Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communication AND Group Dynamics
Communication AND Group Dynamics
AND
GROUP DYNAMICS
What is group ?
Different types of groups
Stages of group development.
Group Properties
What is group decision making ?
Group Decision-Making Techniques
Dimensions of group dynamics
Communication process
Essentials of interpersonal communication
Barriers to effective communication
Group culture
Conclusion
Informal Group
A designated work
group defined by the
organizations
structure.
Types of formal
group
Command Group
A group composed of
the individuals who
report directly to a
given manager.
Task Group
Those working
together to complete
a job or task.
Friendship Group
Those working
together to attain a
specific objective
with which each is
concerned.
Those brought
together because they
share one or more
common
characteristics.
SOCIAL IDENTITY
THEORY
Social identity theory: The perspective
that considers when and why individuals
consider themselves members of groups.
STAGES OF GROUP
DEVELOPMENT
AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL:
TEMPORARY GROUPS WITH
DEADLINES
Sequence
Sequenceofofactions:
actions:
1.1.
2.2.
3.3.
4.4.
5.5.
6.6.
Setting
Settinggroup
groupdirection
direction
First
Firstphase
phaseofofinertia
inertia
Half-way
Half-waypoint
pointtransition
transition
Major
Majorchanges
changes
Second
Secondphase
phaseofofinertia
inertia
Accelerated
Acceleratedactivity
activity
GROUP PROPERTIES
Roles
Norms
Status
Size
Cohesiveness
ROLES
Role(s)
A set of expected behavior patterns
attributed to someone occupying a given
position in a social unit.
Role Identity
Certain attitudes and behaviors
consistent with a role.
Role Perception
An individuals view of how he or
she is supposed to act in a given
situation.
Role Expectations
How others believe a person should act in a
given situation.
Psychological Contract
An unwritten agreement that sets out what
management expects from the employee
and vice versa.
Role Conflict
A situation in which an individual is
confronted by divergent role expectations.
NORMS
Acceptable standards of behavior within a
group that are shared by the groups
members.
Classes
Classesof
ofNorms:
Norms:
Performance
Performancenorms
norms
Appearance
Appearancenorms
norms
Social
Socialarrangement
arrangementnorms
norms
Resource
Resourceallocation
allocationnorms
norms
Research Conclusions:
Worker behavior and sentiments were closely related.
Group influences (norms) were significant in affecting
individual behavior.
Group standards (norms) were highly effective in
establishing individual worker output.
Money was less a factor in determining worker output
than were group standards, sentiments, and security.
Conformity
Adjusting ones behavior to
align with the norms of the
group.
Reference Groups
Important groups to
which individuals belong
or hope to belong and
with whose norms
individuals are likely to
conform.
ASCH
ASCHSTUDY
STUDY
TYPOLOGY OF DEVIANT
WORKPLACE BEHAVIOR
Category
Examples
Production
Leaving early
Intentionally working slowly
Wasting resources
Property
Sabotage
Lying about hours worked
Stealing from the organization
Political
Showing favoritism
Gossiping and spreading rumors
Blaming coworkers
Personal Aggression
Sexual harassment
Verbal abuse
Stealing from coworkers
STATUS
A socially defined position or rank given to groups
or group members by others.
Norms
Norms&&
Interaction
Interaction
Power
Powerover
overOthers
Others
Ability
Abilitytoto
Contribute
Contribute
Personal
Personal
Characteristics
Characteristics
Group
GroupMember
Member
Status
Status
Other things influencing or
influenced by status
Status
StatusInequity
Inequity
National
NationalCulture
Culture
SIZE
Advantages of small group :1. Interact more with each other and easier to co-ordinate
2. More motivated , satisfied and committed
3. Easier to share information
4. Faster at completing tasks
5. Individuals perform better in smaller groups
. Disadvantages of small group :1. Less number of ideas
Advantages of large group :1. More resources at their disposal to achieve group
goals
2. Enables manager to obtain division of labor
advantages.
. Disadvantages of large group :1. Problem in communication and co-ordination
2. Conflict.
SOCIAL LOAFING
The tendency for individuals to expend
less effort when working collectively than
when working individually.
COHESIVENESS
Degree to which group members are attracted
to each other and are motivated to stay in the
group.
Increasing
Increasinggroup
groupcohesiveness:
cohesiveness:
1.1. Make
Makethe
thegroup
groupsmaller.
smaller.
2.2. Encourage
Encourageagreement
agreementwith
withgroup
groupgoals.
goals.
3.3. Increase
Increasetime
timemembers
membersspend
spendtogether.
together.
4.4. Increase
Increasegroup
groupstatus
statusand
andadmission
admissiondifficultly.
difficultly.
5.5. Stimulate
Stimulatecompetition
competitionwith
withother
othergroups.
groups.
6.6. Give
Giverewards
rewardstotothe
thegroup,
group,not
notindividuals.
individuals.
7.7. Physically
Physicallyisolate
isolatethe
thegroup.
group.
Strengths
More complete
information
Increased diversity
of views
Higher quality of
decisions (more
accuracy)
Increased
acceptance of
solutions
Weaknesses
More time
consuming (slower)
Increased pressure
to conform
Domination by one
or a few members
Ambiguous
responsibility
GROUP DECISION-MAKING
TECHNIQUES
Interacting Groups
Electronic Meeting
A meeting in which members interact on
computers, allowing for anonymity of
comments and aggregation of votes.
Interacting Brainstorming
Nominal
Electronic
Low
Moderate
High
High
Social pressure
High
Low
Moderate
Low
Money costs
Low
Low
Low
High
Speed
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Task orientation
Low
High
High
High
High
Low
Moderate
Commitment to solution
High
Not applicable
Moderate
Moderate
Development of
group cohesiveness
High
High
Moderate
Low
GROUP DYNAMICS
Group dynamics concern the forces operating
within groups that affect the way members relate to
and work with one another.
GROUP DIMENSIONS
Group
Dimensions
Culture
Communication
and Interaction
patterns
Cohesion
Social Integration
and Influence
COMMUNICATION
The transference and the understanding of
meaning.
Communication
CommunicationFunctions
Functions
1.1. Control
Controlmember
memberbehavior
behavior
2.2.
3.3.
Foster
Fostermotivation
motivationfor
forwhat
whatisisto
tobe
bedone
done
Provide
Provideaarelease
releasefor
foremotional
emotionalexpression
expression
4.4. Provide
Provideinformation
informationneeded
neededtotomake
makedecisions
decisions
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication Process
The steps between a source and a receiver that result in the
transference and understanding of meaning.
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Channel
The medium selected by the sender through which the
message travels to the receiver.
Types of Channels
Formal Channels
Are established by the organization and transmit
messages that are related to the professional activities of
members.
Informal Channels
Used to transmit personal or social messages in the
organization. These informal channels are spontaneous
and emerge as a response to individual choices.
DIRECTION OF COMMUNICATION
Upward
Downward
Lateral
DIRECTION OF COMMUNICATION
CEO
UP
WA
RD
VP
Mgr
VP
Mgr
LATERAL
Mgr
Mgr
DO
WN
WA
RD
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Oral Communication
Advantages: Speed and feedback
Disadvantage: Distortion of the message
Written Communication
Advantages: Tangible and verifiable
Disadvantages: Time-consuming and lacks feedback
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Body Movement
Intonations
Facial Expressions
Physical Distance
Nonverbal Communication
Advantages:
Supports other communications and provides observable
expression of emotions and feelings
Disadvantage:
Misperception of body language or gestures can influence
receivers interpretation of message
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Chain
Wheel
All Channel
Speed
Moderate
Fast
Fast
Accuracy
High
High
Moderate
High
None
Member satisfaction
Low
High
Moderate
GRAPEVINE
Three Main Characteristics
1. Informal, not controlled by
management
2. Perceived by most employees as
being more believable and
reliable than formal
communications
3. Largely used to serve the selfinterests of those who use it
Results from:
Desire for information about important situations
Ambiguous conditions
Conditions that cause anxiety
Insightful to managers
Serves employees social needs
REDUCING RUMORS
1. Announce timetables for making important
decisions
2. Explain decisions and behaviors that may
appear inconsistent or secretive
3. Emphasize the downside, as well as the
upside, of current decisions and future plans
4. Openly discuss worst-case possibilities
they are almost never as anxiety-provoking
as the unspoken fantasy
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
E-mail
Advantages: quickly written, sent, and stored; low cost for
distribution
Disadvantages:
Messages are easily and commonly misinterpreted
Not appropriate for sending negative messages
Overused and overloading readers
Removes inhibitions and can cause emotional responses and
flaming
Difficult to get emotional state understood emoticons
Non-private: e-mail is often monitored and may be
forwarded to anyone
Videoconferencing
An extension of an intranet or extranet that permits
face-to-face virtual meetings via video links.
Characteristics
CharacteristicsofofRich
RichChannels
Channels
1.1. Handle
Handlemultiple
multiplecues
cuessimultaneously.
simultaneously.
2.2.
3.3.
Facilitate
Facilitaterapid
rapidfeedback.
feedback.
Are
Arevery
verypersonal
personalinincontext.
context.
Routine
Nonroutine
Emotions
How a receiver feels at the time a message is received will
influence how the message is interpreted.
Language
Words have different meanings to
different people.
Communication Apprehension
Undue tension and anxiety about oral communication,
written communication, or both.
Silence as Communication
Absence of speech or noise
Powerful form of communication
Can indicate
Thinking
Anger
Fear
Watch for gaps, pauses, & hesitations in conversations
Physical distractions
Semantic problems
Mixed messages
Cultural differences
Absence of feedback
Status effects
GROUP CULTURE
Values, beliefs, customs, and traditions held in common by
group members.
CULTURAL CONTEXT
Cultures tend to differ in the degree to which context
influences the meaning individuals take from
communication
High-Context Cultures
Cultures that rely heavily on nonverbal and
subtle situational cues to communication.
Low-Context Cultures
Cultures that rely heavily on words to convey
meaning in communication.
A CULTURAL GUIDE
Assume
Differences
Emphasize
Description
Develop a
Hypothesis
Cultivate
Empathy
CONCLUSION
The groups operate on a common task and common
attitudes.
The group dynamics is concerned with the interaction
between the group members in a social situation.
This is concerned with the gaining in the knowledge
of the group, how they develop and their effect on the
individual members and the organization in which
they function.
THANK YOU