Cestoda and Trematoda
Cestoda and Trematoda
2-PLATYHELMINTHES
Hermaphrodite
General characteristics:
Flat and bilaterally symmetrical
Have segmented body
Acquired by ingestion of raw or undercooked beef, pork,
fish or food or water contaminated with faeces
Following their ingestion, the infective larvae or eggs
containing larvae develop into adults in the small intestine
or the larvae invade the intestinal wall, enter a blood
vessel, and lodge in such tissues as muscle, liver, and eye.
Symptoms are associated with the particular organ affected
Although most patients remain symptom free, some have
vague abdominal discomfort, hunger pangs, indigestion,
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and anorexia, and vitamin B deficiency may develop.
Morphology
Adult
Classification
1.
Order Cyclophyllidea
1. T. saginata,
2. T. solium,
3. Hymenelopis spps
4. Echinococcus granulosus
2.
Order Pseudophyllidea
Order Cyclophyllidea
T. multiceps
Dipylidium caninum
Echinococcus multicuralis.
Order Pseudophyllidea
Spirometra species
1. Diphyllobothrium latum
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Taenia species
Geographical Distribution: T. saginata
World wide distribution where cattle are raised and beef is eaten raw or under cooked.
Very common in Ethiopia
T. solium
Not widely distributed as T saginata.
Common in all areas where raw or partially cooked pork is eaten.
Common throughout Mexico, South America and southern Africa &
southern Europe.
Not reported from Ethiopia
Morphology:
T. saginata
Adult:
Size: 4-10 m long (can
reach up to 20 m)
Colour: ivory white
Strobila : 1000-2000
proglottides
Mature segment: 1-2cm
long
T. solium
Adult
Size: 2-3m
Colour: pale blue
Strobila: 800-1000
Proglottides
Mature segment :0.5-1.5 cm
Taenia solium
Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf Tapeworm
Vampirolepis nana
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Egg: H nana
Size: 35-50m
Shape: oval, almost round
Shell: double; thin external membrane
and internal membrane often thicker at
the poles. Thread like polar filaments
coming from both poles
:H dimunata
Shell with double shell and with out
thread like polar filaments.
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Echinococcus granulosus
Sheep Tapeworm
Geographic Distribution: Most common in
sheep raising countries
New Zealand and Australia highest incidence
Among the pastoral people of South and south east
ethiopia
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Diphyllobothrium latum
Common name: Fish tapeworm
Geographical Distribution: Widely distributed in the lake areas of Europe,
Asia, Far East, North America, South America and
Central Africa .
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Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish tapeworm
Important parasite of
man.
Definitive hosts can be
humans, dogs, foxes, cats,
mink, bears, and seals.
Site of attachment :
small intestine.
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Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish tapeworm
humans are infected
with the plerocercoid .
In humans the
tapeworm can reach a
length of 10 meters
(>30 feet) and produce
over a million eggs a
day! .
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General characterstis
Are generally flat, unsegmented, leaf
shaped worms
(exception, schistosomes- cylindrical)
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F. hepatica
F. gigantica
C vivereni
O. sinensis
Intestinal fluke
F buski
H. hetrophyes
M. yokogawi
Lung fluke
P westermani
Lung fluke
P westermani
Blood fluke
S. mansoni
S. hematobium
S. japonicum
S. intrecalatum
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Blood fluke
S. mansoni
S. hematobium
S. japonicum
S. intrecalatum
S. mekongi
Animal schistosome
which occasionally
infect humans
Schistosoma mattheel
Schistosoma bovis
Schistosoma rodhaini
Schistosoma
margrebowiei
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The Schistosomes
General feature:
They reside in the blood
vessels of the definitive host
in their life cycles. Hence
the common name Blood
Flukes.
The sexes are separate (they
are dioecious)
They are long cylindrical(~
20mm) and adopted to life in
blood vessel
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Cont
Species differences in Site Preferences of
Adults (male and female in copula)
S. mansoni veins of Large Intestine
S. haematobium veins of bladder
S. japonicum veins of small intestine
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Terminal spine
at one pole
Lateral spine
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Liver Flukes
General Features
Adults are large and live in the liver or
biliary duct
Eggs
are
large
and
contain
undeveloped ovum when passed in the
faeces
They are hermaphrodite
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Liv. Conti.
Include
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Clonorchis(opisthorchis) sinensis
Opisthorchis viverrini
Opisthorchis felineus
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Fasciola hepatica
Common name: sheep liver fluke
Geographical Distribution
Cosmopolitan; prevalent in most sheep
and cattle raising countries
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Clonorchis(opisthorchis)
sinensis
Common name: Chinese Liver fluke
Geographical Distribution
Far east- China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
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Intestinal Flukes
Include
Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Gastrodiscoides homines
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Fasciolopsis buski
Common name: Giant intestinal fluke
Geographical Distribution :China, Taiwan,
Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia
Habitat
Adults: small intestine of man , pig, dog,
Eggs: In the faeces of man, Pig, dog,
Larval forms: Fresh water snails
Metacercariae: encysted on certain aquatic
vegetation
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Morphology
Adult
Size: 20-75mm by 820mm
Large, fleshy, flat worm
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Heterophyes
heterophyes
Geographical Distribution: China,
Japan, Egypt, Korea, Taiwan
Habitat
Adult: In small intestine of man, cat,
dog, fox
Egg : In the faeces
Larval forms: In fresh water snails
Metacercariae: fresh water fish
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Lung Fluke
Paragonimus westermani
Common name: Oriental lung fluke
Geographical Distribution
Extensively distributed in the Far East &
West African countries : Zaire, Nigeria,
Cameroon & South America
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Paragonimus
westermani egg
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