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Periodic Trends
Periodic Trends
Period
Group
Metallic Character
Nonmetallic Properties
Luster
Conductivity
Malleability
Ductility
Tend to lose electrons
Dull luster
Poor conductors
Brittle
Tend to gain electrons
Metalloids (semimetals)
He
Li
Be
Ne
10
Al
Si
PNonmetals
S Cl Ar
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na Mg
11
K
19
Ca Sc
Ti
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
23
24
35
36
Xe
53
54
20
21
22
Rb Sr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In
39
40
49
37
12
38
Cs Ba
55
56
Fr
Ra
87
88
26
27
28
29
30
METALS
41
42
He Ta
72
25
73
74
43
44
Re Os
75
76
47
45
46
Ir
Pt Au Hg
Tl
77
78
81
79
48
31
80
32
33
34
Sn Sb Te
50
51
Pb Bi
82
83
52
Po At Rn
84
85
86
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
104
105
106
107
108
Metalloids
109
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57
58
59
Ac Th Pa
89
90
91
60
U
92
61
62
63
64
65
66
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
93
94
95
96
97
98
67
68
69
70
71
Es Fm Md No Lr
99
100
101
102
103
Reference Table
Periodic Table
Trends:
1. Across a period, metallic characterdecreases
Why?
More electrons in outer shells
Less tendency to lose electrons
2. Down a group, metallic characterincreases
Why?
Less electrons in outer shells
Greater tendency to lose electrons
Metallic Review
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a)
b)
c)
(2A)
Halogens Group 17 (7a)
Noble Gases Group 18 (8A) Inert gases
1A 7A
Representative ElementsGroups
1
H
Li
2
Be
2
3
K
19
3
Ca Sc
12
10
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
4
Ti
5
V
6
7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
23
24
35
36
Xe
53
54
20
21
22
Rb Sr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In
39
40
49
37
13 14 15 16 17 2
B C N O F Ne
Na Mg
11
18
He
38
Cs Ba
55
56
Fr
Ra
87
88
41
42
He Ta
72
73
74
25
43
26
44
Re Os
75
76
27
28
29
47
30
45
46
Ir
Pt Au Hg
Tl
77
78
81
79
48
31
80
32
33
34
Sn Sb Te
50
51
Pb Bi
82
83
52
18
Po At Rn
84
85
86
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
104
105
106
107
108
109
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57
58
59
Ac Th Pa
89
90
91
60
U
92
61
62
63
64
65
66
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
93
94
95
96
97
98
67
68
69
70
71
Es Fm Md No Lr
99
100
101
102
103
Classifying Review
a)
b)
c)
d)
Atomic Radius
Solution:
Atomic Radii half the
distance between the
nuclei of identical
atoms that are bonded
together
Reference Table:
Table S
Trends:
1. Across a period, the atomic radius decreases
Why?
Nuclei have larger positive charges
Electrons are pulled in closer
2. Down a group, the atomic radius
increases
Why?
Greater number of energy shells
Valence electrons are further away from the nucleus
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ionization Energy
What is an ion?
An electrically charged atom
A + energy A+ + e-
Reference Table
Table S
Trends:
increas
1. Across a period, the ionization energy
es
Why?
Electrons are held closer to the nucleus
Electrons are more difficult to remove
s
Why?
Electrons are further away from the nucleus
Electrons are easier to remove
Ionization Review
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
c)
Ionic Size
Reference Table
No true table
Trends:
1. Across a period, ionic size
decreases
Why?
When e- are lost, the attraction between the
remaining e- increases
e- are drawn closer to the nucleus
2. Down a group, ionic size
increases
Why?
Increased atomic radius
e- are further away from the nucleus
Electronegativity
Electrons pulled
closer:
Reference Table
Table S
Trends:
1. Across a period, the electronegativity increases
Why?
Atoms are very close to a stable octet
Pull electrons from other atoms
2. Down a group, the electronegativity
decreases
Why?
Top atoms have few electrons, and hold them
tightly
Bottom atoms have numerous electrons and little
desire to acquire more
Electronegativity Review
Which element in each pair has a
higher electronegativity value?
a) Cl, F
b) C, N
c) Mg, Ne
d) As, Ca
Which element in each pair has a
greater attraction for electrons?
a) Ca or O
b) O or F
c) S or K
Summary
Periodic
Property
Variation across
Variation
a Period
down a Group
Metallic
Character
Atomic Radius
Decreases
Increases
Decreases
Increases
Ionization
Energy
Ion Size
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
Increases
Electronegativity
Increases
Decreases