Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test
Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test
MOTOR GESTALT
(Bender-Gestalt test)
TEST
History
apsychologicaltestfirstdevelopedbychild
neuropsychiatristLaurettaBender
Thetestisusedtoevaluate"visual-motor
maturity",toscreenfordevelopmental
disorders,ortoassessneurological
functionorbraindamage.
BenderfirstdescribedherVisualMotor
GestaltTestinan1938monograph
entitled:A Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Its
Clinical Use.
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Thetesthasbeenusedasascreening
deviceforbraindamage.Benderherself
saiditwas"amethodofevaluating
maturationofgestaltfunctioningchildren
4-11'sbrainfunctioningbywhichit
respondstoagivenconstellationof
stimuliasawhole,theresponsebeinga
motorprocessofpatterningthe
perceivedgestalt."
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Itmeasuresperceptualmotorskills,
perceptualmotordevelopment,andgives
anindicationofneurologicalintactness.It
hasbeenusedasapersonalitytestanda
testofemotionalproblems.
Theimpetusfortheclinicaluseofthe
BenderGestaltcameinthelate1930s
whenMaxL.Hutt,anInstructoratthe
EducationalClinicofCityCollegeofNew
Yorkbecameinterestedindevelopinga
non-verbalprojectivepersonalitytest
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TheBender-IIcontains16figuresversus
9intheoriginal.Theneworrevised
scoringsystemfortheBender-IIwas
developedbasedonempirical
investigationofnumerousscoring
systems.
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Purpose
TheBenderGestaltTestisusedtoevaluate
visualmaturity,visualmotorintegrationskills,
styleofresponding,reactiontofrustration,
abilitytocorrectmistakes,planningand
organizationalskills,andmotivation.Copying
figuresrequiresfinemotorskills,theabilityto
discriminatebetweenvisualstimuli,the
capacitytointegratevisualskillswithmotor
skills,andtheabilitytoshiftattentionfromthe
originaldesigntowhatisbeingdrawn.
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Precautions
TheBenderGestaltTestshouldnotbe
administeredtoanindividualwithsevere
visualimpairmentunlesshisorhervisionhas
beenadequatelycorrectedwitheyeglasses.
Additionally,thetestshouldnotbegivento
anexamineewithaseveremotorimpairment,
astheimpairmentwouldaffecthisorher
abilitytodrawthegeometricfigurescorrectly.
Thetestscoresmighttherebybedistorted.
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TheBenderGestaltTestshouldneverbe
usedinisolation.Whenmakingadiagnosis,
resultsfromtheBenderGestaltTestshould
beusedinconjunctionwithothermedical,
developmental,educational,psychological,
andneuropsychologicalinformation.
Finally,psychometrictestingrequires
administrationandevaluationbyaclinically
trainedexaminer.Ifascoringsystemis
used,theexaminershouldcarefully
evaluateitsreliabilityandvalidity,aswellas
thenormativesamplebeingused.
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Description
TheBenderGestaltTestisanindividually
administeredpencilandpapertestused
tomakeadiagnosisofbraininjury.
Thereareninegeometricfiguresdrawn
inblack.Thesefiguresarepresentedto
theexamineeoneatatime;then,the
examineeisaskedtocopythefigureon
ablanksheetofpaper.
Examineesareallowedtoerase,but
cannotuseanymechanicalaids(suchas
rulers).
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Theaverageamountoftimetocompletethe
testisfivetotenminutes.
Onemethodrequiresthattheexamineeview
eachcardforfiveseconds,afterwhichthe
cardisremoved.Theexamineedrawsthe
figurefrommemory.
Anothervariationinvolveshavingthe
examineedrawthefiguresbyfollowingthe
standardprocedure.Theexamineeisthen
givenacleansheetofpaperandaskedto
drawasmanyfiguresasheorshecanrecall.
Last,thetestisgiventoagroup,ratherthan
toanindividual(i.e.,standardadministration).
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Administration
AdministrationoftheBender-GestaltII
consistsoftwophases:
CopyPhase
Examineeisshownstimuluscardswith
designsandaskedtocopyeachofthe
designsonasheetofpaper
RecallPhase
Examineeisaskedtoredrawdesignsfrom
memory
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MotorandPerceptionsupplemental
testsscreenforspecificmotorand
perceptualabilities/difficulties.
KitconsistsofExaminersmanual,16
stimuluscards,observationform,
motortest,andaperceptiontest
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Materialsneeded:Twopencilswitherasers,10sheetsof
drawingpaper,andastopwatch(notincludedintestkit).
Administertestonatable,seatedacrossfromthe
examineeifpossible
Supplyonepencilandonesheetofpaper(verticallyin
frontofexaminee)
Showthestimuluscardstotheexamineeoneatatime
(alignedwiththetopofdrawingpaper)
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Administerstimuluscardsinthe
correctnumericsequenceanddonot
allowexamineetoturnormanipulate
them.
Copy Phase:
Inconspicuouslymeasurehowlongthe
examineetakestocompletetheitems
recordtimeinminutesandseconds
Documentyourobservationscarefully
notetheexamineesapproachtodrawing
eachdesign
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Recall Phase:
Administeredimmediatelyfollowingthecopy
phase
Examineeisgivenanewsheetofpaperan
askedtodrawasmanyofthedesignsthatwere
previouslyshown.
MotorTest:
24minutes
Drawalinebetweenthedotsineachfigure
withouttouchingtheborders
PerceptionTest:
24minutes
Circleorpointtoadesignineachrowthatbest
matchesthedesigninthebox
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Results/Scoring
Angulardifficulty:Thisincludesincreasing,
decreasing,distorting,oromittinganangleina
figure.
Bizarredoodling:Thisinvolvesaddingpeculiar
componentstothedrawingthathaveno
relationshiptotheoriginalBenderGestaltfigure.
Closuredifficulty:Thisoccurswhenthe
examineehasdifficultyclosingopenspacesona
figure,orconnectingvariouspartsofthefigure.
Thisresultsinagapinthecopiedfigure.
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Cohesion:Thisinvolvesdrawingapartofa
figurelargerorsmallerthanshownonthe
originalfigureandoutofproportionwiththe
restofthefigure.Thiserrormayalsoinclude
drawingafigureorpartofafiguresignificantly
outofproportionwithotherfiguresthathave
beendrawn.
Collision:Thisinvolvescrowdingthedesignsor
allowingtheendofonedesigntooverlapor
touchapartofanotherdesign.
Contamination:Thisoccurswhenaprevious
figure,orpartofafigure,influencesthe
examineeinadequatecompletionofthe
currentfigure.Forexample,anexamineemay
combinetwodifferentBenderGestaltfigures.
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Omission:Thisinvolvesfailingtoadequately
connectthepartsofafigureorreproducingonly
partsofafigure.
Overlappingdifficulty:Thisincludesproblemsin
drawingportionsofthefiguresthatoverlap,
simplifyingthedrawingatthepointthatitoverlaps,
sketchingorredrawingtheoverlappingportions,or
otherwisedistortingthefigureatthepointatwhichit
overlaps.
Perseveration:Thisincludesincreasing,prolonging,
orcontinuingthenumberofunitsinafigure.For
example,anexamineemaydrawsignificantlymore
dotsorcirclesthanshownontheoriginalfigure.
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Fragmentation:Thisinvolvesdestroyingpartofthefigure
bynotcompletingorbreakingupthefiguresinwaysthat
entirelylosetheoriginaldesign.
Impotence:Thisoccurswhentheexamineedrawsafigure
inaccuratelyandseemstorecognizetheerror,then,heor
shemakesseveralunsuccessfulattemptstoimprovethe
drawing.
Irregularlinequalityorlackofmotorcoordination:This
involvesdrawingroughlines,particularlywhenthe
examineeshowsatremormotion,duringthedrawingof
thefigure.
Lineextension:Thisinvolvesaddingorextendingapartof
thecopiedfigurethatwasnotontheoriginalfigure.
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Retrogression:Thisinvolvessubstituting
moreprimitivefiguresfortheoriginaldesign
forexample,substitutingsolidlinesor
loopsforcircles,dashesfordots,dotsfor
circles,circlesfordots,orfillingincircles.
Theremustbeevidencethattheexamineeis
capableofdrawingmorematurefigures.
Rotation:Thisinvolvesrotatingafigureor
partofafigureby45ormore.Thiserroris
alsoscoredwhentheexamineerotatesthe
stimuluscardthatisbeingcopied.
Scribbling:Thisinvolvesdrawingprimitive
linesthathavenorelationshiptotheoriginal
BenderGestaltfigure.
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Simplification:Thisinvolvesreplacingapartof
thefigurewithamoresimplifiedfigure.This
errorisnotduetomaturation.Drawingsthatare
primitiveintermsofmaturationwouldbe
categorizedunder"Retrogression."
Superimpositionofdesign:Thisinvolves
drawingoneormoreofthefiguresontopof
eachother.
Workover:Thisinvolvesreinforcing,increased
pressure,oroverworkingalineorlinesina
wholeorpartofafigure.
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Emergence-istheprocessofcomplexpatternformationfrom
simplerrules.
Reificationistheconstructiveorgenerativeaspectof
perception,bywhichtheexperiencedperceptcontainsmore
explicitspatialinformationthanthesensorystimulusonwhich
itisbased.Reificationcanbeexplainedbyprogressinthe
studyofillusorycontours,whicharetreatedbythevisual
systemas"real"contours.
Multistability(ormultistableperception)-isthetendencyof
ambiguousperceptualexperiencestopopbackandforth
unstablybetweentwoormorealternativeinterpretations.
Invariance-isthepropertyofperceptionwherebysimple
geometricalobjectsarerecognizedindependentofrotation,
translation,andscale;aswellasseveralothervariationssuch
aselasticdeformations,differentlighting,anddifferent
componentfeatures.
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Law of ProximityThelawofproximitystates
thatwhenanindividualperceivesan
assortmentofobjectstheyperceiveobjects
thatareclosetoeachotherasformingagroup.
Law of SimilarityThelawofsimilaritystates
thatelementswithinanassortmentofobjects
areperceptuallygroupedtogetheriftheyare
similartoeachother.Thissimilaritycanoccur
intheformofshape,color,shadingorother
qualities.
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Law of ClosureThelawofclosurestatesthat
individualsperceiveobjectssuchasshapes,letters,
pictures,etc.,asbeingwholewhentheyarenot
complete.Specifically,whenpartsofawholepictureare
missing,ourperceptionfillsinthevisualgap.Research
showsthatthereasonthemindcompletesaregular
figurethatisnotperceivedthroughsensationisto
increasetheregularityofsurroundingstimuli.
Law of SymmetryThelawofsymmetrystatesthat
themindperceivesobjectsasbeingsymmetricaland
formingaroundacenterpoint.Itisperceptuallypleasing
todivideobjectsintoanevennumberofsymmetrical
parts.Therefore,whentwosymmetricalelementsare
unconnectedthemindperceptuallyconnectsthemto
formacoherentshape.Similaritiesbetween
symmetricalobjectsincreasethelikelihoodthatobjects
aregroupedtoformacombinedsymmetricalobject.
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Productive thinkingissolvinga
problemwithinsight.
Reproductive thinkingissolvinga
problemwithpreviousexperiencesand
whatisalreadyknown.
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Principle of TotalityTheconscious
experiencemustbeconsideredglobally(by
takingintoaccountallthephysicalandmental
aspectsoftheindividualsimultaneously)
becausethenatureoftheminddemandsthat
eachcomponentbeconsideredaspartofa
systemofdynamicrelationships.
Principleofpsychophysicalisomorphism-
Acorrelationexistsbetweenconscious
experienceandcerebralactivity
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Biotic experimentTheschoolofgestalt
establishedaneedtoconductreal experimentsthat
sharplycontrastedwithandopposedclassic
laboratoryexperiments.Thissignifiedexperimenting
innaturalsituations,developedinrealconditions,in
whichitwouldbepossibletoreproduce,withhigher
fidelity,whatwouldbehabitualforasubject.
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