Prevention, Fishing & Casing Repair
Prevention, Fishing & Casing Repair
Immediate action
Immediate action is important because, is drill string stacked, it can be released with immediate action.
RISK OF FISHING JOB GROWS WITH ELAPSED TIME. When planning immediate action always
consider safety of hole.
After experiences fishing situations with additional well controll problem, first kill the well.
Ensure that immediate action does not increase the risk.
Begin working stuck pipe or wireline tools shortly after sticking. If string stacked during RIH, work string
upward and reverse. String stacked when POOH work downward.
Consder taking freepoint immediately. This applicable in the vertical and moderate deviated holes.
If bit cones are lost, leaks develops or drilling string parts, start pull out string of hole.
Try reconnecting drilling string that accidentally backs off (5-10 atempths) before pullin out of hole.
Plan of action
One good plan of fishing includes short, intermediate and long
term as well as alternative plans.
Depending on the complexity of the fishing job and personnel
experience may be called fishing expert.
Held meeting with lower-level personnel and discus plan of
action. If require approval, submit plan to supervisors.
Includes the work being conducted now and the next step.
For Example: Drill collar string is parted in the hole. Fist attempt is to try careffuly to screw in. If nor
possible POOH. While pulling out prepare tools for alternative plan - outside catching by overshot
and for screw on if the present action is unsuccessful or that continued operations requires
additional fishing.
Sometimes several alternative plans may be required. If first overshot not recover the fish, run
second with different size og grapple.As next alternative is to prepare washout pipes.
Long range plan
Includes courses of action followinf immediate and alternative plans. If initial plans are successful long
term plan is to continue drilling. If alternative plans were unsuccessful long range planof action would
be to sidetrack the fish, redrill the hole or to complete hole at present depth. This plan should include
and reasonable estimation of time required for current operations.
All plans should be flexibile, allowing for various problems and changing conditions. Put lans in the
writen and distribute to others. If plan includes significant level of risk or can make condition
considerably worse, request approval from head office.
Post analysis
Post analysis of fishing job basically includes a report of what heppened, how it was corrected and
what action will prevent it from happening in the future.
This raport is not intendent and should not be used to blame somebody. Raport should be prepared
ralatively short time after fishing. Report prepare person directly in charge of the fishing job.
In to raport should be considered:
Rig operations beeing conducted, where were rig personnel and what they were doing.
Did string parted and where? Cause of parting (equipment failure, operational of formation
problems)?
Was the drill string stuck differentially, with drill cuttings or caving, an object dropped down the
hole,or in the traped hole or ftacture?
Was the mud weight being increased or decreased, mud properties beeing changed or did mud
contain dissolved gas?
What was done as immediate action and how effective was it? Other taken actions.
What equipment were available at well site for freeing stucked pipes or initiating fishing.
10
GUIDES TO FISHING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Work on the fish from top down. Keep fishing assembly over problem areas. If
keyseat is developing in the open hole above the fish, consider it as part of fishing job
and remove it before fishing. Run fishing assembly throught a hazardous hole section
to catch fish only as a calculated risk. An Excepation is when high-pressure zones are
exposed in the wellbore, expecially with lost circulation above. Better is to work with the
assembly deeper in the hole so that weighted fluids control high-pressured zones more
efficiency. Assembly may stuck, but this is more acceptable then the the risk of
blowout.
Select strongest catch tool. Select fishing tool with strongest screw in connection.
Second choice is an overshot connection. Use Die collar or taper tap as last resort
they do not have strong hold and are more likely to break. It will restricted only on
outside catching.
Pull the fish out of the hole without deley. Pull immediatelly and carefully fish out of
hole after catching. Connection to the fish is usually weaker than other connectiona.
Maintain catch always in the tension to avoid losing of the fish, especially in the case of
kick, leaks, dropped strings...
Do not rotate when pulling a fish. There is risk of losing the fish by rotation, shaking
or vibrating. Disconnecting perform by hydraulic power tongs or by chain. Do not pull
fishing string too high above rotary.
Eliminate the cause of fishing. If caving was cause of fishing job and that problem
with formation is not timely eliminated it si possible to lost additional. Second fish.
Do not arbitrary assume that the fishing job is easy. Meny fishig jobs are not
difficult, but complication can develop quicqly.
Priority of operations. Main objective is to recovery the fish. Other operation are
secondary objectives but it is possible first to complete the first secondary objective
before return to primary objective (reaming and removing kayseat).
11
Operation records. Records as are drillstring movement and weight, rotary torque, pump
pressure and strokes, pit volume, mud propertiess are useful during drilling and during fishing
operations. They aid in checking for and verifying problems.
9.
Stuck condition of fish. This conditionare not too problematic, but exceptions are differential
pressure or wall sticking, moving or plastic or fluid sensitive, unstable formations, excess
circulation and movement of string by working immediatelyy above fish.
10.
Keep top of fish clean. Do not tag ot tuch top of fish too often. It can damage the catch area
and make difficult catching or to fall to bottom (fish in the keyseat). Excessive circulation
immediatelly ovet top of fish in the open hole can settle cutings on the fish or washout around
top of fish , increasing the difficulity of catching it. Also, cuting and debris can fal inside fish
and make bridge preventing running free point tool or back off tools requiring risk operation of
cleaning out.
11.
Anticipated mechanical repairs. Before start fishing bre avare that equipment is in the good
condition, check the blowout preventers, closing unit, choke manifold, drilling line (slip and cut
if necessary), adjust brake, check surface circulating system, mud pump and condition of
fishing string.
SUMMARY GUIDELINES TO FISHING
Do not run anything in the hole that you are not prepared to fish out.
Minimize torque and drag to prevent obscuring surface indications of downhole fishing action.
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13
14
In the soft formation: 50% coarse grade and 50% medium grade of walnuts.
In the medium to hard formations: 25% coarse grade, 50% medium grade and 25% fine grade.
Common batch treatment uses 0,5-2,0 lb/bbl (1,5 6,0 Kg/m 3) and higher concentrations distributed
over 24 hours period. Addition is distributed in the two or three circulations. For more severe drag
and
torque shut off the solid separation equipment for period of time.
15
Keyseating
+
+
16
Increased the contact area due use of DC large diameter in the small diameter hole.
Soft, teack mud cake that effectively increases the contact area and provides material for sealing.
Immobile drilling assembly allows time for sealing and pressure differential to act.
Drilling deviated and croocked holes where Dc lies against the wall with some force.
Keyseating conditions.
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18
Outside catch tools slipping over the fish to catch it on the outside.
Inside catch tools fit into the fish to catch it on the inside.
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OVERSHOT
SERIE
10 & 20
OCERSHOT
SERIE
20 70
FS FULL STRENGTH releasing and circulating overshot for external engagement of fish taking
positive grip over large area od the fish capable to withstands pulling, torsion and jaring strains.
SH SLIM HOLE with smaller OD used to perform pulling jobs in the tight holes.
Basic parts of overshot Series 150 are: Top sub, Bowl and guide.
Internal parts:
Spiral grapple left hand helix with tapered exterior to confirm with helically tapered section in
the Bowl. Internally is wickered for engagement with the fish. Uses for bigger OD fish close to
maximum catch size. Other internal parts are spiral graple control and Packer Type A used for
establishing circulation trought fish.
Basket grapple expandsible cylinder with tapered exterior to conform to the helically tapered
section of the Bowl. Uses for catching smaler OD fish that is or more less than overshot
maximum catch size. Another internal part used together with basket grapple is Mill control
packer. Can dress top of fish to enable passing graple over to engage.
Engaging the fish
During engaging, as overshot rotated to the right and simultaniouslly lowered, grapple will expand
when fish is engaged, allowing the fish to enter the grapple. When stop rotating and upward pull is
exerted, grapple is contracted by the taper in the bowl and its deep wicjers grip the fish firmly. Pack off
mechanism, if used, enables circulation trough fish.
If hole size is so much greater then the fish size use wallhook guide or an oversize guide instead
standard guide.
If fish have an unengaged upper end, use Bowl extension between top sub and bowl.
DO NOT NEVER ROTATE LEFT HAND WITH ENGAGED FISH
SHUT-OFF PUMP BEFORE LOWERING OVERSHOT OVER THE FISH.
INSIDE DIAMETER OF GRAPPLE IS SMALLER THEN FISH O.D.
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Spiral and basket grapple effectivelly catch and pack off worn fish O.D. As much as 3/32 (2,4mm)
maximum undersize and over range 1/32 (0,8mm).
SLIM HOLE overshot catch undersize or oversize fish by NO MORE THEN 1/16 (1,6mm)
maximum.
6
- 3/32
+ 1/32
22
23
When logging tools are stacked an maximum allowed overpull on the cable do not give results,
cut cane on the cable sprocket. Run prepared poor boy basket , slowlly rotating over fish. When
bottom inward bended barbs reach top of fish hook weight starts decreasing. Continue pushing
junk basket over juk until weight reduction reches 15-20 tons. Slowlly POOH, avoid too high
overpulls.
If fish laying on the wellbore walls and can not run basket over fish, prepare bottom of tool similar
to overshot guide by cutting.
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25
26
27
Relatively strong in the straight pull but cannot withstand any jaring or
bumping.
Effictively cuts a thread in the bore of fish, but this threads are relatively
weak.
Longer taper cuts stronger threads ther shord tap, but breaks more easily.
Does not have a releasing mechanism and cannot be backed out. Try
carefully jaring. If nor release tap, back off above taper tap and use more
efficient fishing tool.
Die collar
Outside catch tool used to catch a fish smaller and lighter weight fish that has
an irregular top. Disadvantage is that it is very difficult to determine how
much torque to apply during a catch. If tool is not rotated enought, the
threads that are cut on the fish will be too shallow. As taper tap cannot be
worked and jarred too heavily.
28
Flat bottom mills have flat cutting face with fluid channels to permit cleaning bottom of the hole
and to remove pieces of metal cuttings.
Reamer mills have ribbed surfaces where the face of ribs serves as the cutting surfaces and
chennels between the ribs as mud courses.
String reamer mills have box-type tool joint on the upper end and pin-type tool joint on the lower
end. Position in the string is in drill collar or drill pipe assembly.
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30
Concave mills uses for small pieces of junk that tend to wall off or to suspend above edge of a mill due of
fluid movement. Concave face retain smaller pieces in the center of the hole where they are rolled, broken
up and milled into a small pieces and can be circulated out or recovered by junk basket.
Flat bottom mills, expecially ribed types, at bottom are dressed with additional cutting material and have
additional strength. Good for drilling large pieces of junk. When milling inside casing clearance between
mill and the casing ID have to be 3/8- 5/8 (12 to 16mm) and no cutting surfaces at millOD. In the open
hole milling in the soft formation OD of mill usually is full gauge (as bit).
Skirted mills have short sleeve connected to the lower outer edge of mill that center mill over fish. Uses on
the small fish where top may wobble. Skirt is not covered with cutting material.
Cement mills , similar to junk mills and are interchangable with them. They are less efficient than roller bit,
but when drilling cement in the small size of casing bit have small cones thet can be lost due limited life.
Pilot mills is flat bottom mills with additional centralized bottom extension that guide a mill. Smaller mill or
pilot bit can be run bellow larger pillot mills. Extension enters in the tubular to be milled and holds mill in
the centered position. They are used for milling tubulars as drill collars, drill pipes, casing, cleaning the top
or upper inside of some fish or to reciver packers
Reamer mils are run on the drill tools similar to regular reamers but they are used for cutting metal,
usually casing.They enlarger hole to near the orginal diameter. String reamer type have tool joint on the
both ends. Bottom reaming type mills simmilar to flat or ribed bottom junk mills except have longer, fullgauge guide section near the bottom.
Tapered mils have spiral or vertical blades on the reamer body. Tapered mill is run on or the near the
bottom of the drill collar assembly. It reams out tight pieces in casing, severely collapsed casing, casing
shoe, liner tops and the windows used for sidetracking.
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Bottom only cuts vertically downward and uses where no side cutting action is not needed.
Bottom and inside run inside casing and no cutting material outside to prevent damage of
casing. Commonly used to cut fishing neck.
Bottom and outside used when inside cutting action is not needed to cut over fish in the open
hole.
Botton, inside and outside uses for washing out in the open hole and runs on the tools as junk
baskets when fish may require cutting before it can be swellowed.
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33
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Inside pipe cuters run inside larger pipe and cut from
inside outwaed. Used to remove a section of casing for
sidetracking in cased hole. Have two or three blades or
knives dresed on bottom with tungsten carbide.
Strength is reduced.
Outside pipe cuters run over small pipe and cut from
outside inward.
Cutter can be hydraulical or mechanical actuated.
One special type of cutters are chemical cutters.
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36
P/N
Max jaring
losd (ton)
Max tension
to yield
(ton)
Torque to
failure (kg-m)
DC weight
above jar
(ton)
6 x 2
52544
71,5
423
7800
5300-7200
6 x 2 3/8
52680
77,4
456
10177
5850-7870
7 x 3 1/16
52711
67,0
714
19930
4950-6750
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OD x ID
P/N
Max jaring
losd (ton)
Max
tension to
yield (ton)
Torque to
failure (kgm)
DC weight
above jar
(ton)
6 x 2
79691
90,0
495
9052
3600-6120
6 x 2 3/8
145440
112,5
540
10700
4230-7290
7 x 3 1/16
72978
119,2
765
17830
5440-9220
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OD x ID
P/N
Max tension to
yield (ton)
Torque to
failure (kg-m)
6 1/8 x 2 x 4 IF
10245
463,5
10520
6 x 2 x 4 IF 20 stroke
10257
463,5
10520
10690
396,9
11357
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Designed to withstand bumping action in severe fishing, light drilling and workover
operations.
Uses for deep, severe fishing operations, light and medium drilling in caving, sticky
or heaving formations.
Provides immediate bumping sction to prevent cuttings and cavings from settling
and wedging the drill string.
Free stacked or keyseated drill pipe, reamers drill collars, bits and other tools.
Ideal for using in the coring operations (to break core sharply).
Bowen Lubricated fishing bumper sub data:
OD x ID
P/N
Max tension to
yield (ton)
Torque to
failure (kg-m)
39737
349,7
4470
6 x 2 x 5 FH 18 stroke
39778
508,6
5925
7 x 3 x 5 Reg 18 stroke
39752
574,6
8560
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Part of fishing string works together with Hydraulic jar insuring that jaring blows are
concentrated at the stuck point.
Essential in shallow holes when there is insufficient pipe to achieve the necessary
stretch to strike a blow.
OD x ID
P/N
To open
fully
(ton)
Max tens.
to yield
(ton)
Recomm /
failure
Torque (kg-m)
DC weight
above jar
(ton)
6 x 2 x 4 IF 13 Stroke
55905
102,0
412,8
2880 (7800)
5310-7200
50720
77,8
456,2
3292 (10150)
5850-7875
78964
90,0
729,4
9600 (30820)
5400-7200
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Good for service in the holes where keyseating is problem. When hole have
keyseatit is imposible to pull out drill collars. They must be driven back down into
open hole.
Stroke is long 48 (1,2 m) and drill pipe below surface jar are stretched. This
stroke length permit the drilling string to fall heavily against the stuck point.
Tripping tonage is adjustable but limited on equivalent of drill pipe weight between
the surface and the stuck point (to avoid pulling still collars in the keyseat).
OD x ID
Seting
load
(ton)
Max
tensile
(ton)
Max
torque
(kg-m)
Max pump
pressure
psi
7 x 1 7/8x 5 FH 48 Stroke
0-100
380
7180
8000
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43
Run into the hole to point near the fish depth and establish
circulation to flush out the tool.
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IMPRESSION BLOCK
Consists of soft lead insert in the lower end of the steel housing
are using in the fishing operations to enable determination of
configuration of top of fish in the wellbore.
It is lowered into the well at bottom of fishing string. When block
contact the upper end of fish, weight of string is further lowered
straight down (never rotate) against the fish.
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FISHING MAGNET
Magnet are used to retrieve all types of small objects
having magnetic attraction, such as bit cones,
bearings, slips insert, milled cuttings, tong pins,
hammers etc.
Magnet can be run on wire line or on pipe.
Advantage of running on the pipe is possibility to
circulate and rotate which can be used to eliminates
the material settled over the fish.
Magnet can be equipped with Lipped Guide or Mill
guide.
DITCH MAGNET
The effective means of trapping and removing
ferrous metal particles from drilling mud especially
during milling. Ditch magned is inserted into the flow
line.
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48
Size of washover pipe ranging from 3 x 9,2 ppf to 16x109 ppf for max. Fish size 2 11/16 to 14 .
Some of most common washover pipe size are listed below:
Washover pipe size & weight
Hole size
Max fish OD
7 5/8 x 45,3#
8 x 31#
7 1/8
10 x 45,4#
12
11 x 54#
12
10 5/8
16 x 109#
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14
49
50
51
52
53
Fishing jar
54
55
Catch tool.
For disconnecting the fishing tool assembly from the stack fish use shear pin.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
Fishing operations in the open hole and cased hole, used fishing tool types are generally
similar. Formation problems almost not exist in the cased hole fishing. For cased hole
uses smaler size tools and it restricts selection.Successful fishing procedure requires
good knowledge of general rules on fishing and equipment used.
MILLING, DRILLING AND WALLING OFF
Common operations when recovering bit cones and other smal pieces of junk. Mills or
short-tooth, hard formation bits are used to drill on junk. Drilling or milling is rough with
high and fluctuating torque.
Bits are more effective in the walling off small pieces then mills and are more effective
when junk spins.
Concave mills tend to hold junk under the mill and grind it more.
Flat bottom mills tends to wall off pieces of junk.
Always run full size bits or mills.
Milling operations
High, constant torque indicates milling at optimum efficiency when milling large
pieces.Start milling with minimum weight and RPM and increase it with time.
Do not overtorque or use excess weight.
Have sufficient circulation to cool and flush the milling surfaces and carry out metal
cuttings.
Milling weight shoul be from 0,25 to 1 ton per inch of mill diameter.
57
FISHING PROCEDURES
Suggested rotary speeds when milling:
MILL OD , in.
Speed, RPM
MILL OD , in.
Speed, RPM
3 7/8 4
175
8 8 7/8
80
4 3/8 4 7/8
150
9 9 7/8
75
5 5 7/8
125
10 10 7/8
70
6 6 7/8
100
11 11 7/8
65
7 7 7/8
90
12 12 7/8
60
If junk or fish rotating under mill bottom side of junk become smooth. To stop rotating junk sharply
bump down string, or reduce milling weightat very low rotary speed, or reduce pump rate but be
carefull due possible cutting setling.
SMAL FISH
Bit cones, tong and slips dies, nuts, bolts and other small junksrecovering procedures depends on the
size, shape, depth, formation hardness and hole size.
Magnets are a close contact tool and less efficient on larger size jumkand junk with small contact
area (end of wrench). Less efficient in the soft formation due tendency of small pieces to bury into
the soft formation. If hole condition is complex due caving and cuttings use skirted magnet and this
material remove by circulating. Wireline magnets are less effective and run only at shallow depths.
Junk shots are seldom effective on the small fish. They are not recommended for use in the cased
hole, except special situations such as very large casing and small shot well centralized to
prevent casing damage.
Junk basket can be effective, especially in the soft formation. Use for recovering 2 or 3 bit cones,
wrenches, short piece of pipe and similar items. Carefully handle junk basket because retaining
fingers are fragile. When it is posible first cut 0,4 -0,5 m of formation core to serve as plug below
fish and then POOH. On the top of junk basket run basket sub to catch small pieces of metal.
58
FISHING PROCEDURES
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FISHING PROCEDURES
LARGE FISH
Includes complete bits, short subs and similar sized pieces of metal. Fishing
tool selection depends upon shape and dimensions of fish.
Screwing in for bits or large junk having threaded connection on top. Full gauge
bit will not turn over if dropped in the casing.
If drop into open hole bit may or may not turn over depending upon hole
diameter and washouts.
Possible catching tool selection can be : short catch overshot to catch over
tapered thread; junk basket it it can cover fish; junk shot ot mill.
Preferred method is to mill and cut over object.
If can not catch large fish broke it on small jank and apply procedure for small
fish ot
complete mill by concave or flat-bottom mill.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
DRESSING OFF THE TOP OF FISH
When top of fish is bent, twisted, flattened or
broken it must be dressed off and cleaned
before run fishing tool to caught and recover.
Best procedure is to cut off the top of the fish,
if it is possible, with an outside cutter or may
be with inside cutter.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
LEAKAGE
Common problem after lost bit cone, and represent less problem.
Downhole leaks can cause fishing job if not timely detected and is mote common on the drill pipe
connections (and pipe body) then on the drill collars. Main cause is improper tolol joint make-up
combined with abrasive mud. Rate of erosion is a function of fluid velocity, pressure, metal hardness
and fluid abrasiveness. Most leaks caused by fluid erosion develop relatively slowly. Laeks increase in
frequency and severity with increasing well depth due high pressure and greater tension. Pressure
reduction caused by leaking 5% at shallow wells and less in the deeper wells is critical.Time between
first occurrence of a leak and when it develops to the point of equipment failure can range from a few
minutes to several hours.
Leaking ocurs , allso during high pressure operations as squeezing and circulating out the kick and
drill string testing.
To prevent or to detect leaks:
Ensure that all tool joints are ing good condition and tightened to the correct torque.
Provide that pump smoothly operate with good pulsation dampeners at constant pressure.
Check the tool joints that are hard to make-up or break-on during trips. Boxes and pins coated with
mud indicate a developing or an actual leak.
POOH drill string immediately after a leak is suspected or detected. Do not rotate the drill pipe with the
rotary use drillpipe tongs or chain.
Leak can be almost always faund bu pluging bit nozzle with rubber balls or rags and wet POOH. This
is slow and sometimes dangerous and associated with lossing expensive mud. Another method is to
dump 4-5 liters of paint mixed with 5-10 liters of diesel fuel. When pull string (without wiper, paint will
float at top of mud and and can be seen on side of pipe.
Another method of locating small leaks is by pressure testing. RIH assembly with plugged bit and
pressure test pipe every 10-15 atands. When leak is detected, pull joint by joint and pressure test until
found leak.
After detect leak circulate as little as posible to prevent additional lamage.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
WORKING STUCKED TOOLS
Wall sticking occurs immediately, while in other cases process is more gradual and is indicated by
increasing drag and / or torque. When have stuck try to movr TJ above rotor and to connect kelly and
provide circulation.
Working stucked downhole tools is an procedure, first applied after stuck, of moving working
string up or down or rotating.
Principles are same for open hole and for cased hole. It is preventive action and also and fishing
procedure.
Continuous working string was successful many time in the past. Problems arrises if working too
short or work them incorrect.
Working creates stress reversals on the formation at the stuck pointwhich can be effective in the
releasing stucked tools.
Knowing where, how and why assembly is stuck helps to determine the correct procedure.
Small amount of caving material can stuck assembly if not start working and circulating streing.
If assembly is keyseated, early working may release it before it becomes wall studk.
Immediately working at max force levels apply only if you are shure that have wall stacking by
bumping down and jaring up.
Actions during working stucked downhole assembly:
Working to establish movement or circulation
Working up
Working down
Combination of above mentioned procedures.
BASIC RULE OF WORKING STRING: STUCK DURING POOH WORK DOWN, WHEN RIH
WORK UP.
63
FISHING PROCEDURES
Maximum allowable force depends upon the type
of loading, pipe weight, grade and condition, tool
joint strength, type and amplitude of applied forces
and length of time the assembly is subjected to
the
force. Also important factor are hole size, gauge,
depth, deviation, dogleg,keyseat and caving.
Tension, compression and torque. Upper section
of workung string is weakest component.
Lower section is subjected to compressional
forces.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
If string is stacked in the drill collars it assumes that free point is in the top of DC.
When seting weight down only portion of the total weight actually is applied to the stuck point.
During assembly lowering its coils around inside hole and drag over inclined and crocked hole
sections, and frictionsuports some pipe weight.
Actual amount of weight suported by friction can be eatimated by observing the weight indicator
as assembly is lowered. When there is no friction, weight will be transfered to the stuck point over
relatively short travel distance equivalent to stretch and compression in the pipe. With friction,
assembly weight is transfered over long distance sugesting on combination of bending and
coiling inside wellbore.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
Working procedures and techniques
Working procedures uncludes one or more of: reciprotating, rotating and circulating.
If drilling tools can perform one or two of reciprotating, rotating or circulating, even to a limited
extent, there are a reasonably good chances that assembly can perform anf other functions.
Working procedures and techniques are similar for open and cased holes.
Assemblies stucked in the open hole are larger and stronger and they are worked at higher forces.
Open hole have more problems requiring additional precautions to prevent additional stack.
In open hole are fewer hole problems and reduced drag and torque and bumping down is more
efficient. Establishing circulation is less critical.
When determining method of working pump pressure and torque are important.
If pulling slight tension on the pipe cause a pressure increase, the pipe pulls tightly into the stuck
point and this is upward limit.
Repeared working the pipe in a slow, easy manner, using pump pressure as an indicator, and
insuring continued circulation often releases the assembly by washing and eroding the caving
bridge or other material causing sticking. Always run pump slowly at first.
Torque or rotation can be carefully applied while pipe is in the free point position. Torque may
increase with additional pull or setdown, but not torque so hard to stop rotation.
Initial working direction is almost in the all cases in the opposite direction of pipe movement
immediately prior the stack.
Packers, retrievable plugs and similar tools work in the their releasing direction. Stuck hookwall
packer upward and most tension packers downward.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
Working to establish movement and circulation.
First action if assembly is completely stuck and cannot be
circulated. Establishing circulation is more easy if stuck assembly
can be rotated or moved even a small amount.
Procedure presented here generally apply to stuck in the open hole
(not apply to release key-seated or wall stuck pipe).
Start working stuck tools with 3000-5000 lbs (1,5-2 ton), first by
overpull and then setting down same amount. If there is some
pipe travel, continue to pull and set down with same weight next
one hour or more with monitoring pump pressure.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
Start circulation can be detected by pressure decline. In that case restore pressure to the same
low level.
Gradually increase pressure while continue to work the pipe until pump runs until continually.
Leave pressure at low level and apply right hand torque to obtain rotation.
If kelly is connected apply torque by rotary or use rotary tongs. DO NOT USE ROTARY SLIPS.
First try to rotate stuck pipe with weight of neutral point at free point.
If pipe not rotate, apply a low level of right-hand torque 20% of maximum allowable.
Hold the torque and work pipe at 1-2 ton of overpull and set down. Check torque and monitor
circulation.
If torque decreases restore torque to original level and work string again.
If torque does not decreases, apply additional torque and work string again.
If observe any progress in the establishing pipe movement or circulation continue it.
If after one hour no progress, increase pump pressure to 400-500 psi (25-35 Bar) and continue to
work the pipe and torque periodically.
If this is not effective after one hour, try higher pressure for short period of time DO NOT EXCEED
LEAK-OFF PRESSURE.
If there is no progress continue working string with pressurized string at 500 psi (35 Bar) or just
bellow leak-off pressure. If pressure reduces restore it.
After one hour increase working load at 20000 lbs (9 ton) and continue working and torque .
If procedure is ineffective, increase working load in steps of 10000 lbs ( 9 tons) each 1/2-1 hour.68
FISHING PROCEDURES
Start jarring or bumping at overpull levels 10000 lbs (9 ton) and work string one hour. If no
result increase overpull (or set down for bumper sub) for 5000-10000 lbs (5-9 ton).
Start working upward at force level 10-20% of the weight of the pipe to free point. Next
increase to be 10-20%.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
Work in the new direction for longer period or combine longer and harder compared with working
in prior direction to overcome effects of previous working.
EXAMPLE: Consider that assembly was stuck in suspected caving while picking up after
connection and after attempting to move it and gain circulation. Absence of circulation eliminates
wall sticking. Assembly was worked down a several hours without releasing. Now, work it up.
Initial working the assembly down have wedged it. To work assembly up, it is necessary fist to
work up certain time to overcome the additional sticking effect that may be caused by previous
working it down (to regain effect of working it upward).
If this is unsuccessful, and have jar and bumper sub in the string, start working in the both
direction at maximum force levels for the extended period. Consider perforating to establish
circulation, but continue working.
If assembly does not have jar and bumper sub, consider backing/off and running a fishing string
with jar and bumper sub to continue working in the more efficient manner.
Working wire lines
Similar as with tubular except working options are limited to reciprocating action. Without wire line jar
and bumper sub wire lines are worked by stretching and slacking off the line. Working action is more
effective with bumper sub and jar. Weight bar increases their efficiency.
Working starts with steady upward pulls followed by slacking off , by low force level that gradually
increase to the maximum safe operating limit. If fish can not be free, release by shearing shear pin in
the rope socket and try other fishing methods.
70
FISHING PROCEDURES
71
FISHING PROCEDURES
Backing-off
Common and preferred method of parting stuck assemblies. Leaves three options of catching the fish:
The impact of explosion jars the mating TJ shoulders loose so can be rotated to the left and separated.
Not so successful with casing. Use of larger charges can be a higher risk of damaging of coupling.
Back-off assembly includes collar locator, free point indicator and string shot on the shielded cable
Free point is determined by changing tension or torsion in the pipe.
Place left-hand torque in the pipe and work it down. Torque must be at the tool joint which backed-off.
Amount of left-hand torque depends upon pipe size, depth and strength of back-off charge.
Position the string shot opposite the tool joint and detonate it.
Sometimes pipe unscrew and release the fish when string shot is detonate. Lift pipe up 4-5m, then pull
the string shot assembly carefully followed by pulling the pipe.
Do not set the pipe back down with string shot in the hole to avoid cutting cable.
Good practice that use kelly, if possible for torqing and run in cable trough 2 port at fop of swivels
goosneck.
72
FISHING PROCEDURES
73
FISHING PROCEDURES
Outside back-off
Back-off shot can be used on the outside of the tool joint or connection to be released, but this method
is less effective. This method used widely to back-off tubing, drill pipe and casing sizes up to 5 .
Procedure is like an inside back-off except the string shot is positioned on the outside of the tool joint.
Have many disadvantages as:
It is difficult to run into and down the annular space due limited space, string shot can not fall frilly
Blind Back-off
Procedure for backing off the pipe without string shot, only by manipulating the pipe from surface.
Used when inside of pipe is plugged and can not use outside cutter due lack of clearance. Assembly
rotates to the left until it unscrew and release. If procedure applied correctly, the pipe can probably be
parted within few joints of desired point. Procedure is as follows:
Tighten the tool joints to ensure that all connections are tight. Apply max RH torque with gradually
moving free point of the pipe from surface downward. Tightening procedure IS VERY IMPORTANT.
Apply and hold torque by rotary tongs, pull pipe upward 5 ton of initial free point and repeat this 510 times. If torque reduces, joints are tightened. Continue on that way to the surface. All time hold
torque, if necessary restore it. When finish, release right hand torque and work string with
unlatched hook to remove all excess RH torque. Work string from the set down weight to an
overpull of the least 20 ton above the free point weight.
74
FISHING PROCEDURES
Place and work down left hand torque to remove all hang on. Left hand torque will decrease due
string hang on. Add LH torque.
There is risk of backing off high with associated pipe movement or jump. Tie the elevator latch
securely closed.
Work LH torque down by picking up to 5-10 ton of overpull at the point to be back off.
Turn the work string about one turn to the left.
Work the pipe from about 5 ton of overpull up to 15-25 ton for 15 min. or longer if hole is crooked.
Add another turn of LH torque and continue working.
Continue adding torque and working the pipe until about 1 rounds of torque per 300m of the
depth has been added.
Actual number of rounds depends on pipe weight, depth, hole deviation and dogleg.
Keep the free point in tension while working the LH torque down.
Start back off by continued working, gradually decreasing the overpull from about 15 ton of
overpull down to 2 ton or less.
If pipe does not back off, add left hand torque and work pipe until it back off.
If pipe back off to high it can be seen on weight indicator.
Reconnect pipe by screwing in and repeat procedure spending more time on the tightening. It
can take few hours. It may be necessary to bumping string during tightening.
75
FISHING PROCEDURES
CUTTING
Most practical method of parting stuck assembly. Methods of cutting are:
Chemical cutter better than mechanical cutters/ faster run, positive cutting action, les risk. Uses
to cut smaller tubular, cut is clean and fish can be catch with overshot without dressing off top.
RIH on the wireline.
Jet cutter It is inside cutter run on the wireline. It is special shaped charge. Cut is rough and
there is risk of casing damage in the case hole.
Mechanical cutter cut and release a section of tubular and mill or cut out a section of casing.
Frequently uses as inside cutters to cut casing and as outside cutter to cut tubing. Knives, cutting
bars or blades are forced outward from the cutter body while it being rotated *inward for an
outside cutter. Simple to operate. Main problem is that knives or blades can be easy to break and
another problem is size of tool due close tolerance.
Explosives Usually used when separating casing during abandonment operations. explosive
damage one or two joints.
Shear rams When pipe must be dropped under emergency conditions. They are part of BOP
stack, bottom most rams cavity. It is drastic action with severe consequences. Uses only under
blowout conditions where is no other method of shutting-in the well.
76
FISHING PROCEDURES
CATCHING FISH
Catching fish involves selecting the appropriate method and tool. There is four basic method of
catching fish:
Screwing in
Outside catching
Inside catching
77
FISHING PROCEDURES
Catching fish in the open hole have high risk of problems due to out-of-gauge or crooked hole.
When have choice to select method of catching, main criteria is:
Tool strength.
Before running fishing string into the hole take accurate measurements of the length of fishing
string and depth of the top of fish.
Ensure going over fish carefully to avoid running tools beside fish.
Keep top of fish clean
Minimize rotation in the 10-15 m interval above the fish.
Last 2-4 m above fish circulate at reduced rate.
Tag fish slowly with about 2-3 ton to confirm does fish moving or not.
While circulate pull string 10-15 m above the fish and start circulating with normal rate.
Again reduce rate of circulating, lower and tag top of fish lightly before catch.
Safety joint must be run immediately above the catch tool for case to release fish is necessary.
78
FISHING PROCEDURES
SCREW IN
Most common method of catching the fish that provide very strong connection and engages the fish
relatively easy. Procedure of screwing in is:
At bottom of fishing string connect a tool joint thats mating the one at top of fish.
RIH and stop 7-8m above the top of fish, circulate and condition hole.
Slowly lower the fishing assembly with slow rotation and reduced pump rate and engage the fish.
At surface indication of engaging the fish can be monitor small noticed by small weight loss on the
weight indicator, by increased torque and by increased pump pressure.
Test the catch by pulling 5-15 ton over the weight of fishing string.
Swallowing
Good method of catching and recovering small fish. Fishing tool passing over and completely encloses
the fish. Swallowing tools are junk basket, outside cutters and washover pipe.
OUTSIDE CATCH
Two main outside catching tools are Die collar and Overshot.
Die collar perform outside catch but is seldom used because it is very difficult to determine how much
of torque to apply during catch and pulling must be performed with restricted force.
Overshot is very flexible tool. They can be dressed with slips, spiral or basket. Available in the wide
range of sizes and lengths and one tool can catch few different sizes. Can be fitted with pack-off for
Pressurization. Have different type of shoes. Standard overshot (FS series) are enough strong as tool
joint at screw in connection and can be used bumper sub and jar.
Weakest point on the overshot is fine thread connection at top of body.
79
FISHING PROCEDURES
80
FISHING PROCEDURES
INSIDE CATCH
Basic tools for inside catch are spear and taper tap. Uses
when clearance of outside the fish is to small for outside
catch tool and if they are enough strong to recover large
diameter fish.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
WASHING OVER
Is procedure of circulating and drilling (washing over) a stack fish with larger diameter tubing (casing).
It is high risky procedure, often last resort operation. Before washover operations try working the
fish with jarring and bumping.
Risk increases with closer tolerances, greater depths, longer section of open hole and higher
mud weights.
If washover pipes left in the hole around the fish as second fish it is difficult to recover. Only
alternative is to sidetrack.
Inside diameter of washover pipe must have ID enough large to pass freely over fish. And OD
enough small to safely run into the hole.
Length of washover string depends upon hole conditions and relative clearances.
In large size straight holes that are in good conditions with minimum formation problems
maximum can be 150-250 m.
In the smaller holes with formation problems run maximum 100 m of the washover pipe.
Washover procedure:
Connect washover pipes on the bottom of fishing string with appropriate type of washover shoe at
bottom. Between fishing string and top joint of washover pipe insert washover safety joint or drive
sub.
RIH to within 8-16m of the top of the fish, circulate and condition the hole.
Start lowering with reduced pump rate while rotating slowly. Clean hole around top of fish and
washover section covering fish or until top of washover pipes is near top of fish.
Circulate to flush cuttings out of the hole and then pull washover pipe out of hole.
If fish is washed over completely then work fish if necessary. If it is only one section of fish is
washed out, catch fish and try to release by working, jarring and bumping. Is not released, back
off and recover free section of fish and continue washover operation.
Washover operation with spear inside washover pipe connected on bottom of drive sub is high
risky operation.
Washing over with high ROP can overload the mud system with cuttings.
82
FISHING PROCEDURES
To provide that new hole is at safe distance from original to prevent problems with high pressures
or lost circulation.
Avoid very soft and very hard formations as kick off point.
Do not set too short plug. It must be dressed off so that original hole is properly sealed by plug.
Bottom of the plug should be at depth where the center line of original hole and new hole are
separated by a distance equivalent to a several bit diameters.
For high deviated hole or where original hole inclination is unknown, use longer plug.
Design slurry for an early, high compressive strength of 2500-3000 psi in 24 hours as minimum.
Use 25-30% good quality, larger size fracture send, test thickening time of slurry, catch sample.
83
FISHING PROCEDURES
Dressing off
Allow the cement plug to harden to required compressive strength. While dressing off the excess
cement above kick off point observe penetreting raste to determine plug hardness.
Approximate plug hardness while dressing off with WOB 500 kg/in.bit dia, 50-60 rpm and 1500 psi
(100 Bar) pump pressure:
Drilling Milling rate
Cement Hardness
3 m/h or 20 min/m eqvivalent 3500 psi very hard
6 m/h or 10 min/m eqvivalent 3000 psi hard
9 m/h or 6 min/m eqvivalent 2500 psi Firm
12 m/h or 5 min/m eqvivalent 1500 psi Soft*
15 m/h or 4,5 min/m
eqvivalent 1000 psi very soft**
18 m/h or 3 min/m eqvivalent 500 psi Not set***
* - Sidetracking questonable
** - Sidetracking very questonable
*** - Drill or circulate out and reset plug.
For dressing off plug use long mill tooth bit, PDC bit or cement mill run on a limber BHA.
DO NOT RUN the assembly into soft (green) cement to avoid sticking.
Clean out excess cement while it is soft to about 50-60 m above planed kick off point before
slurry reaches significant strength.
Dress off cement plug in the stages. Drill short section of cement and if it is soft wait additional
time to cement set.
Plugs usually have soft and hard sections. Stop drilling in the harder section.
If plug not hardened in 24-30 hours. Clean out and set another plug.
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FISHING PROCEDURES
Sidetracking
Using deviation BHA sidetrack the hole. For blind sidetracking direction is not determined.
In the crocked hole or more highly deviated holes better is to deviate toward the low side of hole.
With very soft plug hole can be deviated by drilling with very low rates depending upon the bit,
plug hardness and formation. Procedure includes orienting the deviation tools, reducing
circulation rate and holding up on bit to reduce ROP to about 0,5-1,2 m/hour. Drill 3-5 m at this
ROP and then increase it slowly until hole is sidetracked and bit is drilling new hole.
In the hard formation it can be very difficult to sidetrack hole. Alternative method is to run a
deviating assembly with maximum kick off angle sub and reduced hole size. Sidetrack by drilling
Pilot hole with small bit at distance 3-9 m of new hole longer distance for harder formation.
Then open hole to nominal size. Distance of pilot hole is restricted to prevent a dogleg and
keyseat forming.
Cased hole can be sidetracked on the several ways. Most common procedure is to mill out
section of casing, set the plug in the casing, dress off and sidetrack hole trough section where
casing was milled. Another method is to use whipstock set on the plug, and then to mill window
trough the casing and then to sidetrack.
MILLING CASING AND TUBULARS
Common procedure associated with fishing and casing repair.
Casing is milled with inside casing cutter or section mills. Milling is performed under high and
fluctuating torque.
Milling long section of tubular fish (drill pipe, drill collar, tubing) in the cased and open hole is last
resort in the fishing operations.
Most of milled cuttings are circulated out of hole, but some of them remains in the hole packing
around the fish and wedge assembly, re milling cuttings and reducing milling efficiency. Use junk
sub, place wear ring or guide bushing on the section mill. Increase mud viscosity to 50-80 sec or
higher, use shaker screens 150-180 # and set 2-3 ditch magnet in the flow line.
85
Small objects such bit, bit cones, hand tools and tong dies.
Miscellaneous.
Summarized common failures and sticking situations are:
Indicators
Type of failure
Caving Sloughing
Wall stuck
Keyseat
Fractures
Twist off
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Reciprocating
Minor - none
None
Down or Non
Free or none
Free
Rotation
Minor - none
None
None to free
None to free
Free
Circulation
Minor - none
Full
Full
Full
Full
Sloughing and caving normally are indicated by lack of circulation and usually can not be rotated or reciprocated
sometimes downward to a limited extent. Most frequent occurs at bit, stabilizers or top of drill collars.
Wall sticking is indicated when assembly cannot be reciprocated or rotated but circulation is generally full. Occurs when
assembly is rest, sometimes for less of 5 minutes. Most commonly is in the drill collars.
Keyseat usually when moving upward, at top of drill collars. Indicates by inability to move assembly upward. Completely
stuck or free to move downward or rotate, circulation usually normal. Keyseated assembly may become wall stuck.
Fractures commonly cause sticking during drilling when bit slips into the fracture and sticks. Circulation is not affected.
Miscellaneous includes metal objects (tongs dies, preventer bolts) fall into the hole and stuck assembly usually top
of drill collars. Not affected circulation.
86
Bent pipe
Slips set on fast descending pipe or top of slips are caught on the tool joint.
Incorrect use of double elevators, such as failure to secure both elevator bails correctly.
Hitting a joint setting in the rotary with a heavy object with drill collar, pulling more than one
joints into the V door, a stand of drill pipe or dropped traveling block.
Tubular dropped at the surface that do not fall into the hole.
Tool joint failure and breaking a tool joint against a locked rotary.
When surface failure occurs a primary concern will be, depending upon nature of problem, to control
and secure the well.
Inside preventer in the open position hold ready to use on the rig floor.
Prepare pack-off overshot or drill pipe spear for establishing circulation if it is necessary.
The casing side can be controlled with preventers if necessary.
If there is risk of kicking it is better to pull assembly and close pipe rams or do something very
risky drop the pipe and close well.
Any bend of over 5-100 is strongly suspect, especially if it occurs with a relatively heavy assembly
over a distance of a few feet or less.
Method of catching assembly to prevent it from breaking and falling depends on the location of
bend relatively to rotary, whether the slips are in the rotary, BOP installation, clearance between
the bottom of the rotary and top of bell nipple.
The method or device used to catch the assembly must be installed at a point far enough below
the bend to ensure that this is opposite an undamaged section of pipe.
It is important to limit the falling distance and to catch the tubular as fast as possible.
88
89
91
CASING REPAIR
CASING FAILURE
Objective of casing repair is to perform repair work so that the inside diameter is not restricted and
casing is strong as original was. When planning casing repair consider long producing life and avoid
restriction of inside diameter. If problems with casing occurs during running casing it is better to finish
job and, later to repair. Casing failures occurs due improper casing program caused by error,
unforeseeable future operating conditions or later change in the scope.
Not allowed in the casing program an extra string of casing on high risk wells.
Operational problems - Wrong positioned casing of different grades and weight (large number of
combined casing). Preferably to use 3 or less combinations.
Provide for casing wear at lower section of surface and intermediate casing usually exposed to
longer drilling times. Use heavier grades in crooked hole section.
Opposite flowing formation run casing with higher collapse resistance (salt section).
Always consider an extra string casing if encounter lost circulation zone or caving formations,
excess drug and torque and pressure transition zones.
With pay zones containing gas under overpressure more than 7% consider measures preventing
gas channeling trough slurry at beginning of cement tightening.
92
CASING REPAIR
Ensure that all rig equipment and tools for running casing are correctly sizes and in the good
conditions.
Repair and replace cables and ropes with frayed or broken strands, tighten all clamps.
Check elevator latch functionality. Check locking pins, bolts and nuts securing elevator bails.
Pipe rams change with casing rams and pressure test BOPs.
Check pick up lines and elevators. Catch the casing in the V door with latch up and hinge
toward the rig floor.
Never lower casing into the rotary while holding it with a lifting or pick up line.
93
CASING REPAIR
Types of casing failure and repair
Casing strings can be classified into:
Applying excess internal pressure and high tensile loading or during testing liner top or casing.
Test pressure should be limited to 90% of the burst rating for new casing and to 80% for used
casing.
Split casing due high density perforating especially in the higher strength steel.
94
CASING REPAIR
COLLAPSED CASING
Casing may collapse for various reasons:
Reduced strength due wear.
.
PARTED CASING
Commonly caused by design, operations or
mechanical failure. Parting occurs usually at
connections during running (rapidly lowering and
abruptly stopped) long casing strings.
Other causes are excess wear, pulling under excess
tensile force while working stuck casing, bumping
plug too hard.
95
CASING REPAIR
To avoid casing collapse during squeezing set packer higher and pressurize casing-tubing
annulus.
When worn or poorly designed production casing is evacuated (emptying) the hydrostatic
head inside the casing. To remedy, produce the well under a packer with full head of fluid in
the annular space above the packer.
Shifting or flowing formations (massive salt sections) exhibit a plasticity or tendency to flow.
Earthquake zones and permafrost section require special collapse design factors and
operational procedures.
CASING REPAIR
Factors effecting casing repair are casing type and size, depth of failure, casing cemented or uncemented, is it possible to use an extra string, influence of formation and transition zones, age of well,
drilling or production phase well productivity and severity of failure. Questions defining casing repairs
are:
1.
How does the failure affect current and future operations? If failure may not have effect on
operations and there is no other hazardous conditions do not repair casing. As example:
small leak in the lower part of the intermediate casing where pore pressure at this point are
very close to that in the open hole below casing is not big problem. Later when run production
casing this problem will not exist more.
2.
Is inside diameter restricted? It is serious problem because it prevent the running full gauge
tools and other operations. Exception is big size casing or when operations are conducted
trough a lower liner (7 liner in the 9 5/8 casing). Damaged casing may be covered with
another casing string or a stub liner at later phase. Casing partially collapsed above a
conventional completion with the tubing and packer may not need repair.
96
CASING REPAIR
3.
Can the failure be repaired by normal future operations? As example drill pipe can wear a hole
in deep surface or intermediate casing. If it does not create problems when drilling hole can
be covered later with production casing or liner extended over hole.
4.
Can the failure be patched or packed off? In some cases casing can be repaired with simple
patch or by packing off the leak.
5.
Can the casing be plugged off and repaired later? Applied on the production casing if failed in
the lower section. By setting plug lower section can be isolated. Later if hole is deepened
failure of casing can be repaired.
6.
Can an extra string of casing be run? If it is possible failure can be repaired by running
another string of casing, liner or a stub liner.
7.
Is the failure inside another string of casing? Failure must be repaired. If casing is not
cemented, then cement it using primary methods. If it is cemented then ream it to full gauge
and squeeze if necessary.
Each casing failure must be evaluated before repair. Make simplest repair that will accomplish the
desired results. Always consider as alternative plugging back and sidetracking or plugging and
abandoning well.
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CASING REPAIR
CASING REPAIR FLOW CHART
98
CASING REPAIR
SUMMARY OF THE MORE COMMON METHODS OF REPEARING CASING FAILURES
1.
Do not repair casing. If evaluation of the failure influence on the future operations show that
does not adversely affected these, then do not repair it.
2.
Loose casing shoe joint. Can be repaired by cementing the joint to prevent moving. Then
run full gauge mill and ream if necessary to ensure full gauge hole.
3.
Squeeze and clean out. Simplest method of repairing a casing failure such as a leak.
Squeeze section and run full gauge tool trough it. Disadvantage is that leaves potentially
weak section.
4.
Pack off the failure. It is method of isolating failure by two packer (can be and permanent
packer). Later, packer can be pulled if needed to run full gauge tool. It restrict operations
below the failure and reduces the working inside diameter of hole.
5.
Patch the failure. Uses thin wall steel cylinder corrugated longitudinally. Patch is run in the
cased hole on the setting tool and position over failure. Sleeve is expanded by pulling a
mandrel trough it to form a sheet of metal inside the casing. Patch reduce inside diameter of
the casing little.
6.
Repair parted casing in place. Establish circulation trough failed section and perform
primary cementing job under retrievable packer or cement retainer. As alternative it can be
perforated below failed section and to perform primary cementing job. Another option is to
squeeze the section, clean out, run full gauge mill and reams ends of casing. Another option
is to run alignment tool, realign the parted sections, then squeeze and drill out alignment tool.
7.
Pull, repair, return and reconnect parted casing. Best method of casing repair if applicable.
Back off or cut off casing below the failed section, pull it, replace damaged joint, RIH, screw
back into lower section ort make casing bowl connection.
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CASING REPAIR
7.
8.
9.
10.
100
CASING REPAIR
.
101