
A= total absorbing power of all the
surfaces of
room/ hall.
Reverberation time & quality of sound
Reverberation time should remain within

limits as per Indian Standard Code: 25261963.
Sr.
No.
RECOMMENDED TIME IN
SECONDS
ACOUSTICS
0.50 to 1.50
Excellent
1.50
to
2.00
Good
2.00
to
3.00
Fairly good
3.00
to
5.00
Bad
Above 5.0 seconds
Very bad
Remedies
The reverberation time can be controlled by

the suitable choice of building materials and
furnishing materials.
Since open windows allow the sound energy
to flow out of the hall, there should be a
limited number of windows. They may be
opened or closed to obtain optimum
reverberation time.
Acoustical defects
Formation of echoes.
10
Echo's
Not all sound that hits matter is
absorbed. Some of it is reflected. That
means sound bounces off the solid
matter the way a tennis ball bounces off
a wall. Sound reflected back to its
source is an echo.
11
An echo is produced when the reflected

sound wave reaches the ear just when
the original sound from the same source
has been already heard.
Thus there is repetition of sound.
The sensation of sound persists for 1/10 th
of a second after the source has ceased.
Thus an echo must reach after 1/10th
second of the direct sound
12
Multiple echoes may be heard when a

sound is reflected from a number of
reflecting surfaces placed suitably.
This defect can be removed by selecting

proper shape of the hall .
And by providing rough and porous interior

surfaces to disperse the energy of echoes.
13
Remedies
This defect is avoided by selecting proper

shape for the auditorium. Use of splayed side
walls instead of parallel walls greatly reduces
the problem and enhance the acoustical
quality of the hall.
Echoes may be avoided by covering the
opposite walls and high ceiling with
absorptive material.
14
Acoustical defects
SOUND FOCI
15
Some times shape of the hall makes sound

waves to concentrate in some particular
areas of hall creating a sound of large
quality.
These spots are called sound foci.
This defect can be removed by
Geometrical design shapes of the interior faces.
Providing highly absorbent materials on critical
areas (curved spaces).

16
Acoustical defects
DEAD SPOTS
17
This defect is the out come of formation of sound

foci.
Because of high concentration of reflected sound at
sound foci , there is deficiency of related sound at
some other points.
These spots are known as dead spots where sound
intensity is so low that it is insufficient for hearing.
This defect can be removed by suitably placing
diffusers and reflectors.
Right proportions of internal spaces.
18
Geometrical shape of roof helps in proper distribution of sound
19
Acoustical defects
EXTERNAL NOISE
20
External noises from vehicles , traffic engines ,

factories , machines etc. may enter the hall
either through the openings or even through
walls and other structural elements having
improper sound insulation.
This defect can be removed by proper planning

of the hall with respect to its surroundings and
by proper sound insulation of external walls.
21
Acoustical design of
halls
The initial sound from the source should be of

adequate intensity so that it can be heard
throughout the hall .
For halls of big sizes suitable sound amplification

system should be installed.
The sound produced should be evenly distributed

so that there is no dead spots and sound foci.
22
Acoustical design of
halls
The boundary surface should be so

designed that there are no echoes or near
echoes.
Desired reverberation time should be

achieved by proper placement of
absorbents on wall.
The out side noise should be eliminated.

23
Noise
Noise is unwanted sound which masks the satisfactory

hearing of speech and music.
There are mainly three types of noises that are to be
minimized.
They are (i) air-borne noise,
(ii) structure-borne noise and
(iii) internal noise.
24
(i) Air-Borne Noise
The noise that comes into building through air from

distant sources is called air-borne noise.
A part of it directly enters the hall through the open
windows, doors or other openings while another part
enters by transmission through walls and floors.
Remedies
The building may be located on quite sites away from
heavy traffic, market places, railway stations, airports
etc.
They may be shaded from noise by interposing a
buffer zone of trees, gardens etc.
25
(ii) Structure-Borne Noise
The noise which comes from impact sources on the

structural extents of the building is known- as the
structure-borne noise. It is directly transmitted to the
building by vibrations in the structure. The common
sources of this type of noise are foot-steps, moving of
furniture, operating machinery etc.
Remedies
The problem due to machinery and domestic appliances
can be overcome by placing vibration isolators between
machines and their supports.
Cavity walls, compound walls may be used to increase
the noise transmission loss.
26
(iii) Internal Noise
Internal noise is the noise produced in the hall or

office etc.
They are produced by air conditioners, movement of
people etc.
Remedies
The walls, floors and ceilings may be provided with
enough sound absorbing materials.
The gadgets or machinery should be placed on sound
absorbent material.
27

Acoustical Defects in Enclosed Space

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ACOUSTICAL

List of acoustical defects

Reverberation is the persistence of

sound in the enclosed space , after the

However some reverberation is essential

Reverberation time & quality of sound

Reverberation time should remain within

Above 5.0 seconds

The reverberation time can be controlled by

An echo is produced when the reflected

Multiple echoes may be heard when a

This defect can be removed by selecting

And by providing rough and porous interior

This defect is avoided by selecting proper

Some times shape of the hall makes sound

areas (curved spaces).

This defect is the out come of formation of sound

Geometrical shape of roof helps in proper distribution of sound

External noises from vehicles , traffic engines ,

This defect can be removed by proper planning

The initial sound from the source should be of

For halls of big sizes suitable sound amplification

The sound produced should be evenly distributed

The boundary surface should be so

Desired reverberation time should be

The out side noise should be eliminated.

Noise is unwanted sound which masks the satisfactory

(i) Air-Borne Noise

The noise that comes into building through air from

(ii) Structure-Borne Noise

The noise which comes from impact sources on the

(iii) Internal Noise

Internal noise is the noise produced in the hall or

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