Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Textile
Textile
Presented by
Avaneesh Kumar Yadav
(M.Tech.-2014EN06)
Civil Engineering Department
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad
Dyes
Organic dyes increase the COD of the water
Dyes create serious aesthetic problem and restrict the downstream
reuse of the wastewater ,
Because of the low biodegradability of many chemicals and dyes
employed in various textile processes the biological treatment alone
is not a very good option.
Azo Dyes :
Approximately a half of all known dyes are azo dyes, making them
the largest group of synthetic colorants.
Azo dyes consist of a diazotized amine coupled to an amine or
phenol. At least 3000 different varieties of azo dyes are extensively
used in the textile, paper, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical
industries.
Azo dyes are characterized by the presence of one or more azo groups
(R1-N=N-R2) which are responsible for their colorations and when
such a bond is broken (degraded) the compound loses its color .
Azo dyes are designed to resist chemical and microbial attacks and
to be stable in light and during washing.
Treatment Processes
Primary Treatment Processes
Secondary Treatment Processes
Tertiary Treatment Processes
Membrane Technology
There are five types of membrane separation
processes, for water purification:
1. Microfiltration
2. Ultrafiltration
3. Nanofiltration
4. Reverse osmosis
5. Electrochemical separation
All the separation processes separate
solute from solution based on their molecular
size .
Microfiltration
Useful in separating suspended
particles & macromolecules up to 0.1
micron or above.
A pretreatment for nanofiltration
Fouling, skin formation and sludge
disposal are concerns.
Membranes may sustain high
temperatures
Less efficient in color removal
Nanofiltration
Operating at lower pressures than reverse osmosis
membranes, nanofiltration can produce a very high
effluent quality.
Retain low-molecular weight organic compounds,
divalent ions, large monovalent ions and dyes.
NF membranes have been tested and shown
excellent efficiency in removing PVA (which is very
precious compound, hence recovered) and dyes.
Nanofiltration cannot only remove many types of
dyes from wastewater, but also the salts and
sulfides.
Electro dialysis:
Membranes with selected permeability towards
anions and cations are used.
By disposition of these membranes, with suitable
spacers, like plates of a filter press, alternating the
cationic membranes, with the anionic ones and
applying continuous electric current, the volumes
between the membranes enrich and impoverish
alternatively of salts.
Reverse Osmosis :
RO is more useful to separate salts and organic
compounds from textile effluents. RO is suitable for1. Rayon industry process wastewater.
2. Up to 80% of warm dye house waste water can be
recovered by RO membrane.
Enzymatic Decolorization:
Textile dyes are decolorized with enzyme
preparation from pleurotus ostreatus,
schizophyllum commune etc.
The substituents on the dyesbenzene ring
influence enzyme activity and hydroxyl
and amino groups enhance decolorization.
The presence of lignin peroxidase and or
manganese peroxidase in addition to
laccase increases decoloriztion by upto
25%.
Limited application
Chemical Precipitation
Fe and Mn salts are common in
textile effluent
They are removed in form of
hydroxide, sulphide, carbonate
precipitates
Aeration, addition of lime and other
chemicals are used.
High pH needs to be maintained
Dissolved metals can be further
removed by Membrane Filtration
Advanced Chemical
Oxidation
Conversion or transformation of
pollutants by chemical oxidation
agents other than oxygen or bacteria
to similar but less harmful or
hazardous compounds and/or to
short-chained and easily
biodegradable organic components.
The aim of AOP is the generation of
free hydroxyl radical (OH)
Ozonation
Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent capable of
breaking the aromatic rings of some textile dyes
and decomposition of other organic pollutants
from industrial effluents.
Ozone molecule is itself the electron acceptor,
and hydroxide ions (i.e. pH > 7-8) catalyze the
auto decomposition of ozone to hydroxyl radicals
(OH) in aqueous effluents which react with
organic and inorganic chemicals
Does not increase sludge volume due to being a
gas
Ozone has a short half life of 20 min
Ozone conc. depends on pH, temp, presence of
other chemicals
Disadvantages of
Supercritical CO2
At present, supercritical dyeing with CO2 is
confined to synthetic fibers.
For natural fibers the diffusion of
supercritical CO2 is hampered by its inability
to break the hydrogen bonds present in many
natural fibers, including cotton, wool and silk.
A further problem is that reactive dyes, direct
dyes and acid dyes which are suitable for the
dyeing of natural fibers are insoluble in
supercritical CO2.
Conclusion
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